فصلنامه جاده
سال سی‌ام شماره 1 (پیاپی 110، بهار 1401)

Optimal routing is one of the most widely used network issues in transportation planning and aims to find the shortest route among the available routes. Shortest Path Problem Focuses on finding the path with the least distance, time, or cost from source node to destination node. On the other hand, this processing time is very important in applications related to intelligent and user-based transportation. Various deterministic and innovative algorithms are used to perform routing. One of these algorithms is the ant colloquial ant colony optimization algorithm, which is inspired by the ant feeding behavior of ants and deals with the issue of routing from nest to feed, and in the present article, its results with two other algorithms, namely genetics. And Dijkstra is compared. Genetic algorithm is a meta-heuristic algorithm and Dijkstra is a definite algorithm. All three algorithms were tested on three small networks with 200 nodes, medium with 1000 nodes and large with 2000 nodes. Examination of the results showed that the ant colony algorithm gives better results in large networks. The computational time of the ant colony algorithm algorithm is close to the computational time of the genetic algorithm, but it is more accurate and its computational accuracy is the same as the Diextra definitive algorithm method.

tunnels, as an inevitable and necessary technical structure in transportation, usually incurs considerable cost. With the passage of time, this structure, and its related parts and equipment, such as its Support Structure, will gradually deteriorate. Inspection is the prelude to trying to maintain the desired condition and improve the performance of the structure during the useful life of the tunnel and will result in providing a solution for timely maintenance and repair. In this way, in addition to increasing the safety and efficiency of the tunnel, its damage and excessive damage will be prevented and significant savings will be made in the costs of major repairs or construction and reuse of the tunnel.Experience shows that the main part of maintenance costs is determined by the decisions made during the design and construction stages of the tunnel project. It is most important to consider the requirements of operation and maintenance of the tunnel during its planning and design.

Notification and advertisement are the main marketing bases in advanced societies.The installation of commercial and advertising billboards on the freeways and highways is one of the advertisement methods and are becoming more common every day. The main reason is that the billboards are able to attract more people at a lower cost than other advertising media. The Tehran-Karaj Freeway is one of the most important communication routes in the country, which includes a significant part of the everyday traffic. Considering the importance of the Tehran-Karaj Highway as well as increasing the safety of traffic on this highway, this study determines the criteria for assessing the distraction of drivers by billboards (case study:Tehran-Karaj Freeway). The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and survey based on method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1200 users of the Tehran-Karaj highway. The research questionnaire was prepared based on studying the previous research in the field of research, analyzing questionnaires and reviewing related articles and dissertations.In this study, the Cronbach's alpha value was 0.783 using the SPSS program, which indicated the reliability of the questionnaire In order to assess the validity of the questionnaire, the views of three university professors in the field of traffic culture were used.The validity and accuracy of the questionnaire was confirmed by these individuals. The hierarchical multivariable regression analysis (HMR) technique was used to analyze the data in this study.Accordingly drivers' behavior changes and becomes risky when they are exposed to and passing through billboards.

Liquefaction is one of the most damaging geotechnical phenomena in soils. This phenomenon occurs in saturated, sandy soils that are loose-grained and subject to dynamic loading. When the pore water pressure increases, the effective stress becomes zero and the total stress is equal to the pore water pressure. In this case, the soil is no longer resistant and the sand becomes liquid. This causes damage to the soil and has the risk of liquefaction, so in this case a material is required to improve the strength parameters of the soil. This paper presents the methods used to improve liquid soils, their application and the soils suitable for each method. The method used in this study is a desk and laboratory investigation of the available sources. According to the results of this study, the selection of suitable methods for wetland soil improvement methods includes soil replacement, dehydration, site reinforcement, injection, thermal, geosynthetic, blasting and vibrocondensation.

One type of asphalt mixture that has been very popular in recent years is the Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA), which introduced in the mid-1960s. The use of this type of mixture have been associated with some problems such as rutting, abrasion, and weakness against heavy traffic loads. In this research, the effect of various additives such as organic, mineral, polymeric, and non-polymeric materials on the behavior of SMA mixtures has been investigated. According to the results, the effects of these additives such as Sisal plant fiber, Diyarbakir basalt wastes, and steel slag improved the rutting and fatigue resistance, as well as moisture sensitivity of SMA. In addition, the bitumen drain down will be reduced. For example, by adding 6% of ethylene-vinyl acetate to bitumen, the flow number increased by almost 43% and the addition of nano Fe2O3 to asphalt mixtures improved the rutting resistance by 33%. Also, using recycled and waste materials as replacement of aggregates and utilizing available and inexpensive additives can reduce the construction costs. It should be noted that this can decline environmental issues caused by the construction and implementation of conventional asphalt mixtures.

Site selection of public parking lots by considering the relevant criteria will lead to a reduction in marginal parks and consequently reduction in traffic in urban areas. In this study. by designing a survey form and completing it by a number of employees of different departments to statistically analyze their transportation habits and also to determine the average acceptable walking distance in combination with other location criteria to determine suitable places for public parking in one of Rasht have been covered. With 76 percent of respondents believing that having a dedicated car park is not enough for them, the construction of a new public parking is noteworthy. Location criteria analyzed for location in this study include distance from squares and intersections, roads and existing parking lots, population density, medical centers, public transportation stations, as well as attraction centers. The proposed research method is based on evaluating effective parameters using Analytical Hierarchy Process in combination with the ability to model and spatial analysis of geographic information systems . As with the overlap of the spatial and light layers created, suitable plots for the construction of parking on the layer of passages were identified in the form of spatial maps. Then, by adapting the exit zones with high desirability to the current situation of the city and the detailed plan proposed by the municipality, ten optimal spatial locations in the six neighborhoods. Finally, the desirability of the method was evaluated by field visit and reviewing the details of the proposed sites

One of the biggest infrastructural assets of the country is the road. Due to the heavy costs of repair and improvement, preventive methods and increasing the life of the pavement can play a special role in reducing the costs of the pavement life cycle. At present, according to the goals set in the road pavement management system (PMS) special attention has been paid to the implementation of chip seal and fog seal protection asphalts. Accordingly, in this study, a review of research on chip seals and fog seals such as evaluation tests and proposed quality control methods, review and comparison of implementation methods, use of additives, and environmentally friendly materials has taken. Then, based on the values of the pavement management system indicators of the roads and the classification of methods for improving the pavement condition index (PCI), the international roughness index (IRI) of the roads in Bushehr province and predicting the estimated cost ratio of operations of each category, the performance of chip seal and fog seal have been studied in a number of major road in Bushehr province. the review a shows that, in order to improve the performance and reduce the executive problems, It is beneficial to use environmentally friendly additives and modifiers. Evaluation and quality control of materials and execution also play an important role in the final performance of chip seals and fog seals. Finally, the implementation of chip seal and fog seal protective layers is effective in reducing the cost of pavement life.

Rate of accident among the motorcyclists is very high in Iran and insurance companies cost a lot for these damages. However, motorcyclists’ behavior and their circumstance are not the same, and motorcyclists drive with different risks. In this research, the effect of motorcyclists’ characteristics and their circumstances on their rate of accident is studied, using motorcyclists’ accident reports. It is shown, that, risk of accident varies for different provinces. In addition, it is shown, that age and driving experience have significant effect on the risk of accident. Based on these result, it is suggested, that insurance companies calculate insurance price or its discounts according to the motorcyclists’ characteristics and their habitancy. This can impulse risky motorcyclists to be more cautious and can impulse government agencies to build safer roads. Considering that, different provinces and different motorcyclists have different risk of accident; insurance companies can achieve more profit using unequal pricing policy.

With the expansion of cities and the emergence of various industries and changing uses for appropriate development, the need to use the network of asphalt roads has increased day by day and it has also occurred. This is clearly visible in industrial cities and the management of the pavement system in these cities should be such that the network monitors the inner city roads well and prevents the reduction of pavement quality in terms of service and safety to users. . The city of Bandar Mahshahr, as a center and base of petrochemicals in Iran, which has accommodated huge petrochemical industries, etc., has a wide network of roads that have a wide role in supplying and delivering industrial parts to this city. This opinion helps to improve the condition of the pavement in this city by continuously examining the pavement and identifying the defects in the road surface. if it

In the rail industry, in order to reduce the cost of engineering of interlocking systems, there is a need to simplify the exchange of technical information between shareholders. RailML is an open source IT tool designed to standardize the exchange of data in various rail processes. Lack of standards for data structures and protocols requires the design and maintenance of several interfaces between applications. This approach is inefficient, time consuming and costly. Different requirements and new Interlocking areas impede the complete automation of the engineering design chain. RailML is based on markup language and uses the XML schema to define a new data exchange structure for data interchange between railway applications. In this paper, the RailML Standard markup language is used as the basis and exchange format for formulating the safe routes of the Tehran-Bafgh corridor in Zvaareh station. It can be used to formulate its safe pathways in design and testing.

In this research, researchers are looking to prioritize countermeasures in one of the important intersections of Darrehshahr city. The four countermeasures including installing a traffic signal, installing a speed hump in the minor approach, drawing a stop line in the minor approach +sign and creating a rumble stripe in the major and minor approach for this intersection are considered. The research method is the economic evaluation method in HSM. In the economic evaluation of countermeasures, the costs of fatal crashes, injuries and damages for the year 1399 have been calculated. Also, the expected crashes before and after the implementation of the countermeasures and the reduction in the frequency and severity of the crashes caused by the implementation of the countermeasures have been estimated. By calculating the annual benefits of crashes reduction and calculating the current value of benefits, assuming a 3 percent discount rate and a service life of 10 years for countermeasures, cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness of countermeasures have been performed. The results show that according to the Benefit-Cost Ratio method, the stop line in the minor approach +sign, the creation of the rumble stripe in the major and minor approach, the installation of the speed hump in the minor approach and the installation of the traffic signal have priority, respectively. Also, for every million Rials spent on the implementation of the stop line in the minor approach +sign, the ratio of benefit to cost during the 10-year lifespan is 396508.5 to 1.

Friction of the pavement surface is one of the most important indicators of pavement, which in addition to safety on other things, such as sound production and driving comfort, also affects. Due to the shortcomings in this section and the fact that the friction of the pavement surface has not been measured in real and field in Iran, so in this research for the first time in Iran, the locking wheel was completely designed and built. Then by studying three routes in Shiraz and using the British pendulum test and sand patch test, and using various references, the results of the device were validated and then the variation of the braking distance was obtained based on the speed of motion. The results indicate a change in friction number from about 70 to 30 at a speed of 40 to 120 km / h. This change increases the braking distance by about 300%.

So far, several studies have been conducted to provide various bridge inspection checklists for different applications. However, many of these checklists focus on seismic vulnerability assessment or the identification of various types of bridge defects and cannot be used to assess security risks. The purpose of this paper is to try to develop a checklist for rapid visual screening of bridges to evaluate security risks. In preparing this checklist, we have tried to express the questions in a simple and clear way so that the inspectors with general information about the bridges and without performing destructive or non-destructive tests can easily calculate the probability of successful attack (Psuc) that is used to assess the vulnerability of the bridges. The checklist of this article is prepared in three sections: (1) questions, (2) scoring table, and (3) visual guide. The questions section examines the level of security of bridges from the perspective of criteria related to (D1: Deter), (D2: Detect), (D3: Deny), and (D4: Delay) countermeasures. This checklist examines 6 common security threat scenarios on bridges, including (1,2) Vehicleborne improvised explosive device (VBIED), land borne and waterborne, (3) Hand-emplaced IED (HEIED), (4,5) Vehicular impact (VI), land borne and waterborne, and (6) Fire. The checklist provided can be used to assess the security of common types of bridges with the use of road transport both inside and outside urban environments crossing a valley or river.

This article introduces and uses screw piles in the road construction industry. Considering the continuous expansion of the country's need for various restraints and piles in the construction industry and other industries such as road construction, telecommunications, etc., the use of advanced and modern technologies in this field are very important. It is important to note that, according to studies, a large percentage of the operating costs are spent on the construction of the foundation on loose and dense land. Therefore, the use of foundations that have a higher construction speed, are also economically viable and for different types of soil groups, environmental compatibility, no excessive change of soil layers, easy implementation conditions and no need for specialized personnel, Suitable, recommended.Due to the simple technology and fast implementation of this type of pile in all climatic and regional conditions and also the lower implementation cost compared to other similar methods, the use of this type of pile in the soil of the road construction bed can be very useful.