نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 27 (پاییز 1400)

Place attachment is the emotional connection that develops between a person and thephysical environment around them. After more than forty years of research in the field ofplace attachment, the cause and effect as well as the physical factors that affect it have notbeen determined. The features and specifications of a place in both physical and socialdimensions have an influence on the development of this process. Social characteristicsaffect the continuity and strengthening of the emotional connection between the inhabitantsand the place, whereas physical characteristics affect the initial absorption and emergenceof the process of interaction between newcomers and the place. This study reviewspublications in the fields of environmental psychology, human geography, sociology andplace while identifying predictive physical factors, using surveys and questionnaires, thatis three questionnaires, and identifying Isfahan’s urban public spaces with the largestnumber of newcomers, in order to examine the physical factors affecting the attractionand reappearance of the newcomer. The results of this survey show that newcomers areattracted to a place by physical factors with an architectural dimension. However, thephysical factors with an urban dimension lead to their reappearance over time and theformation of the initial levels of attachment based on the proposed model. Based on theresults of this study the model indicates three levels of emerging attachment, attachmentover time, and complete attachment that are introduced considering the factors of timeand newcomer’s reappearance. Newcomers are attracted to the urban spaces of Isfahandue to physical factors with an architectural dimension such as color, texture, buildingfacades, scale and night light, while they are encouraged to return to the place by itsphysical attributes with urban dimensions such as flooring, furnishings, available uses,space dimensions, cleanliness and accessibility. The presence of newcomers during time,will result in the third level formation which is the emotional connection between betweenpeople and the urban space.

The population growth of cities on the one hand and rising land prices on the other hand havecreated overcrowded residential environments. Living in such environments has had a negativeimpact on the individual and social health of residents. Children, as the most vulnerable groupin society, are at greater risk of being exposed to changes in physical and social environmentsthan the other groups. The literature review has shown that most recent research focuses onthe characteristics of urban playgrounds, while the lack of playgrounds in residential areas hasconfirmed the necessity of paying attention to design of the middle area in residential complexfor kids’ motivation to play. Hence, the present investigated effective factors that would influencekids’ motivation to play in the middle area of residential complexes adopting a mixed-methodapproach (quantitative & qualitative). Accordingly, the theoretical framework of the research hasbeen developed with a qualitative method and aimed at searching for skeletal-functional andcognitive-behavioral features effective on creating and enhancing kids’ motivation to play. Onthe other hand, the extent and quality of the impact of each component resulted in transformingof quantitative data into quantitative data. In this research, a survey based on the Delphi methodwas used. After the construction and validation of the instrument, 100 architects’ attitude wasexamined. Finally, seven factors affecting on kids’ motivation to play were extracted by usingfactor analysis. These factors were: controllability, child-centered legibility, natural stimulantfactors, social interactions (generational & cross-generational), vitality of environment, curiosityand also, sensory stimulation. Following that, a hypothetical model was proposed based on therelationship between these variables and then, the factors’ relationship type and extent of effect oneach other were obtained by path analysis. Finally, the proposed model was modified. Based onthe analysis of the model, the relationship of the variables under investigation were interpreted:the study of direct and indirect effects of these factors shows the relationship between cognitivebehavioralcharacteristics and physical-functional characteristics that can have an important roleon the environmental affordances for kids’ motivation to play. At the end, the final model forthe relationship between physical-functional variables and cognitive-behavioral variables waspresented.

In the world that is depicted by Ferdowsi in Shahnama, architecture (building a placefor human’s living) has a paramount position. In this world, architecture is of two kinds: thearchitecture that has its roots in art, and the architecture that stems from magic. The meaning of art(hunar) in Shahnama is different from its meaning today. Art in Shahnama has a divine origin andis connected with goodness and virtue. Contrasted to art, is magic which is related to indecent andevil. Architecture based on art has heavenly attributes: it is enchanting and eternal; Architecture ofmagic has infernal attributes and thus, is not proper for the living of humans and the good people.Engaging in “the architecture of art” is the best path for the charismatic kings to follow; it isthrough such art that they display their divine grace and decency, and manage to promote abadani(prosperity) and goodness in the world. Some of these kings, following the message of the divinemessenger, build eternal cities which is home to those eternal human beings who are supposed tobe the future saviors of the world. In Shahnama’s narration of Iranian history, architecture and arthave a declining trend in the course of time. At the beginning of time, in the era of the first fourking-prophets, art is related with God’s revelations, and art practitioners learn about art throughthe agency of the divine messengers, which later on they spread and teach to others. But with thefalling of Jamshid and rise of Zahhak “all virtue despises, and magic esteems” and that is whenwe witness the gradual diminishing of the presence, number, and impact of charismatic humanbeings enjoyed by the divine grace. Although the charismatic human beings are still among peopleand engage in eternal art, their association with the divine in learning and teaching art is not aspowerful and abundant as it used to be. Even when the kings set off to build cities and sacredconstructions, it’s no more based on divine messages, but only based on the skill and knowledgeof the world’s best artists and scholars.Architecture in Shahnama covers that which is in theheavens and those residing in it to the architecture on the earth or even below, and those whojoined it. Architecture in Shahnama is both apparent and hidden, visible and invisible, good andbad, heavenly and devilish. The eternal architecture gets built by artists and charismatics, and themagical architecture gets built by the vicious and devils.

Paying attention to issues related to evaluation, decision making and selection has beenone of the most controversial topics today, and in most cases, not only all the factorsinfluencing the evaluation and selection are not considered, but also the set of factors andvariables considered are not agreed upon by experts. Hence, in this research the issueof identifying factors and variables effective in increasing productivity in the field ofrestoration and reuse of historic buildings has been addressed, and the research is basedon the question that what factors should be considered in order to increase productivityin the evaluation and selection of restoration projects and reuse of historical houses inIran and how important is each of the factors? According to this, the purpose of theresearch is identifying effective variables in evaluating and selectiong restoration projectsand reuse of historic houses with the approach of increasing efficiency and determiningdegree of importance in restoration and reuse of historical houses. In this manuscriptby taking advantage of survey research and through the preparation of questionnaire,experts’ views and opinions on the subject were collected and after doing the validationby factor analysis method, the variables were allowed to be extracted entitled “EffectiveFactors of increasing efficiency and Restoration of Iran Houses”. Each factor was derivedfrom several independent variables and was ranked depending on their significance. Theresults of the questionnaire analysis revealed eight main factors associated with increasingefficiency in houses including: “Protecting Values”, “Efficiency Management”, “Support”,“Uses Determination (Revival)”, “General principles of protection”, “Maintenance”,“Adaptation”, “Execution (Restoration)”. Among the factors determined, “ProtectingValues” gained the most importance. Finally, by obtaining the reliability coefficient ofeach of the factors, it was possible to evaluate and select the restoration projects andincrease their productivity and obtain the total factors agreed upon by the experts.

Due to the type of function, caravanserais are considered as important buildings in Iranianarchitecture. Research has mostly examined their functional features but caravanserais alsohave aesthetic aspects. Aesthetic analysis can be examined in two aspects: the body of thebuilding and their decoration. As such, based on the importance of caravanserai architecturein the history of Iran, it is necessary to be aware of the developments related to the proportionsof these building in different historical periods. In this regard, in order to find out the evolutionof proportions of Iranian caravanserais, the proportions of caravanserais in the central parts ofIran during the Safavid and Qajar eras have been compared. In this research, data collectionwas conducted through library research as well as examining numerous articles publishedin scientific journals, and data analysis was performed using statistical analysis methods,adopting R and SPSS software. In order to investigate the hypothesis of similarity ordissimilarity of the proportions of caravanserais in central areas of Iran during the Safavid andQajar eras, 12 samples from the Qajar era and 12 samples from the Safavid era were selectedby cluster sampling from different locations. After measuring the dimensions of each sample,the normality of the data was evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Finally, the datawere verified to be normal. Then, due to the normality of the data, a parametric statistical test(Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances and t-test) was used to finalize the test hypotheses. Atthe end, after performing the aforementioned test, considering that the significance level forthe variables and proportions examined at the confidence level of %95, was more than .05, thehypothesis of similarity of proportions of central Iranian caravanserais during the Safavid andQajar eras was accepted. Based on the obtained results and considering that numerous textsand articles refer to the Safavid era as the golden age of the establishment of caravanserais inIran, during the Qajar era, the construction of caravanserais in the central regions of Iran alsoutilized the same pattern of proportions used in Safavid caravanserais.

This study examines the concept and educational approaches and the relationshipbetween the mode and the hierarchy of education in each of the Safavid and Qajar periodsand the physical structure and structure of the schools, the role of each of these factors,including the styles, disciplines and conditions governing the educational system in theschool physical changes of different periods. In fact, the purpose of this analysis is tosee the effect of these changes on the method of education and the form of schools.But this requires the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods while in thequalitative review process, library and field research are used, and in the quantitativesection, the mathematical relationship between artificial intelligence and programmingin Python language and Image processing algorithms have been used to ensure relativeaccuracy and fluency in information analysis. As such, the results of the similarityprocess were primarily based on the assumption that the Norieh Safavid School is verysimilar in pictorial aspect to the Qajar schools. But it is also possible that the schoolsthat were categorized in the Qajar period were in fact constructed in the Safavid periodand the registration in the Qajar period was not definitively acceptable. Furthermore, theDarolfonoon school plan differs greatly from the structure of the earlier school curricula.Changes in the structure of schools from this period onwards as well as the separation ofreligious and scientific schools show that educational content has had a significant impacton the alteration of the formal structure of curriculum