مجله پژوهش های دانش زمین
پیاپی 48 (زمستان 1400)

Marly units cover about 4438 square kilometers (20% of the total area) of Zanjan Province territory. The research shows that various scholars, although sporadically, have considered a relationship between physicochemical factors and the classification of Marl. In this paper, the classification of Marls in Zanjan Province has been investigated based on physicochemical properties and cluster analysis.

To conduct this research, 18 studied units have been defined by grouping and combining the slope, climate and Marl units of geological formations in ArcGIS9.3 software environment. In addition, 120 samples were taken from two depths of 0-10 and 0-30 cm. The data obtained from physicochemical analyzes were analyzed using SPSS statistical program.

According to the results, Marl units of Zanjan province, are divided into two groups based on their physicochemical characteristics: evaporative or non-marine such as Pliocene, upper red, lower red, and Eocene Marl, and non-evaporative or marine such as Qom and Cretaceous Marl.These marl units are part of normal formations in the surface layers while in the deep layers the situation is different, the salinity and alkalinity of some of these units such as Pliocene and Qom marl units increases. But other units, despite the increase in depth according to the chemical analysis performed at a depth of 0-30 cm, are still in normal category in terms of salinity and alkalinity. According to cluster analysis, 6 variables including clay, sand, PI, cation exchange capacity (CEC), the amount of dissolved sodium (Nasol) and sulfate (So4) were situated in the center of the classification. This shows their importance in the separation and grouping of marl units. Therefore, it can be concluded that these 6 variables can be effective and useful in classification of marl units in Zanjan province.

Investigation of differences and changes in physicochemical properties of marl units at depths of 0-10 and 0-30 cm by t-test show that the units at the two mentioned depths have a high correlation coefficient in most physical, mechanical and chemical variables. Also, they show significant differences in some variables as silt, cation exchange capacity (CEC), percentage of organic carbon, the total neutralizing value (TNV) of the limestone, the amount of dissolved sodium (NaSol), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO4) and the liquid limit (LL). Therefore, according to these physicochemical properties, it is possible to classify and group Marls in Zanjan Province.Investigation of the effect of physicochemical variables on the separation of marl units using F-test and comparison of means for different units by Duncan test confirmed the feasibility of separation and grouping of marl units based on physicochemical variables. They can be classified at least in one group based on the electrical conductivity or at most in three groups according to effective variables such as silt, sand, lime percentage, sodium absorption ratio and liquid limit and plasticity index.Based on the cluster analysis, 6 variables of the amount of clay, sand, and the plasticity index (PI), cation exchange capacity (CEC), dissolved sodium (NaSol) and sulfate (So4) are vital in the classification and indicate importance in separation and grouping of Marl units. Therefore, it can be said that these 6 variables can be effective and useful in providing a classification of marl units in Zanjan Province.

The development of urbanization and the growing population of cities and consequently the large increase in the volume of municipal waste, has made solid waste management an important problem in urban planning. Waste is an inevitable product of any society and waste management is one of the main needs of that society. The present study in 2021-2022 has used the life cycle evaluation approach and SWOT matrix in order to select the best scenario of Behbahan city’s waste management system.

The study area produces an average of 120 tons of waste per day, of which 91% of waste is collected during the day and 9% at night. Per capita waste production is more than 900 grams per person. The share of waste production for each sector is as following: the residential sector is 76%, commercial 7%, industrial 5%, educational 2%, horticulture 6% and office and services 4%. 75% to 83% of residential waste is perishable materials and according to the analysis, about 79% of Behbahan city’s waste are perishable materials. Life cycle evaluation was carried out for the 5 following scenarios: 1- Recycling, compost and unhygienic landfill 2- Recycling, compost and sanitary landfill 3- Recycling and unsanitary landfill, 4- Recycling, incinerator and sanitary landfill 5- Recycling, anaerobic compost and digestion, incinerator and sanitary burial. Life cycle logging was done using IWM-2 model. Also, SWOT model was used to analyze the performance and status of gaps. It was considered to identify the threats and opportunities in the external environment of a system and to identify its internal strengths and weaknesses based on municipal waste management in order to assess the situation of the study area. Required data were collected by reviewing sources, preparing a questionnaire and field visits.

In this study, the third scenario is the current situation in the region and in terms of toxic emissions and ecological indicators, among all scenarios, it is the most environmental hazardous. Energy consumption in the first and fifth scenarios was higher than other scenarios due to unsanitary burial. The third and fifth scenarios have the most and the least role in methane production, respectively. According to the ecological index, the scenario of recycling, compost and anaerobic digestion, incinerator and sanitary burial is the best scenario. The third scenario is the worst-case scenario with the highest pollution load. The most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats according to the SWOT model are the use of appropriate urban transport machinery, lack of information about recycling and compost and landfilling of hospital and industrial waste with municipal waste, respectively. The implementation of the compost project was achieved using new technologies, abiding existing environmental laws and regulations and considering the proximity of municipal waste disposal to rural and residential areas.

The results obtained from the life cycle and the SWOT matrix can only be presented to decision makers through an environmental point of view. In order to make comprehensive decisions, economic and social factors must also be combined with environmental factors in evaluation and decision-making. Therefore, life cycle impact assessment methods and different models that exist to perform this assessment can be used to select and compare different waste management options and provide the best and most effective option for implementation, both ecologically and economically.

Soil erosion is a natural process in the geographical cycle that occurs as a result of water or wind intrusion in the transport of soil particles. In addition, human intrusion causes an increase in erosion rates. Ziarat catchment has faced a drastic change in land use, from forest to agriculture fields and road/villa construction. These have caused severe soil erosion, increase in the sediment load and considerable change in river route. The average slope of this catchment is 35.5. Such a great slope plays an influential role in many occurrences such as sedimentation, different types of erosion and mass movements. These are all significant in studying and zoning a catchment in terms of erosion.

In this study, SLEMSA model was utilized which can be used to estimate erosion in a regional scale with splash erosion. The catchment under investigation is Ziarat catchment which is a mountainous catchment in the south of Gorgan. SLEMSA model intermingles simple and fundamental data and emphasizes on some important environmental factors, vegetation and soil erosion. The numeral output of this model indicates the erosion risks and is reported as ton per hectare per year. In this model topographic, soil erosion, and vegetation coefficients are noteworthy. They are calculated using the amount of slope, slope length, erodibility, rain energy and free energy.

In order to prepare the topographic coefficient, soil erosion map and vegetation map ARC GIS was used. The map of region slope was prepared with DEM and consequently, the length of hillside map was obtained using the amounts of m. Finally, the topographic coefficient map was generated using the amount of slope and the length of hillside in ARC GIS.  Rain kinetic energy and soil erodibility are needed to obtain soil erosion map. Initially, gradient map was obtained via calculating rain gradient and its application on region DEM. Then, the resulted map was used to prepare rain kinetic energy map. In the next stage, the soil erodibility map was prepared using the resultant geology and soil maps of the catchment. Then, climate factor was calculated using the rain kinetic energy. In the third stage, in order to prepare the vegetation coefficient map, the vegetation quantity (i) was extracted. Finally, the maps of all three coefficients were entered into Z=C.K.X and soil erosion zoning for Ziarat catchment was prepared.

Results show that the western parts and a small area of the eastern part of Ziarat catchment have high soil erosion rate due to being located on Shemshak formation which is sensitive to erosion. These two areas, and the western area specifically, have high slopes due to the process of placing the rate curves, which are highly compacted. This factor can accelerate water flow velocity on the ground and intensify aggravation of soil erosion. In addition, slope amount in the eastern and western areas of the catchment is increasing due to elevations. Maximum topographic coefficients are located in western and eastern elevations of the catchment which might be the result of high slope amounts and slope lengths in these elevations.
The climate factor is derived from rain kinetic energy amounts (E) and soil erodibility (F). The maximum of this factor is observed in the western and eastern areas of the catchment and also in the path of the river. The reason for such an amount is the existence of Shemshak formation. Also, the soil material of this area is formed by shale, sandstone, and alluvium and are very erodible.  In general, considering erosion, the catchment under investigation includes the erosion range of at least 1.65 to utmost 131 ton per hectare annually. Taking the consequent high erosion rate of the catchment into account, optimization of land use is one of the appropriate strategies in order to achieve sustainable development and decrease wasting resources in Ziarat catchment.

Increase in precipitation, urbanization and topographic changes have led to a sharp rise in the occurrence of natural hazards. In addition, agricultural and urban activities affect river systems. Increasing pressure on river systems has increased flood events and damage to life and property, so this has become a global concern. Also, Iran is one of the several countries in the world experiencing severe flooding in urban and rural areas. The determination of the hazard extent is an essential preliminary step for all strategies that aim at controlling and reducing flood risk consequences through appropriate tools. In this research HSE-RAS one-dimensional hydraulic modeling was applied to simulate flood in river Mereg located in Mahidasht catchment of Kermanshah province.

HEC-RAS is widely used in management operations, and is accepted as an efficient program for developing flood models and inundation maps. The first stage was preparation of input data in ArcGIS using the HECGeoRAS extension. HEC-GeoRAS helps in creation of the data needed for the HEC-RAS model and the transfer of data between ArcGIS and HEC-RAS. The next stage was done within HEC-RAS using the river geometry prepared in the previous stage. The final stage consists of analyzing the results from the HEC-RAS model within ArcMap. Three input parameters must be specified: stream geometry, flow data and the model plan to create the flood and inundation maps of the Mereg River in HEC-RAS. In order to create the river geometry for HEC-RAS, elevation data were needed. High resolution digital elevation model was obtained from 1:1000 topographic map that was prepared by Navandish Consulting Engineering Company. The HEC-GeoRAS extension was used to set up the necessary features that would be needed for the HEC-RAS model (i.e., stream centerline, bank lines, cross sections, etc.). The return periods of 25, 50 and 100 years for the catchment area were considered. Also, physiographic characteristics including area, length of main stream, CN curve number, concentration time, latency in the watershed were entered into the HEC-HMS software. Accordingly, the output results of maximum flood discharge for different return periods were calculated.

In this study, in order to identify the flood zone according to the regional conditions, the hydraulic model has been implemented as a steady state flow. To implement the one-dimensional HEC_RAS model, topographic data for cross-sections, Manning’s roughness values and discharge with different return periods were provided. The study reach (40 km) was divided into 4 reaches.
Reach 1: All the meander bolts of the Mereg River have been flooded in this section and the use has been agricultural inside all the bolts of the Mereg River shore. This can cause a lot of damage to the residents along the river.
Reach 2 & 3: The flood zone has expanded by an average of 20 to 205 meters above the cross-section during different return periods. The flood zone has expanded more than the previous reach.
Reach 4: The spread of flood is less than other reaches and in addition, due to human activities and dredging of the canal, the depth of the canal has been more than other reaches and due to the increase in flow, the flood zone has expanded less.

The results of this study show the flood zone of 3.2 (km2) in the 25-year return period, 3.4 (km2) in the 50-year return period and 3.5 (km2) in the 100-year return period along the Mereg river. Increase in the curvature coefficient and decrease in the slope of the flood zone in the third period reflect the high possibility of the largest rural area being risked by floods.

Dust is one of the serious environmental problems of Iranian cities, including Tehran. In recent years, in the Iranian capital city of Tehran, which is close to nearby dry and wastelands, continuous droughts, rainfall, and temperature increases have intensified dust. The aim of this research is to identify the main patterns of dust entering Tehran and to determine the internal sources feeding the imported dust in Tehran.

Materials used in this research include data from the synoptic stations of the meteorological organization of Iran during 2005-2017, data of Tehran Air Quality Control Company about days of dust occurrences, as well as TM Landsat 5 and OLI Landsat 8 imagery data from 1985 to 2017 (USGS), MODIS level1 Data for all days of the incident, results of the XRF test related to Marble dust collectors installed in Tehran’s regions as destination and finally sampling from areas of the source. To determine the route of dust particles HYSPLIT model of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration website (NOAA) was used to estimate changes in vegetation in the surrounding areas using the Google earth Engineering System (GEE).
First, all dust indices that reduce horizontal visibility to less than 1500 meters and are registered in neighboring stations and have non-local origins are counted from 2005 to 2017. Afterwards the BTA method of HYSPILIT model is used to track the air mass entrance to the Tehran Metropolitan during the days before the occurrence. Then the level 1 MODIS images were exposed using the BTD index during all days of the occurrence. It was demonstrated that the passage of flows moves through some forms and basins. The entrance on the way to Tehran is aggravating and increasing effects. These limits include: (sand mines close to Tehran, deserts around Qazvin, Hoze-Sultan and Meghan playa and Ghanbarabad-Alikhan wetlands. in order to examine the effects of these areas, dust sediment was sampled through XRF testing from both locations in Tehran, with the installation of modified MDCO dust marble collector and at dust exit areas, using a sampling of the surface layer. The results confirm the similarities between elements of Tehran samples and exterior origins. In order to examine the changes in the surface form of selected areas using NDVI Index and the supervised classification method using TM and OLI Landsat 5 and 8, the changes in these environments during the years 1985 to 2015 examine and then the role of these changes were evaluated on the intensification and strengthening of dust cores.
 
 

The findings of the main patterns of the arrival of Tehran showed 5 main patterns that are mainly entering Iran from abroad. Patterns that come to Tehran during the warm season are mainly originated from northeast Syria and Iraq. These streams through the low altitude areas of Zagros and increase their sediment on the way at dry areas and plains around Qazvin and sand mines. Late winter and early spring streams from Saudi Arabia's deserts enter the central plateau of Iran and are fed by landforms such as Meghan pits and salty lands around Hoze-Sultan, Ghanbarabad Lake, and Alikhan Dam wetland. The streams that are mostly western-eastern and are compatible with western wind, move to Iraq and Iran after formation in East Africa and in Saudi Arabia. Also, once they cross some mean surfaces such as lakes and playa and internal dry holes, they are fed again. The results of the research show the role of landforms in the end-basins, including dried surface and sedimentary lakes, in the pattern of dust towards Tehran.

The main patterns of entering Tehran in different seasons, are mainly from abroad. The results show the role of end basins landforms, including dried lakes and sedimentary surfaces, in the pattern of dust to Tehran. The results of the sampling and laboratory analysis show the existence of similarities between chemical compounds of the elements sampled from the mine's surface and those sampled from the Tehran dust collectors.

The worrying state of environmental degradation caused by government policies has left many human societies, whose livelihoods are directly and indirectly tied to nature, exposed to violence. In other words, the government, through using plans arising from the biopolitical discourse in the form of development projects, has created a situation that in the language of political geography is referred to as the Camp and the Homo-Sacer. Although these two concepts have been used in a wide range of geographical studies, no established clear link between environmental violence, the environmental policies of the government and the communities affected has ever been presented. In this study, while defining the Environmental-Camps and Environmental-Homo-Sacers, a conceptual model is presented in the context of the discussions addressed by Giorgio Agamben and the critical political geographers influenced by him. The main question of this research is that whether there is a possibility of the occurrence of camp conditions and consequently the emergence of a Homo-Sacer type of human beings in a natural geographical environment, under the influence of the government's political and environmental discourses? To answer this question, the natural appearance around Jazmourian Lake as well as the social appearance of the communities of it have been studied.

In this study, based on the description of the concept of the Camp, a new type of Camp and Homo-Sacer is presented, so that in the current definition of the camp, this place is formed when the political system enters a new situation that can be called a permanent crisis. The institution and the government are forced to take over the management of the biological life of the nation as their duty. Therefore, in the case of the Camp, exceptional circumstances appear and the law loses its effectiveness. Also, with a new understanding of the issue that the Camp can have its own unique model and topography, it has been shown that if a particular geographical area is affected by government policies, human communities living in it lose the ability to choose and a camp is formed and its communities become Homo-Sacers. In other words, in this study, due to government policies, in the face of environmental tensions, acting as a threat and the government, like other threats, creating exceptional conditions to control the situation and exercise its sovereignty, the impact of government biopolitics discourse on environmental political thought has been examined. Therefore, a conceptual model is presented, and to confirm its claim, the area around Jazmourian Lake has been selected as the study area.

The product of the decisions of the last twenty years in the study area has been made by examining two axes, natural and social characteristics, based on which, climate, available water, aquifers, vegetation, erosion, infrastructure, population growth, education, health, and employment have been examined. Therefore, in all the studied characteristics, the situation in the region is very worrying. In other words, the environmental policies during the last twenty years, and specifically its beginning with the operation of the Jiroft dam, have practically led to the imposition of irreparable damage downstream of the river and the communities around Jazmourian Lake. During the survey, those who were able to immigrate left the area, and those who were unable to immigrate lost their choice. People living in these areas show clear and uniform reactions to different actions, the life of many of these communities is on the verge of death and life, and the whole area is becoming an Environmental-Camps and the communities living there are becoming Environmental-Homo-Sacers.

Paying attention to sustainable development, in addition to creating job opportunities and increasing the quality of life, protects and guarantees the environment of an area from becoming a degraded environment. Failure to pay attention to specific local ecological and social characteristics in macro-decisions can lead to the formation of excluded communities. In this article, these conditions are linked to the coherence and complexity of the concepts proposed by Agamben and the critical political thinkers influenced by him, and the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed

The issue of stability and maintenance of the rock mass structure is one of the inevitable cases for the construction of underground structures. The third section of the Urmia-Tabriz Freeway Project will approximately reduce the length of the path 12 km by running the two tunnels system with an approximate length of 4.4 km.

Based on field studies, two units of Trachytic (OMtr) and Gabbroic (OMgb) with Oligo-Miocene age were identified as host rocks. These two units are subdivided into smaller units called OMtr (1), OMgb (2), OMgb (2), OMtr(2) and Cr due to various engineering issues such as differences in engineering geological properties, overhead height and etc. Investigation of engineering geology and geotechnic of host rock masses usually include discontinuity identification, exploratory drilling, and rock mass engineering classification. In addition, numerical analysis is performed using PLAXIS.

Generally, 170 discontinuities were surveyed and analyzed using Dips 5.1. There are three main joints along the tunnel, critical wedges were detected with the help of Unwedge which suggested 1cm thick reinforced shotcrete for their stability.The rock masses were classified, according to the empirical methods RMR, Q, GSI and RMi based on the support system proposed. Allowable displacement in the tunnel was also determined using empirical equations (Sakurai equations). The minimum allowable displacement is 1.94 cm for unit OMgb (1) and the highest at 3.13 cm is for unit Cr.
PLAXIS which is a finite element program, was used for numerical analysis. In one-step drilling, excessive allowable displacement is obtained by empirical equations and then modeled through two-stage drilling. The results determined the thickness of the shotcrete with a compressive strength of 250 kg/cm2 in OMtr (1) unit, 5 cm, in OMgb (2), OMgb (1) and OMtr (2) units, 10 cm and in the Cr unit it was modeled 15 cm. Also, the safety factor of different units shows that the lowest is OMtr (1), which is higher than the minimum required safety factor.Phase2 was used to validate the modeling. To avoid duplication, two units of OMtr (1) and Cr were validated. The maximum displacement in unit OMtr (1) is 0.24 cm and in unit Cr it is 1.41 cm.

According to empirical classifications, rock mass quality is determined as good for OMgb (1) unit, fair for OMgb (2), OMtr (1) and OMtr (2) units and as poor for Cr unit. Due to the quality of the rock mass, the support system of 3 m long rock bolt, spaced at 1.35 to 2.5 m and 5 to 6 cm of reinforced shotcrete for OMgb (1) unit, 4 m long rock bolt, spaced at 1 to 2 m and 10 to 15 cm of reinforced shotcrete for OMgb (2), OMtr (1) and OMtr (2) units with 4 to 5 m long rock bolt, spaced at 1 to 2 m were suggested.  More than15 cm of reinforced shotcrete was suggested for Cr unit.According to the support system in PLAXIS, shotcrete with thicknesses of 5, 10 and 15 cm was suggested for OMtr (1) - OMgb (1), OMgb (2). OMtr (2) - Cr.It was observed that the maximum displacement in all units was less than the calculated value by the Sakurai method and the least safety factor is also 2.13 for OMtr (1) unit. The model was validated with Phase2 and the results were very close.

Superposition of tectonic and metamorphic proceedings at the margins of the earth’s plates produce some rather complex geological terranes. During the subduction of an oceanic plate, marine sediments are generally frayed off from the subducting plate and accumulate as a wedge-shaped mass. It is usually called an active-margin wedge which develops along the boundary of the non-subducted plate. This tectonic unit is commonly reported to occur in a collisional regime with low-grade metamorphic symptoms.
Matrials and

Mesoscopic samples collected from the region were selected by random sampling from Gysian to Kachaleh villages (Iran's border with Turkey) and surrounding heights by re-examining and ensuring less weathering for microscopic sections and chemical analysis. 10 samples were analyzed in Zarazma Zangan laboratory for obtaining total rock geochemistry with XRF, ICP-MS methods.

Petrography of metapelites in the Gysian colored mélange combination is very simple and there is no porphyroblast in it. Paragenesis of mica, feldspar, and quartz is common in all samples. Due to the existence of foliation in the rocks, which is also well evident in the hand sample. These can be called mica schists in which white mica is more than biotite. Also, graphite has been seen in some samples. Most of the schists of Gysian region have 56-70% silica. The frequency of aluminum oxide was high in the spectrum of 14-20%. The total reported iron oxide changes between 8 - 4 % (bearing in mind iron minerals such as chlorite and biotite). Magnesium oxide often varied from 2 to 4 %. With the aim of determining the rock classification, the diagrams based on the major oxide base and trace elements were used. On this basis, the schist’s parent sedimentary rock has a name between grey wake to lihtarenite and wake to arkoses. The igneous feeder of the sedimentary basin is trachyte to alkali rhyolite. Therefore, in most of the plots of this study, the samples related to these alluvial deposits are produced from an acidic to intermediate igneous parent. The temperature range between 400 and 550 °C at maximum pressure from 3.5 to 5.5 kbar, indicates the conditions of low temperature/medium pressure metamorphism in the active continental margin. The sediment should at least be buried at a depth of more than 10-15 km, which matches with the subduction conditions and active margins of the continent.

The studied schists are outcropped in the southern part of Urmia at the Gysian area, a part of the colored mélange of Silvana. The simple mineralogy of the lithological unit and lack of index minerals in them is a problem in estimating the metamorphic conditions of the region and conversely, the total rock chemistry of these rocks is possible to estimate their sedimentary provenance. The geochemistry indicates an acidic sedimentary parent (resembling the upper continental crust) and igneous feeder of trachyte to alkali rhyolite with a high degree of weathering. These sediments were formed in the active continental margin tectonic setting and then metamorphosed during the collision of the continents, the low grade (LT/MP) under two deformation stages.

Understanding the cyclical nature of changes in sea-level regime leads to awareness of historical land events. In the functional basin, it leads to predictions about the presence of source rocks and hydrocarbon reservoirs in sedimentary sequences. Cycles are formed during a process of falling to rising sea level. The study of sedimentary cycles and understanding the causes of their formation is done in the form of cyclic stratigraphy. Relative changes in sea level were the first active mechanism for the formation of marine sedimentary cycles and sequences. In general, cyclic sedimentary patterns are the product of tectonic and climatic processes, followed by global and local changes in sea level.

 The study of cycles and their formation controlling factors in this article has been done using qualitative studies such as field and laboratory evidence of carbonate deposits of Mobarak Formation. In order to achieve the types of cycles and processes affecting their formation, facies and facies association, depositional environment, isotopic geochemistry and relative sensors were determined using benthic foraminifera as well as sequence stratigraphy.
Discussions and

Studies on field evidence such as sediment erosion pattern, lateral continuity of layers, sedimentary and biological structures, as well as petrographic studies of facies and facies association obtained in this formation, four third-order sedimentary sequences of S1 to S4 were identified. The sequences did not have a low- stand systems tract (LST) and were identified by a highstand systems tract (HST) and transgressive systems tract (TST) that could be controlled by the interaction between eustatic sea-level changes and climate conditions. Depositional sequences show retro-gradational (transgressive systems tract) and prograditional (high-stand systems tract) stacking patterns. Together, these sequences cover a large regressive cycle from the basins / open marine facies to the tidal zone. The distribution and geometry of the Tournaisian-Visean Mobarak Formation imply deposition on a low-angle, relatively low-energy homoclinal carbonate ramp. This interpretation is based on the characteristics of the constituting facies and their gradual lateral and vertical changes. Based on the facies analysis and their associations, four facies’ belts (associations) can be recognized, i.e., basinal environments, outer ramp (deep subtidal associations), mid ramp (shallow subtidal associations), and inner ramp. The study of fossils in sedimentary deposits is one of the oldest and most common methods for determining the relative age of sediments.  By examining the distribution of fossils in stratigraphic units and organizing stratigraphy in units based on their fossil content, the age of the units can be determined. According to this, the bio-stratigraphic investigation shows 9 biozones (MFZ1- MFZ9) belonging to the Hastarian, Ivorian, and Moliniacian sub-stages based on the classification of Mississippian Foraminiferal Zones (MFZ). A good agreement between TSTs and HSTs, and δ13C chemo-stratigraphy implies that sea level fluctuations are the main mechanism that control the δ13C fluctuations in the Mobarak Formation.  Integration of these data indicates that the sequences has been driven by the eustatic sea-level changes and suggests a basic for the regional sequence stratigraphic correlations. The relative ages of the studied calcareous strata were obtained in the Kalariz sections. They are related to the three sub-stage of Hastarian, Ivorian, and Moliniacian. In addition, the study of oxygen and carbon isotopes, which was performed in the Kalariz section, was used to determine the sequence levels and the long-term temperature of the Lower Carboniferous deposits. Therefore, by studying the isotopic values of oxygen and carbon, it is found that the analyzed samples of this formation experienced the least amount of alteration and diagenesis and were close to the waters of the lower Carboniferous Sea.

In this study, 12 main facies were identified and classified into 5 facies association. These facies association are spread on a homoclinal ramp carbonate platform. Examining the field and laboratory evidence, four third-order sedimentary sequences S1, S2, S3 and S4 were identified by the high-stand systems tract (HST) and transgressive systems tract (TST) categories. According to the subdivision of Mississippian foraminiferal zones (MFZ), 9 biozones (MFZ1- MFZ9) were identified in this study, which belong to the subgroups of Hastarian, Ivorian and Moliniacian. In addition, by studying the isotopic values ​​of oxygen and carbon, it was found that the analyzed samples of this formation experienced the least amount of alteration and diagenesis and were close to the waters of the lower Carboniferous Sea. Finally, the studies showed that the main mechanism controlling the fluctuations of isotopic values, cycles and sequences of the third order are the Eustatic fluctuations of the water surface.

Bagh Khoshk deposit is located 35 km northeast of Sirjan in the southern Urmia- Dokhtar magmatic belt (Kerman metallogenic area). The magmatic activities and copper mineralization in this belt are attributed to the Eocene-Oligocene, middle-late Oligocene, and middle-late Miocene. Meanwhile, fertile porphyry copper deposits are genetically associated with middle-late Miocene granitoids (adakitic intrusive rocks). In Kerman metallogenic area, intrusive rocks are divided into productive with Miocene age (Kuh-Panj type) and semi-productive to barren groups with Eocene-Oligocene age (Jebal Barez type). Bagh Khoshk copper deposit has not been studied in terms of mineralization and genesis. In addition, it is not clear whether the Bagh Khoshk granitoid intrusion is a productive or semi-productive to barren magmatic system in the Kerman region. In this research, Bagh Khoshk deposit has been studied from the perspective of lithology, alteration, geochemistry, mineralization and fluid inclusion and by determining the geochemical nature of Bagh Khoshk granitoids, the origin of copper mineralization has been investigated.

In this research, the number of 21 samples from the outcrops and 24 samples of drilling cores have been selected for petrographic and mineralogical studies. 13 unaltered to less altered rock samples were taken from the outcrops and drilling cores for petrological studies and analyzed using XRF and ICP-OES/MS methods for major and trace elements. Ore geochemistry study has been done on 491 rock samples from drilling cores. To study the fluid inclusion, 4 mineralized samples were selected from the potassic and phyllic alteration zones and after preparation of double polished sections, micro-thermometry studies were done on quartz crystals.

The Eocene andesite to basaltic andesite lava flows and tuffs are the most widespread rock units in the Bagh Khoshk area. Late Miocene hypabyssal porphyry granodiorite and diorite stocks are intruded into the volcanic rocks. The alterations include potassic, prophylitic, phyllic, and argillic zones from the inside out. This deposit includes sulfide minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, molybdenite, chalcocite, and covellite), iron oxides (magnetite, olygiste, hematite, and goethite) and malachite which are mostly observed as disseminated and vein-veinlet forms in the potassic and phyllic zones. Copper is the major element, which has a positive correlation with molybdenum. Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals include LV, VL, and LVH types. The homogenization temperature of the LV, VL, and LVH fluid inclusions ranging from 180 to 289, 331 to 565, and 207 to 276 ⁰C. Their salinity varies from 0.35 to 10.24, 0.88 to 11.22, 33.55 to 42.66 wt.% NaCl eq., respectively. The Bagh Khoshk magmatic system in the Urmia-Dokhtar belt, was formed by partial melting of mantle source and thickening of lower crust, where the share of lower crust has been dominant. Finally, the Bagh Khoshk mineralization is a porphyry copper deposit, which is associated with adakitic and productive late Miocene magmas.

The late Miocene granodiorite intrusions host copper mineralization in the Bagh Khoshk area. These intrusions have the geochemical properties of adakitic magmas and are located in a normal continental arc environment. Enrichment in LREE, high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, enrichment in LILE and Sr, and depletion in HFSE are prominent geochemical features of Bagh Khoshk granitoids. Chalcopyrite is the most important copper-bearing mineral that is found as disseminated and vein- veinlets forms in the potassic and phyllic alteration zones. Based on fluid inclusion studies, the normal cooling of magmatic fluids and their mixing with meteoric waters has been one of the most important factors of metal deposition and the average depth of fluid inclusions entrapment and placement of the Bagh Khoshk porphyry stock is estimated at about 1200 m. The Bagh Khoshk magmatic system consists of partial melting of a mantle source with garnet amphibolite composition and a thickened lower crust, in which the share of lower crust has been dominant. The rapid rise of productive adakitic magma has led to the formation of economic copper deposit in this area.

The first discovery studies on oil shale in the Zagros Basin are in the Qali Kuh region in Lorestan province. The results of their studies showed that Sarglu Formation in Qali Kuh region has the characteristics of oil shale. There are different methods for evaluating rocks in terms of hydrocarbon generation potential. One of the best methods is to use hydrous pyrolysis. This method can determine the production capacity of oil shales by simulating near-reality conditions.

In this study, the hydrocarbon generation potential of Sarglu Formation has been studied using hydrous pyrolysis method. Therefore, for this study, hydrous pyrolysis cell was performed according to the desired specifications. Also, gas chromatography and carbon isotope analysis were performed to complete the studies on the samples.

Hydrous pyrolysis test for oil shale samples of Qali Kuh region is performed at six temperature points of 330, 310, 290, 270, 250 and 350 ° C for 72 hours. Most hydrocarbon generation in this experiment occurs at 330 ° C. At 330 ° C, the percentage of gaseous hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon gases (CO2, N2, H2) is set as a bar graph in Figure 1.
 
 
Fig. 1. percentage of the frequency of different hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds in the gaseous product of aqueous pyrolysis at 330 ° C
 
The rock-eval study on the sample of oil shale studied shows that the type of organic matter in the sample of Type II kerogen (Figure 2).
 
 
Fig. 2. Diagram of hydrogen index versus total organic carbon to determine the type of organic matter
 
In Figure 3, the Pri / n-C17 diagram is plotted in terms of Phy / n-C18. The above data is shown as a blue dot in Figure 3, which shows that the organic matter of samples is mainly of type II kerogen and was deposited in the marine sedimentary environment with reducing conditions.
 
 
Fig. 3. Graphs of ratios of paristan and phytan biomarkers to normal alkanes and sediment environment indices and kerogen types
 

This study showed that the highest oil generation occurs at a temperature of 330 ° C, which is equal to 739 mg of oil per 50 g of sample. According to a study conducted in this region, 15.72 liters of oil is generated per ton of oil shale. In fact, the above study clarifies that with the help of laboratory methods such as hydrous pyrolysis, it is possible to evaluate the production of hydrocarbon compounds such as oil from oil shale samples on a very small scale. This facilitates calculating and accurate estimating of oil production on a large scale.

The geochemical characteristics of materials in the environment are related to the chemical properties of the sources. In other words, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil depends on the type and chemistry of the parent rocks, which has formed the soil through the weathering processes and has led to different concentration of heavy metals in the soils. In addition to the composition of the parent rocks, a variety of natural and man-made factors are effective in increasing element concentration in the environment which causes intense pollution. Therefore, in short, the earth has a direct impact on human health through the food chain (eating and drinking) and the inhalation of dust and gases. Thus, the main purpose of this study is investigation and monitoring the arsenic, antimony, lead and cadmium concentrations and plotting the map of pollution distribution in the agricultural soil of Bardsir catchment.

Position of sampling points is determined according to expert judgment based on previous research, topographic maps, geology, satellite images and field study. These were selected to obtain the suitable distribution and zoning map of the study area. Also, characteristics identify the effect of geology on the pollution of the study area. 105 samples of composed agricultural soils were collected by averaging method from less than 10 cm in depth to prevent the potential effect of anthropogenic pollutants. Samples were sieved with a 2 mm sieve and particles smaller than 200 mesh were sent to the laboratory for 4-element chemical analysis by ICP-MS method. Statistical analysis was performed to measure the concentration of heavy metals, index of geo-accumulation, degree of pollution, risk potential factor and ecological risk.

The results show that agricultural soils are polluted by arsenic and antimony (14% in terms of arsenic and 29.5% in terms of antimony), more than allowable levels in some parts of the study area. Statistical analysis also verified that only As and Sb show low to intense pollution while the contamination and risk of Cd and Pb are low. The As zoning map shows that the contaminated agricultural soils are located in the center and north (basin outlet) of the study area. This may be related to the irrigation with polluted river, which is located in the downstream of volcanic outcrops, or to the synergy of different polluted waters at the outlet of the area or flood irrigation. These can transfer the dissolved pollutants from upstream to agricultural land. The Sb concentration zoning shows that the agricultural soils with the highest pollution are located in the upstream and near outcrops including south, west, east, and center of the study area, which is due to the low solubility of antimony compared to arsenic.

The overall results indicate that the agricultural soil is polluted to arsenic and antimony in some areas. Evaluation of the origin of these elements showed that the pollution has mostly geogenic resources and is derived from alteration and Cenozoic volcanic outcrops while anthropogenic pollution showed a small contribution to pollution. The transport and re-precipitation of heavy metals is controlled by dissolution- precipitation and adsorption-desorption reactions, and its transporting is controlled by oxyhydroxides of these elements in the study area.

The geochemical characteristics of materials in the environment are related to the chemical properties of the sources. In other words, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil depends on the type and chemistry of the parent rocks, which has formed the soil through the weathering processes and has led to different concentration of heavy metals in the soils. In addition to the composition of the parent rocks, a variety of natural and man-made factors are effective in increasing element concentration in the environment which causes intense pollution. Therefore, in short, the earth has a direct impact on human health through the food chain (eating and drinking) and the inhalation of dust and gases. Thus, the main purpose of this study is investigation and monitoring the arsenic, antimony, lead and cadmium concentrations and plotting the map of pollution distribution in the agricultural soil of Bardsir catchment.

Position of sampling points is determined according to expert judgment based on previous research, topographic maps, geology, satellite images and field study. These were selected to obtain the suitable distribution and zoning map of the study area. Also, characteristics identify the effect of geology on the pollution of the study area. 105 samples of composed agricultural soils were collected by averaging method from less than 10 cm in depth to prevent the potential effect of anthropogenic pollutants. Samples were sieved with a 2 mm sieve and particles smaller than 200 mesh were sent to the laboratory for 4-element chemical analysis by ICP-MS method. Statistical analysis was performed to measure the concentration of heavy metals, index of geo-accumulation, degree of pollution, risk potential factor and ecological risk.

The results show that agricultural soils are polluted by arsenic and antimony (14% in terms of arsenic and 29.5% in terms of antimony), more than allowable levels in some parts of the study area. Statistical analysis also verified that only As and Sb show low to intense pollution while the contamination and risk of Cd and Pb are low. The As zoning map shows that the contaminated agricultural soils are located in the center and north (basin outlet) of the study area. This may be related to the irrigation with polluted river, which is located in the downstream of volcanic outcrops, or to the synergy of different polluted waters at the outlet of the area or flood irrigation. These can transfer the dissolved pollutants from upstream to agricultural land. The Sb concentration zoning shows that the agricultural soils with the highest pollution are located in the upstream and near outcrops including south, west, east, and center of the study area, which is due to the low solubility of antimony compared to arsenic.

The overall results indicate that the agricultural soil is polluted to arsenic and antimony in some areas. Evaluation of the origin of these elements showed that the pollution has mostly geogenic resources and is derived from alteration and Cenozoic volcanic outcrops while anthropogenic pollution showed a small contribution to pollution. The transport and re-precipitation of heavy metals is controlled by dissolution- precipitation and adsorption-desorption reactions, and its transporting is controlled by oxyhydroxides of these elements in the study area.