فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 62 (پاییز 1400)

The Pishdadian dynasty is mentioned as the first Iranian dynasty in various Iranian sources, namely Avesta, Pahlavi texts, Shahnameh and Islamic texts. Avesta and national narratives of Iran underwent changes over time and until they were written during the Sassanid period, and then became the basis of the work of compilers of Pahlavi texts, Islamic historians. These developments continued and manifested themselves in the form of additions and differences in the description of their prehistoric stories. This descriptive-analytical study tries to study the series of predecessors in historical sources.

Since traditional counseling is ancient in Iran and mainly emphasizes on how to maintain or gain power. Examining this issue during the constitutional period, which is mainly the main issue of reducing the power of the Shah, is of particular importance. The purpose of this article is to examine the writing of advice during the constitutional period, and the main question is whether, despite the desire to limit the power of the Shah, the basic axes of writing advice have changed? In this article, we examine two treatises that are from the memoirs of the constitutional era: one is the treatise of Shariat Mozaffari from the Queen of Historians and the other is a treatise on the definition of the formation of a civilized nation by Hussein bin Mahmoud. Mousavi and their elements are compared to ancient periods in Iran. The results of this study indicate that the main purpose of the constitutional period consultations is to find final and practical solutions to get out of a situation that is considered deplorable. The insights of these letters of recommendation also indicate a kind of dichotomy in the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. In this duality are found both elements of ancient counseling and doctrinal tendencies towards the king and the monarchy. This research has been prepared and compiled in a descriptive-analytical method based on consulting sources.

World War I began on July 28, 1914, eight days after the coronation of Ahmad Shah Qajar, at a time when Iran was experiencing unprecedented chaos in contemporary history. The spring of the constitution and the National Assembly had ended with the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, and the various groups involved at the local and national levels had left little to be desired. It had practically turned Iran into a Khan Khani government. The government could not collect taxes and the treasury was becoming more empty every day.Given the importance of accurate knowledge of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I, the present study is a library method, based on valid documents and a descriptive, analytical approach to try to get a clear picture of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I and the impact of war. Offer on Mashhad trade. Clarifying the social situation of Iran during the war years are some of the other results of the research. The purpose of research is to explain and study the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I. ; Iran's turmoil on the eve of war and power struggle, the decline in trade in eastern Iran and the decline in Iranian customs revenue are among the results of the study.

In examining the impact of oil on the relations between the two countries of Iran and Russia, it turns out that they were trying to reach the Iranian oil resources in some cases, one in 1299/1921and the other in 1920/1941. At the time of Iran's occupation of the Second World War, the Russians, though at every turn did not succeed in their goals, during the occupation of Iran in September 1941 by the Allies they used all the necessary tools. For example, they used the Tudeh Party, the first and most organized Leftist party in Iran, to achieve its oil targets. At this stage, the Russian Foreign Ministry Deputy Foreign Minister, Sergey Kavtaradze came to Iran and formally requested for a license to exploit North Oil. The Tudeh Party, while previously opposed to any transfer of privilege to foreigners, when the Soviet Union- their spiritual and co-professional supporters came out, by providing the Balance Scheme they granted the southern oil share to the British and the North Sea's privilege to the Soviet Union. Because the American companies were set to exploit the oil scorecard in northern Iran, immediately the Soviet Union entered the scene and the Tudeh party also met with them. In this context, the efforts of the Tudeh Party to satisfy the Iranian government and parliament in order to agree with the Soviet demand for oil in their own way can be considered.

Roman domination of many of the Parthian lands near the Euphrates and the annexation of Armenia reinforced the idea of Mesopotamian domination for the growing Roman power. Parthian internal strife at the beginning of Orodes II and the Roman conquest of Pontus and Armenia, as a result of Iran's neutrality during the reign of Phraates III, reinforced the idea of attacking Parthian territory in Mesopotamia for Roman generals. But the defeat of Rome in the Battle of Carrhae as a result of the proximity of Iran and Armenia upset the Roman equation for domination of the Orient. This study seeks to prove the claim that the Parthians in the Second Orodes period, after ending internal strife and strengthening internal forces to counter Roman power, the most important issue they faced was to re-infiltrate Armenia. Because they were aware of the role of Armenia in thwarting the Roman conspiracy, and for the first time in their first war with Rome, they at the same time invaded Armenia to challenge Roman hegemony and power in the northern Mesopotamia and Syria.

The religious beliefs of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar can be discussed regarding his religious policy. A kind of religious belief seems to be apparent and recognizable in his behavior and actions so that he, as the king of a Shiite country, tried to show that he is the guardian of the Shiite religion. Generally, the rule of Agha Mohammad Khan is mostly referred to as a military and violent rule. Historical resources have further described his immeasurable military campaigns and bloodshed. In the meantime, the study of his religious spirits and beliefs has been completely neglected. The purpose of this research was to investigate the religious beliefs of Agha Mohammad Khan and his approach in dealing with Shiite scholars. This research is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method using library resources. The results showed that as the founder of the Qajar dynasty, he was completely religious and loyal to the principles of Shiism by his heart regardless of hypocrisy. On the other hand, while respecting Shiite scholars, he did not allow them to involve in political affairs very much and used them occasionally.

The Qajar dynasty and the position of the chief minister in the political structure of contemporary Iran is of particular importance, and the fifty years of Nasser-al-Din Shah’s reign is one of the most significant features of this period. Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri was the second chief minister in Nasseriyeh era, whose character and political actions have become the target of accusations and mostly negative judgments. Unlike the negative judgments against him, Mirza Alinaghi Naeini, one of the writers and politicians of Qajar period, defended him in the short essay of Ma Asar Al-Sadriya. The purpose of this analytical-descriptive essay is to criticize and analyze this thesis and then to demonstrate its consistency or conflict with other historical documents. The findings of this research reveals that some of Naeini’s defenses of Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri are sometimes fundamentally contradictory with other historical sources. This essay attempts to criticize and analyze Ma Asar Al-Sadriya treatise on Mirza Aqa Khan Noori's eulogy.

The secular nature of the Pahlavi regime contributed to the growth of the Baha'i and Jewish sects in two ways. One is that the secularist nature of the regime made the prejudice against a particular religion irrelevant, and so the various sects found a good opportunity to grow and expand. On the other hand, the first and second Pahlavis, in order to achieve the goal of modernizing Iran, rose up against the Shiite religion and the Shiite scholars, who were considered a symbol of traditionalism. Bringing the anti-Shiite sects of Baha'ism and Judaism to the forefront was a good opportunity for the Pahlavis to achieve this goal. We are. Accordingly, the main question of the article is what effect did the two Jewish and Baha'i sects have on the structure of the Pahlavi power? Studies have shown that the influence of Jews and Baha'is on the structure of Pahlavi power intensified and further encouraged anti-religious policies of the Pahlavi kings and the domination of foreigners and tyrants, and thus the distance between the government (court) and the Iranian religious community. The religious people of Iran became one of the most important factors in the collapse and overthrow of Pahlavi. And in this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used.

Among the works that have played a significant role in identifying the culture, civilization and art of ancient Iran, is the works of art of the Sassanid period, research on which removes countless unknowns. Signs of changes in the political history of the Sassanids can be found in the study of various works and especially the designs engraved on the crowns of the kingdom. The purpose of this study is to look at the political history of the Sassanid monarchy by studying several examples of crowns of the Sassanid period. This research is based on the purpose of basic research and based on the nature and method of historical-analytical research. The question that can be asked in this article is what is the reason for the different types of royal crowns in the surviving works and on what basis? By studying the Sassanid political history and deep reflection on the diversity and different designs of the Sassanid kings, it can be assumed that each of the Sassanid kings, according to the independence of thought, religion and the power of the creator of his own crown, was a sign of the king's power. The result of the study and analysis is that these crowns bring with them information about the political events and happenings in the history of the Sassanid dynasty. Sassanid princes from the beginning of the dynasty to the end of it used various crowns whose crowns are different from each other. It was partial and general.

By reviving and strengthening the Zoroastrian religion, the Sassanid government gave it an official-governmental aspect and the Zoroastrian clergy became one of the basic institutions of the Sassanid Empire. Zoroastrian clerics, as guardians of the Zoroastrian religion, were in solidarity with the political and powerful organizations of the country. The present study seeks to examine the influence of the Moghans on the class system of the Sassanid era.

This descriptive and analytical article analyzes the influence of Zoroastrian clerics and the social relations of the Sassanid Iranian society.

Despite the influence of Zoroastrian priests in government affairs and within society, it is not far from the mind that this class had wide authority in all matters during the Sassanid era.

Moghan's thought overshadowed the Zoroastrian religion In fact, Zoroastrian religious thought became Moghan's thought. During this period, social movements took place, which shows that people were looking for better conditions. Following these just relations, Iranian society became fascinated with the idea of ​​equality after the arrival of Islam in Iran. After this period, a stagnation in the body politic.

Merchant minorities were an active group in the Iranian economy during the Safavid era. During this period, due to a series of internal and external developments such as border disputes, the entry of European companies into Iran and the actions of the Safavid kings to improve the economic situation Trade routes changed. Armenian, Indian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian merchants were scattered throughout Iran in proportion to their financial, economic, and political interests. This study was conducted using library study method and descriptive-analytical method, While examining the geographical distribution of merchant minorities in the Safavid territory, it explains why and How. The research findings indicate that the geographic dispersion of merchants' minorities is also influenced by the set of internal and external developments of Iran during the Safavid period, so that the community and settlement of merchants' minorities have been alongside commercial routes that are from the north, center and south of Iran Passing through. These merchants were turned over by transporting manufactured goods to other parts of Iran and beyond the political borders of the Safavid government.

The present study seeks to analyze the consequences of hijab removal in the period of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1300-1320). The main question is whether hijab removal could have an effect on modernization and development? According to the documents, the research method is descriptive-analytical, using theories of development and modernization and the method of data collection is library research. In the era of Reza Shah, due to the efforts of intellectuals, magazines, women and the Shah's visit to Turkey, serious work was done in matters related to women. The development of the country and the need for industrialization, the need for abundant and cheap labor, justified the presence of women in society to meet this need. The findings of the research indicate that the announcement of the law on the hijab removal on December 17th, 1314 by Reza Shah, ostensibly provided the preconditions for the presence of women to advance the goal of Reza Shah's modernization. Building schools and colleges and encouraging girls to study, and publishing articles in women's magazines also helped. Of course, the use of force in the implementation of this law caused opposition and resistance of some people, and in exchange for the women who entered the community with this action, many women and girls also chose forced housework. In fact, with this action, Reza Shah was able to achieve his goal of women's presence in society to a large extent, but he had many positive and negative consequences.

During the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural.

In the fourth and fifth centuries AH, a large part of Islamic lands was ruled by Shiite governments , including the Buyids and the Fatimids . By adopting a policy of tolerance, these governments recorded in their record the prevalence of scientific interactions between thinkers with different religious tendencies , the freedom to perform religious ceremonies, and the observance of the rights of religious minorities ; However , the transfer of high government positions to the People of the Book paved the way for their domination over the Muslims and in many cases led to their oppression of the people. In this research, by descriptive-analytical method and relying on the main sources, the policy of tolerance and its effects in the two mentioned governments have been comparatively studied .

The arrival of Seljuq Turks in Ghaznavids territory in the early fifth century AH led to significant changes in Iranian Plateau. Seljuq Turks entered Ghaznavids territory as nomads, while their entrance to the Ghaznavids territory the city Khorasan was a sedentary settlement full of towns and villages. Newcomers in Khorasan and the west were Muslims. Turkish tribes used to immigrate in a large scale as well. The sedentary people of these regions were facing new challenges while dealing with the lifestyle of Turkish tribes. The study at hand uses data and historical writings in order to analyze and investigate the food security before and after the arrival of Seljuq Turks in Iranian Plateau. The research findings show that Seljuq Turks and other tribes with their dangerous actions were a threat to the national and food security. Furthermore, people from different regions faced new problems following these threats. The following descriptive-analytical study investigates factors influencing the food security in Seljuq era. The study also investigates food security, food itself and different products of different regions.