مجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران
سال پانزدهم شماره 5 (آذر و دی 1400)

the present study investigated the efficiency of natural reeds on a real scale in qualitative treatment of incoming drainage water of Khuzestan sugarcane during a period of one year (2010-2011). The efficiency of natural reeds was evaluated by measuring parameters such as NO3, NO2, NH4 and TN. T-test results on NO3, NO2, NH4 and TN factors showed that there is a significant difference between ST0-ST1, ST0-ST2, ST0-ST3, ST1-ST2, ST1-ST3, ST2-ST3 stations (1%). The highest mean difference in NO3, NO2, NH4 and TN was observed between ST0-ST3 stations. At ST3 station, which has the greatest distance from the entry point, the highest removal efficiency was obtained for each of the nitrogen compounds. The mean removal for NO3 factor in the outlet drainage water in ST1, ST2 and ST3 stations was 23, 50 and 64% lower than the initial amount in the inlet drainage water, respectively. At ST3 station with an average of 0.02 mg / l, the lowest amount of NO2 was observed. The use of natural reeds reduced NH4 compared to the initial level. This decrease was greater at ST2 and ST3 stations and ST3 station had the largest decrease (70, 68, 67 and 68% in all four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively). The trend of TN changes compared to the initial rate was similar to the trend of NH4 changes, but the rate of TN decrease at ST3 station was more severe and reached the lowest possible value compared to ST1 and ST2 stations. The results showed a significant effect of reed application in reducing TP in this distance from the entry point. In different stations, with increasing distance from the entry point, the effect of retention time (1.26, 1.10, 1.30

Increasing population and food demand, disproportionate cultivation and annual production of various agricultural products with market needs and low productivity of the agricultural sector and the loss of water and soil resources have made it necessary to determine and implement the country's optimal cropping pattern. In this study, due to the limitations and problems of classical methods in order to reduce processing time and improve the quality of solutions, the Multi-Objective Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization was used to determine the optimal cultivation pattern of Sistan plain in optimal conditions and deficit irrigation. The results of the Multi-Objective Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization for the dominant cultures in the region showed that the current cropping pattern of the region is not optimal and with the implementation of the proposed model, the profit per unit area under cultivation will increase. The results of application of deficit irrigation during different growing periods of wheat, barley, alfalfa, sorghum, watermelon and grapes showed that applying deficit irrigation in this plain is not a good strategy and therefore only a full irrigation strategy is recommended. The results of sensitivity analysis of the model showed that at low prices, farmers reaction is less and at higher prices more reaction to price changes and with increasing prices, the program efficiency is lower.

Identification of groundwater potential areas as one of the important sources for drinking water supply, agriculture, ecological diversity and various industries is one of the important and necessary issues in the management of water resources of any country, especially developing countries. In this study, a groundwater zoning map was presented to manage and plan groundwater resources using WOE, SI and Shannon models in ArcGIS10.5 in this area. For this purpose, the geographical location of 624 wells with a flow rate of more than 10 cubic meters per second in the region were divided into two groups: calibration (70%) and validation (30%). In implementing all three models, the effective parameters in groundwater potential identification include: height, slope, slope direction, land curvature, geology, land use, soil science, topographic moisture index, distance from fault, fault density, waterway density and Distance from the area waterway was used. Also, the ROC curve in SPSS software was used to validate the results of the models. The highest accuracy for this region was assigned to the statistical index model, the AUC value for this model is 84.5%, followed by evidence weight models with 81.6% and Shannon entropy with 80.6%, respectively. More than 60% of the area has moderate to very high groundwater potential. The statistical index model is more appropriate and accurate for this region. Determining areas with high groundwater potential using these methods is appropriate for implementing management programs.

Currently, most parts of the world face a serious water supply challenge, with limited access to freshwater resources of good quality. In addition to reducing the damage caused by the discharge of raw wastewater in the environment, wastewater treatment and re-use can help in providing one part of the water need. The use of wastewater for various purposes can have many social, economic, and environmental impacts if not managed properly, even though it is a tool against water shortage. This research by using a multi-criteria decision-making process is a comprehensive study of the effective criteria for the possibility of using wastewater for various purposes. Criteria include environmental, social, economic, and sub-criteria including water storage, reduction of pollutants discharged into the environment, health risks, cooperation between institutions and government, food security, public acceptance, wastewater quality, investment opportunities, revenue generation, feasibility. Combined with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and pairwise comparisons and relies on the judgments our study shows that the best use of wastewater can be found in the agricultural, industrial, environmental, urban, impoundments, groundwater recharge sectors for non-drinkable usages and indirect usages for drinkable items. and non-volatile uses and indirect use for potable.

Application of water-absorbent material to increase Water productivity (WP) has been considered by researchers in recent decades. In this regard, different materials with different nature in water absorption and storage have been introduced. Aquasource is a kind of water-absorbent polymers that intruduces as an additive for modification of soil-water-plant relationship. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of application of Aquasource superabsorbent on WP of soybean using experimental plots. This study was performed in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design and three replications. The first factor was two different irrigation intervals (4 and 7 days) and the second factor was different levels of superabsorbent (zero, 200 and 300 kg/ha). During the growth period, the amount of soil moisture was measured using a hydrometer. At the end of the plant growth period, yield and yield components and WP were determined. The results showed that the effect of irrigation interval on all indices was significant. The interaction between Irrigation and superabsorbent on water use and yield was significant. By changing the irrigation interval from 4 to 7 days, the average irrigation water, yield, oil yield, protein yield, WP of oil and protein decreased by 30, 50, 52, 50, 26, 23 and 30 percent, respectively. Aquasource superabsorbent reduced the average water use by 10% compared to the control treatment. Under the application of two levels of 200 and 300 kg of superabsorbent per hectare, increasing the depth of irrigation water to more than 630 mm did not have much effect on crop yield. Use of superabsorbent also reduced the appropriate irrigation depth to achieve the highest WP from 700 to 630 mm. This study suggests that the use of superabsorbent at a rate of 200 kg/ha (probably the optimal limit) increase grain yield, WP of oil and protein.

In order to prevent the long-term negative impacts of resource development projects on the riverine ecosystems, it is necessary to define hydrological and ecological needs of river in the form an ecological water-need and consider them in water allocation interactions. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate and estimate the monthly distribution of ecological flow of Ghezel Ozan river by means of hydrological methods, such as Tessman, Tennant, flow-duration curve analysis (FDC), flow-duration curve shifting (FDC-Shifting), Smakhtin and Desktop Reserve Model (DRM), and with reference to the given 25-year statistical period. The results drawn from the present study illustrated that the FDC-Shifting method is superior to other methods due to considering diverse ecological classes, focusing on natural variability of flow, and attempting to maintain this variability in its proposed ecological flows, and in order to maintain the general pattern of flow variability, it employs natural flow-duration curve shift. The abovementioned method is better adapted to the flow potential of Ghezel Ozan river as well as its ecological management method. To preserve Ghezel Ozan river in the minimum acceptable ecological status (ecological management class C), the mean annual flow intensity equivalent to 3.11 (%23 MAR), 1.91 (%22 MAR), 1.43 (%25 MAR), 0.84 (%30 MAR) and 0.28 (%32 MAR) cubic meter per second must be determined respectively within the range of five hydrometric stations including Bianlu, Nesare Olia, Salamat Abad, Hasan Khan, and Shadi Abad.

Urbanization causes the increase of runoff to stormwater collection systems. In this research, using the SWMM model, the stormwater collection system of districts 10 and 11 of Mashhad has been evaluated. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis model has been used to determine the relationship between model variables as well as to determine priorities of the effect of parameters on output. The results of studies show that the existing collection system has about 80% of discharge capacity of surface runoff and in the modeling 38.2 and 29.1% of the canals with a 50 and 5 years of return period, respectively, face with waterlogging and back flow. In order to assess the effect of parameters on model performance, 8 parameters were selected and their effect on output discharge was evaluated. The results showed that the percentage of impervious surfaces, the equivalent width and the roughness coefficient in pervious and impervious surfaces, respectively, have the most effect on the output discharge. Also, the parameter of the percentage of impervious surfaces without the surface reserve has the least effect. With a 30% increase in impervious surfaces, the peak discharge and the surface runoff increase by 20.1% and 19.1%, respectively. The assessment indicated that the land use change, the increase of impervious surfaces, the decrease of roughness coefficient and unsuitable and old design of existing canals are the main reasons for decrease of performance of stormwater collection system in the study area.

At present, oilseeds are of great importance among crops and constitute the second largest food reserves in the world after cereals, so the need for new oil products with more adaptation and less needs is strongly felt. Plants are exposed to various stresses during their growth period, and water shortage is the biggest challenge in crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including Iran; Also, planting date has a great impact on production and the amount of crops. Camellina is an annual shrub and the most important oilseed in the United States and South Asia.Due to the importance of this plant, during a one-year experimental design, it was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were irrigation and planting date. Irrigation treatments (50, 75, 100% of full irrigation and rainfeed) and a planting date (February 19) were performed in the research farm of the Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural College, Shiraz University. The highest amount of seed yield and Shoot dry matter was observed in full irrigation treatment, the amount of harvest index in different irrigation treatments was not significantly different. Its amount was not significant in different treatments. Maximum irrigation and rainfeed productivity and water use efficiency for the total dry matter were not significantly different between treatments. This oilseed has the potential to planting with a minimum of water consumption in the climatic conditions of the farm to an acceptable level. In general, based on the irrigation and rainfall water productivity index for the grain crop, if there is enough water available to the farmer, it is recommended to do full irrigation. Otherwise, dryland conditions are more suitable. Keywords Camelina, Deficit irrigation, Planting date, Seed yield, Water productivity

Due to the shortage of water in the agricultural sector, it is very important to calculate the amount of irrigation water for crops in conditions of limited water resources. In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation treatments on yield and water use productivity in peanuts, a study was conducted as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2017 and 2018 in Gilan province. The main treatment included full irrigation with 100% water requirement and adjusted low irrigation with 40, 60, 80% water supply and the sub-treatment consisted of four peanut cultivars (Guil, Gorgani, Jonobi and Mesri). The results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation and cultivars on seed yield and seed water use productivity was significant at 1% level and 100% water requirement treatment and southern cultivar with an average of 1732 kg / ha had the highest grain yield. Due to irrigation and cultivars, the highest water use productivity based on seed yield was in the treatment of 40% of water requirement and Mesri cultivar with an average of 0.40 kg / m3. In peanut cultivars, Jonobi cultivar with an average of 1273 kg/ha had the highest seed yield compared to other cultivars. Based on water supply, the Jonobi cultivar had the highest seed yield during two years, which is suggested as a suitable cultivar for the study area.

In many parts of the world today, water and soil resources are threatened with salinization. Extensive research has been done to desalinate water and soil resources. One of the solutions is soil leaching. To assess different methods of saline soil leaching, an experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications. Water type treatments include: magnetic water, water passing through merus ring and ordinary water as the main factor and two sub-treatments which are the salinity of water including saline water with electrical conductivity of 2.5 dS/m, fresh water with electrical conductivity of 1 dS/m, and saline-fresh water, in fact, the combination of saline and fresh water and leaching method (permanent and intermittent flooding) were in a total of 54 soil columns gathered from an olive orchard in Roudbar city. The results showed that the magnet treatment compared to the control was able to increase the yield of saline water to the level of leaching with saline-fresh water in the alternating method. The merus ring treatment performed better, as it was able to increase the yield of saline water in the leachate to the level of fresh water in the alternating method, by releasing more salt than the magnet.

Understanding the hydrological response of the basins to droughts is essential in recognizing different regions’ vulnerability to droughts and drought risk management. In this study, the amount and direction of changes in the components of actual evapotranspiration and runoff in response to the occurred droughts were investigated in the sub-basins of the Lake Urmia Basin in the Budyko framework. To this end, actual evapotranspiration (ET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data from the GLEAM database and precipitation data from the MSWEP database were obtained. After determining the drought years using the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Fu’s equation (in the Budyko framework) was calibrated separately for drought and non-drought years. The significant difference in empirical probability distributions between drought and non-drought years for the aridity index (PET/P) and the evaporative index (ET/P) was investigated using two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In the following, the regime-related and the partitioning-related changes were calculated and examined separately for the actual evapotranspiration and the runoff. In the case of the runoff, the regime-related, the partitioning-related and the total changes of runoff were negative in drought years compared to non-drought years in all the sub-basins and the regime-related changes were more severe than the partitioning-related changes. In the case of the actual evapotranspiration, the partitioning-related changes were positive, the regime-related changes were negative and the total changes were negative in all the sub-basins. In total, the occurrence of droughts in the studied sub-basins has resulted in more decreasing of the runoff (-66.54%) compared to the actual evapotranspiration (-10.45 %). The Budyko framework is effective in the explanation of the nonlinear behavior of water balance during drought.

Rice is one of the most important plants, which grows in different provinces located in north, south and western parts of Iran through a high level of flooding surface irrigation systems with low efficiency. On the other hand, suitable irrigation management programming and the awareness of crop coefficients and exactly, the water requirement of different varieties of this crop is essential in different plant stages. This study was conducted to determine the crop coefficients of rice (Amberbo cultivar) during years 2017 and 2018. For this purpose, water balance drainable lysimeters with a diameter and height of 1.20m and 1.40m were used in farm and glasshouse condition, separately. In this regard, the Penman-Monteith equation for potential evapotranspiration and water balance equation to measure actual evapotranspiration were used to calculate potential evapotranspiration. Finally, the average values of crop water requirement and Ambarbo rice crop coefficients were determined in non-flooding condition for different initial, development, middle, and end stages in the farm and glasshouse condition as (584.59 mm, 0.96, 1.07, 1.25, and 0.95) and (616.28 mm,1.00,1.10,1.29, and 1.05), respectively. The results of this research showed that a lot of rice irrigation water could be saved under Non-Flooding Irrigation Conditions. Therefore, with the saved water, more lands will be cultivated and more production, income and jobs will be provided for the villagers.

Arugula as an adapted plant to the abiotic environmental stresses uses for poor soil improvement and exploitation. In this research the effect of saline water application with different irrigation water frequencies (10, 20 and 30 days) on arugula plant under three planting methods (basin. on-ridge and in-furrow) was studied. The experiment arranged in factorial scheme under a complete block design in 2018-19 in Ardakan Unversity Agricultural Experiment Station with three replications. Results showed that the effect of planting method was dominant in justifying changes in measured traits compared to the irrigation interval. Arugula had better growth (regarding height, number of pod per unit area and plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-grain weight, biologic- forage- and seed-yield) under in-farrow planting method. Although, increasing irrigation interval up to 30 days decreased all growth parameters; however, increasing irrigation frequency with changing planting method form the conventional basin to in-furrow planting method significantly promoted growth traits and forage (as 73%) seed (as 88%) yield. Furthermore, although in term of absolute amount of forage (as 24445 kg/ha) and seed (as 1484 kg/ha) production, in-furrow planting under 10 -days irrigation frequency is the recommendable treatment; however, the final selection of planting method depends on the economic analysis.

One of the complicated phenomena in sediment hydraulic engineering is scouring around bridge pier. Regard to three-dimensional and complicated flow pattern around piers, measuring some hydraulics parameters during the tests such as flow pattern, variation of bed profile and shear stress are difficult, in this situation application of numerical models in order to extract results and more detailed study is useful. Aim of this research is numerical modeling of flow pattern, variation of bed profile and scour depth and shear stress around rectangular pier using Flow 3D and applying the results to protect piers against scouring. Results showed, for aligned pier with flow, shape of scour hole and flow pattern were symmetrical, the side in contact with flow is high-pressure and the other side is low-pressure. As increase of pier angle, shear stress in front of the pier increased so that for pier with 10° angle with flow direction, shear stress was 0.55 N/m2. Also fluctuations of bed profile and water surface increased. Application of submerged vanes, changed scour pattern and moved sediment in front of pier which scouring was reduced. Increase of height and angle of submerged vanes improved their protective role. Base on the results of numerical model, after 30 minutes, scour depth in front of pier in aligned pier with flow and angle of submerged vanes 30°, in same level with bed, 1.25 cm and 2.5 cm on the bed, was 3.1 cm, 0.035 cm and +0.005 cm (on the bed), respectively. As increase of pier angle, performance of submerged vanes to control scouring in front of pier and in side of high-pressure wall decreased, but in side of low-pressure wall scouring compared with alone pier was less.

In this work, the seasonal applied water and physical water productivity of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) were evaluated through monitoring 26 farmer fields (including 18, five, and three farmer fields with furrow, center-pivot, solid-set irrigation systems, respectively) over Moghan Plain, Ardabil Province, Iran, during the growing season 2019-2020. The rapeseed seasonal water use (irrigation + effective precipitation) and the grain yield value ranged from 2921-6762 m3 ha-1 and 1.00-3.70 ton ha-1, respectively (with a mean of 4798 m3 ha-1 and 2.64 ton ha-1, respectively). The net rapeseed water requirement during the growing season 2019-2020 and its 10-year mean value ranged from 285-399 mm and 282-354 mm, respectively (with a mean of 325 and 304 mm, respectively). The mean seasonal applied water at farmer fields with furrow irrigation (4328 m3 ha-1) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher compared to the farmer fields with center pivot and solid set sprinkler irrigation (2154 and 2633 m3 ha-1, respectively). Total water productivity (WPI+Pe) and irrigation water productivity (WPI) ranged from 0.28 to 0.95 kg m-3 and 0.41 to 1.45 kg m-3, respectively (with a mean of 0.58 and 0.77 kg m-3, respectively). Based on the results of multivariate linear regression analysis, the factors, including irrigation water salinity, sowing date, seeding rate, date of the first irrigation, growth period length, strong winds near harvest time, the latitude of farmer fields, flowrate of delivered water, mean irrigation interval, and rapeseed grain moisture content and impurity rate were recognized as the most important factors affecting the grain yield and the physical water productivity indices.

In the present study, a multi-objective Dolphin Echolocation Algorithm (MODEA) was used to derive optimized operation rules of Gavoshan dam in kermanshah province under climate change conditions. These rules were extracted for the two purposes of minimizing vulnerability and maximizing reliability indices under the baseline i.e., April 2007 to October 2019 and climate change conditions i.e., April 2040 to October 2052. Results showed that under climate change conditions, in addition to increasing temperature by 1.8 degrees Celsius and decreasing in precipitation by 20.1%, the runoff would also be reduced to 0.69 related to the baseline period. Moreover, vulnerability changes by 18% to 45% and 10% to 39% in baseline and climate change conditions respectively, and the range of reliability changes by 52% to 89.5% and 28% to 90%, under these conditions, respectively. Comparison of the release and the water demand volume under climate change to the baseline conditions -based on the Pareto point with 80% reliability while increasing the release rate- indicates a greater adaptation of the release rate from the reservoir to the demand volume and a better performance of the reservoir under climate change conditions.

Simulation of Potato growth helps researchers to plan crop's response to the amount of irrigation water. AquaCrop and DSSAT are the most widely used crop models but have not yet been evaluated under the same conditions for potato simulation. Therefore, in the present study, biennial data collected from a research farm located in Kermanshah, Iran, were used to evaluate these two models under different irrigation water stresses. Irrigation treatments include: 100% supply; T2: 75% supply and T3: 50% water supply in surface drip irrigation. The results showed that both AquaCrop and DSSAT had overestimated errors in simulating potato yield and water productivity (MBE<0). The accuracy of these two models was excellent for simulating yield and water productivity (NRMSE<0.10). In calibration stage, the error of AquaCrop to simulate yield and water productivity of potato water was equal to 1.3 ton.ha-1 and 0.22 kg.m-3, respectively. While the error values for these parameters in the validation stage were equal to 1.5 ton.ha-1 and 0.23 kg.m-3, respectively. DSSAT model error in the calibration stage to simulate water yield and productivity is equal to 2.4 ton.ha-1 and 0.34 kg.m-3, respectively, and in the validation stage is equal to 0.61 ton.ha-1 and 0.11 kg.m-3, respectively. Therefore, both crop models used had acceptable error. The EF values for the yield simulated by AquaCrop and DSSAT models were 0.92 and 0.98, respectively. The EF values for water productivity of these two models were determined to be -2.6 and 0.17, respectively. According to these results, the use of both models for potato simulation is suggested. However, the results obtained for the DSSAT were better accurate and efficient.

Iran has a large area under cultivation, and reliable and timely crop yield forecasts are critical for making timely food supply decisions. As a result, several methods for estimating crop yield based on remote sensing observations have been published in recent years. One of the first and most critical steps in this study is to estimate real evapotranspiration using the SEBAL algorithm and high spatial and temporal resolution Landsat8 satellite images. The evapotranspiration obtained from satellite images was compared to evaporation data from the Zanjan synoptic meteorological station's evaporation pan, with statistical indicators (MAE=0/36, RMSE=0/45, R2 =0/94) indicating satisfactory results. The AquaCrop model and its four execution steps were used to simulate the product yield, and the necessary coefficients and data from the model were applied in satellite imagery calculations for each of these steps. For comparing CC data determined by satellite imagery and AquaCrop model, the RMSE, MAE, and R2 indices were respectively 11/06, 9/2 percent, and 0/94, and 0.633 and 0/359 mm/day and 0/95 for transpiration. The average yield was calculated to be 1/189 ton/ha in field pixels and its comparison with agricultural statistics and field studies (1-1/2 ton/ha) showed acceptable estimates for wheat yield in the area of this study.

Increasing productivity in the use of agricultural resources has always been considered. Water is one of the most central and effective resources needed in agriculture. The furrow surface irrigation system is one of the most widely used irrigation systems. Irrigation systems are usually designed to increase quality, which can also be quantified. In addition to quality, practicality and the amount of required labor for irrigation are two other important factors that if not considered, the potential quality considered in the irrigation plan will not be realized. But in most irrigation system design models, only quality has been considered. In this research, a simulation and optimization model is presented for designing a furrow irrigation system with the aim of increasing practicality, reducing labor along with increasing quality. This model uses a fuzzy expert system based on the knowledge of experienced farmers to quantify the amount of labor and the practicality of the irrigation system. Experiments have been performed based on data from several different farms that show the quality of the proposed model. Also, by comparing the results, it was found that the proposed method, on average, has led to a 10% reduction in the labor and a 9% increase in the practicality.

A cuboid-shaped physical model with the dimensions of 160 cm×120 cm×60 cm in length, height and width, respectively, was built to study the advance of the wetting front. The results indicated that, in all the experiments, the largest value for the maximum wetted radius at all slopes was observed in the soil with clay texture followed by that with sandy clay loam and the smallest in the soil with loamy sand texture. The maximum wetting front radius in the experiments varied from 37 to 115 cm. When the other conditions were kept constant, the maximum wetting front radius increased at higher emitter flow rates. When the slope was kept constant, the maximum infiltration depths at the location of the emitter axis at constant volume of irrigation water were that of the soil with loamy sand texture followed by the soil with sandy clay loam texture with the soil with clay texture having the minimum infiltration depth. The depth of the wetting front under the emitter in the experiments varied from 37 to 65 cm. In addition, at higher slopes, the depth at which the maximum wetting front radius occurred was closer to the ground surface. The minimum depth at which the largest wetting front radius occurred was 4.5 cm in the clay soil at emitter rate of 8 L/h and 20% slope and the maximum was 19 cm in the loamy sand soil at emitter flow rate of 2 L/h and 0% slope. The highest percentage of wetted soil downstream of the emitter (81%) was that of the soil with clay texture at emitter flow rate of 8 L/h and 20% slope.