نشریه پژوهش های جامعه شناسی معاصر
سال دهم شماره 19 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Social capital is considered as a theoretical and political structure and through the evaluation of social capital as a social pulse measurement, the direction and pace of changes in society in social, cultural, economic and political fields as well as the consequences of public and social policy can be identified and analyzed. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the situation of social capital among a sample of citizens of Kurdistan Province. This research was conducted by survey method and It has been done among the citizens of Kurdistan Province. This research was conducted through a survey method by using a questionnaire on 1007 citizens of Kurdistan province in the age range of 20 to 54 years. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster. Based on the findings, the average composite index of social capital is assessed at an average level. The scarcity of social capital is low, especially in the dimension of macro-social capital, and this indicates the decline of public confidence in the importance and success of the performance of institutions in the four economic, political, social and cultural spheres. The predominant type of social capital in Kurdistan Province is micro-social capital and the middle social capital is at a medium level. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the average social capital varies according to gender, age group, marital status, literacy, activity status of respondents. In the final part of the article, considering the characteristics of social capital, the harms and risks, strategies, programs and implementers of social capital promotion in Kurdistan are presented.

Corruption means the transformation of social relations into beneficial yet discriminatory exchanges in which general goals give way to specific goals, and status, position, relativism, and rent-seeking replace legalism, fidelity, meritocracy, and honor. In this study, we have examined the situation of corruption in the Iranian press. In this study, four newspapers, Shargh, Etemad, Kayhan, and Vatan-e Emrooz, were selected through purposive sampling. Each of the selected newspapers has a different discourse, each of which reflects a different perspective on corruption, and an attempt has been made to cover a wide range of political currents and discourses by selecting these newspapers. Four newspapers, Vatan-e Emrooz, Shargh, Etemad and Kayhan, have been used to do the work, and each of these dailies has selected a number of texts based on theoretical examples as examples to analyze and interpret the issue of corruption. In referring to each newspaper, special attention has been paid to the 90s and this period has been examined; Because the issues related to corruption have been more prominent in this period and in these newspapers than before. Using purposive sampling as well as standard sampling, only texts, reports, articles have been selected that have the most information and criteria of the researcher in the subject under study. An attempt was made to observe and preserve the diversity of the sample. To answer the research questions, “Fairclough” textual analysis methods have been used. Using Fairclough method, the role of structures in reflecting corruption and hidden ideologies has been studied linguistically and textually. According to the findings, in general, newspapers, instead of structurally examining the issue of corruption and providing solutions to solve the problem, have engaged in exposing corruption and attributing these corruptions to a period when the management of opposition discourse prevails and there is a kind of discourse in the press.

One of the branches of sociolinguistics is gender linguistics, which examines the effect of the author’s gender on the content of the work. In this article, inductive and analytical methods of feminine and masculine language in the collection of Goli Taraghi’s works are compared based on the theories of social linguists and from the perspective of grammar, in order to evaluate the effect of the author’s gender on the story language and his/her level of success in creating a language appropriate to the gender of homosexual and heterosexual characters. For this purpose, female and male languages in the field of grammar were examined based on the following variables; Vocabulary such as: taboo words and color words, and sentences such as: modifiers and verifiers. The findings show that characters’ language is influenced by the author’s gender, and the clichés of feminine language are repeated more frequently in this work. Based on the above variables it was also determined that the author was able to use a language appropriate to the gender of the characters in many ways. In cases where there is no proportion between language and gender, especially in female characters, it is largely because of the author’s spirit and intent, to show the desire of women against the domination of a patriarchal ruling society.

One of the ideals of the Islamic Revolution is social security and it is included in the constitution and other upstream documents, but it is conceptualized in the discourse order of agents after the Islamic Revolution (based on theoretical and practical requirements) with different approaches and policies. Different and sometimes heterogeneous has led to the complete lack of welfare and social security in the country. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question that welfare and social security in the four governments after the Islamic Revolution (with the discourses of the Oppressed, Construction, Reform and Justice) have been established and highlighted by what semantic implications that have led to such results? To answer this question we used the Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis method to analyze the texts of speeches of high officials, especially presidents, the relevant laws and regulations in each of the ruling political discourses that have emerged in the hegemony of governments. The analyzed texts also include the speeches of high-ranking officials, especially the presidents, the law on development programs, the practical actions, and the regulations and reports of the Ministry of Welfare and Social Security in the period of each government. Due to the ideology of the Islamic Revolution and the war, the Opressed-Oriented Government pushed the oppressed groups from the margins to the center, thus articulating its welfare discourse with the nodal point of the “centrally oppressed”.The Constructive Government sought to articulate its discourse by “compensating for the shortcomings of economic development” as the nodal point. The Reformist Government, using Article 29 of the Constitution, deconstructed the nodal point of the constructive government welfare discourse and articulated its discourse with the nodal point of a “comprehensive welfare and social security system.”The Justice-Oriented Government has also articulated its welfare discourse with the nodal point of “equal access of individuals to social security protections” by emphasizing distributive justice, compassion and service to the poor and the development of underdeveloped areas. The trend of welfare and social security discourse during the four governments after the Islamic Revolution in Iran indicates that each government has articulated its welfare discourse under a different nodal point but with common floating Singnifiers. In this way, a rupture occurred between their nodal points, resulting in a different and sometimes contradictory trajectory. As a result, they are not complementary to each other, but nevertheless, the various aspects of welfare and social security in each government have improved compared to the previous one.

The trend of transferring and attracting foreign students as the main key of globalization and internationalization of higher education indicates an increase in the number of students who go to study in other countries in the last two decade. Due to the many benefits and positive consequences of attracting foreign students, there is a global competition among universities to attract foreign students by increasing the quality of college life and student satisfaction in terms of educational, social, services and facilities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the quality of university life of foreign students at the University of Isfahan and explain some determinants. This research was conducted as a survey using a questionnaire among all foreign students of the University of Isfahan. The findings indicated the relative (moderate to high) satisfaction of foreign students with the educational, social and services and facilities of the University of Isfahan. Also, the results confirmed the relationship among academic, social and facilities dimensions and their effect on overall satisfaction with the quality of university life and student life satisfaction. In addition, findings showed that academic success and academic communication directly, and academic motivation and burnout indirectly affect the foreign student’s quality of college life. More attention should be paid to cultural and social activities such as extracurricular activities inside the university or outside the university in the form of recreational camps and visits to cultural, artistic, tourism centers, improving the facilities granted.

In this study, the course of reducing interactions and communication between family members and between Iranian families in the last four decades has been studied with a qualitative method and fundamental theory approach. Sampling method is purposeful and performed with theoretical sampling strategy and method of data collection was in-depth interviews with 20 participants, including men and women, as well as family experts in Darrehshahr. The findings have been obtained using the fundamental theory consisting of the core category of erosion of social capital within and between families. It has five main categories: “reduction of social capital networks between clans and relatives”, “microscopic interactions between neighbors”, “cold interactions of neighbors”, “atomic relations of citizens” and “reduction of interactions between family members”. The resulting Grounded Theory is presented in the form of a paradigm model including three dimensions of conditions, interactions and consequences. Ultimately, families need to have both face-to-face and virtual relationships, so that their social capital is strengthened and not eroded.

Iranian researchers in the field of quantitative studies have analyzed national identity in Iranian society and its challenges and problems using various analytical approaches. The present study tries to analyze the descriptive, methodological and analytical features and critical evaluation of scientific-research articles based on quantitative methods on the subject of national identity in Iranian society in the period 1998 to 2019 using a systematic review method and a complete and comprehensive picture of factors and variables affecting national identity in Iranian society and its challenges and problems in scientific-research articles based on quantitative methods and examine their shortcomings and shortcomings. The method of the present research is systematic review. The results of the research show that although the selected articles have had significant results and achievements and are applicable, nevertheless they are many gaps and shortcomings in the field of methodology such as reductionism and difficulty of comparability and in the field of analysis such as generalization versus partiality, reductionism versus holisticism, analytical reductionism of the challenges and problems of different dimensions of national identity, analytical reductionism of the challenges and problems of the relationship between national identity and collective identities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the value system of individuals in the consumption of cultural goods in Kermanshah during 2020. The research method was of the survey type and data collection was based on a questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included people aged 20 years and older in Kermanshah. The sample size is 350 people who have been selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Findings have shown that the amount of cultural consumption in Kermanshah has been moderate and the respondents single, educated and living in moderate neigh-borhoods have more cultural consumption. The average score of the economic and so-cial value system of the respondents was higher than the average score of their political and religious value system. The average score of economic value system and cultural consumption was higher among women, single people, middle-class neighborhoods and younger ages, and in lower neighborhoods, married people and older people, higher so-cial values and lower cultural consumption. The level of cultural consumption of people with higher political and economic value system scores was higher. But the rate of cul-tural consumption was lower among people whose social and religious value system scores were higher. Among the contextual variables, education was the most important factor affecting the type of value system and consequently the type and amount of cul-tural consumption of individuals. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the value system of individuals has a role in their cultural consumption.

The perspective of any city is the output of the realities of that society; This means that the concept of landscape is the output of a social reality that is dynamically perceived by users of urban space and is constantly reproduced. The street as one of the important elements constituting the main form of any city and a cultural and social symbol and establishing a spatial connection and connecting urban activities. In other words, the streets are spaces for urban landscaping and, as flowing beds in the reflection of the livelihoods of the inhabitants of a city, depict the spaces that accommodate the most collective life on a daily basis. Considering the importance of the issue of streets in ur-ban studies in Iran today as a social space and regarding to the richness of landscape debates in this field, and in response to these important questions to “what extent such debates have received basic scientific attention in research as well as evolution?”, and “what is the style and context of such discussions?” it should be noted that the results of meta-analysis of research show that the issue has received serious attention in the last ten years. Studies also show that urban studies in Iran is facing significant intellectual turnovers, which can be attributed to the re-consideration of landscape management policies, a systemic approach to the city and, most importantly, the central application of concepts that are of a social nature (the most important of them are identity, social interactions, vitality, presence); This indicates the flexibility of the urban studies sys-tem in Iran today in discussions related to street landscape.

The identity of a woman, including female-headed households in any society, is defined in terms of gender, economic and parenting roles in both the pri-vate and public spheres by the symbolic order that governs society. The purpose of this study is to analyze and represent the lived experience of these women in their private and public spheres.

This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method. The research area was Mashhad and the par-ticipants were female-headed households in the summer of 2021 who were selected by a purposeful method of criterion type with maximum distribution. Data were collected by semi-structured interview method and the interview ended with theoretical saturation at the end of the 21st case. At the end of the interview, the data were implemented and read, and then the analysis of the participants’ narrative was performed through the Co-laizzi method and MAXQDA version 12 qualitative content analysis software.

Consecutive reviews of interviews and continuous comparison of data revealed the four main themes of family, social maps, feminine characteristics and self-concept promo-tion. The results show that in the perception of women heads of households, the private sphere is their special domain and is tied to the concept of care and empowerment. In this area, responsibilities such as housekeeping, childcare and housework are promi-nent. In the public and social spheres, such women are engaged in economic activities. However, financial, cognitive, physical and functional disabilities in this area are the most well-known influencing factors in their lesser presence in public activities. Con-clusion: There are perceptual dualities in this type of women that can be the subject of thinking and research in the field of gender, femininity and head of household.

Manner of relationships between individuals’ environmental motivations and their be-havior in interaction with the environment is always one of the questions towards hu-man-nature interaction. The present research purposely examines factors influencing the behavior of pro-environmental consumers. The statistical population of the research includes members of pro-environmental NGOs in Mashhad, Iran. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire with approved reliability and validity. Using descrip-tive and survey research methods, 404 of environmentally friendly members of the NGOs living in Mashhad were surveyed by random sampling method. Data were ana-lyzed by structural equation modeling and by using SPSS and AMO software. The re-sults showed that motivations have a positive and significant effect on behaviors of en-vironmentally friendly consumers. Among these, although normative motivations have the greatest impact on the behaviors, constraints on motivations have the least impact. This finding highlights the importance of policy prioritization.

Social media is global in nature, so in the present study, they have been analyzed in the context of theories of globalization. There are two general approaches to globalization. One approach believes in the complete homogeneity of the world and another approach does not believe in such intensity and quality. The purpose of this research is to clarify the importance of which of the two approaches social media will be more effective in relation to Iranian ethnic identities in the future. The research method is Delphi. In line with this method, thirteen professors of sociology, social communication sciences and anthropology have been included in the research sample using purposive sampling. Sample members were interviewed in person and in two separate stages, their opinions and views were collected through a questionnaire. The results of the research show that in the future, Iranian ethnic identities will continue and will even use the facilities of social media for their global design. Social media will promote the cultural coexistence of Iranian ethnic groups with the rest of the world. While they will not play much role in creating separatist ethnic identities from the nation-state due to political, economic, etc. factors. Therefore, for national cohesion, it is necessary to adopt the cultural policy of unity in plurality. Ethnic motivation for producing ethnic content on social media is partly due to resistance to global culture; But this is not absolute, and they will use these media for pleasure.