نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 37 (زمستان 1400)

Qajar period houses in Urmia are valuable examples of Iranian architecture that seem to have not been thoroughly studied despite their variety and specific features. The lack of attention to the historic houses is such that even many people in the city of Urmia are not familiar with these houses and there are no proper measures to preserve and restore these valuable houses.In the present study, with a combined method (descriptive-analytical and interpretive-historical) after the physical examination of houses in the Qajar period of Urmia, it has been stated what are the effective factors in the physical formation of the house and the effect of each component on the body. How is it؟The purpose of this study is firstly to identify and analyze the housing in Qajar period of Urmia and how it is influenced by various factors and secondly to identify the physical pattern and finally the physical characterization of the mentioned houses. To achieve this goal and considering the destruction of most historic houses in the city of Urmia and the lack of complete registration and recognition of all specimens by subordinate organs, 13 specimens from the Qajar period were examined and in this regard Data collection has been used from library studies and historical documents reviews as well as field studies including site visits and viewing and interviews. The findings indicate that many of the features of Orumieh houses were in some way synchronized with cultural, religious, economic and social variables, and despite common concepts in forming the physical patterns of these houses .And economics, politics, etc. we see clear physical distinctions between the houses, which, according to physical analyzes of the social class of the dwellers, played important role in the physical characterization of the houses.

Nowadays more than ever, architecture is in need of connection with its spiritual background. It is contemporary architecture that falls in dilemma of authenticity or to be connected with the authentic architecture, and originality or to be unique and avoid stereotyping. Contemporization as a strategy to bring up to date the historical archetypes and to set an ancient narrative in a modern context is a promising gateway for future architecture and architecture future of Iran. Literature review of the research declare that contemporary architecture might be organized to follow “genotype” of authentic architecture, while enjoys the unique “phenotype” of itself regarding to contemporary prerequisites. Therefore it is essential to contemporize and regenesis of the genome of Persian architecture in order to make a bridge between past and future. Theoretical framework of the research is based on “high-performance architecture theory”. The manuscript aims to contemporize Persian architecture based on learning and hybrid algorithms, in case of Semnan contemporary houses. Based on generic Justified Plan Graph (g-JPG) grammar and hidden geometry of Persian authentic houses. The research design is to represent, rebrand and modify well-known authentic archetypes of “house” in a way that appeals to contemporary consumers. The results provide some support for concluding an algorithm for extraction of genome of authentic architecture for contemporization and regenesis process. It can be concluded that the genotypes and the genomes of authentic Semnan house are from among the most invaluable exemplar of Persian architecture. The conclusions of the manuscript emphasize on the capability of learning and hybrid algorithms in contemporization and regenesis of genome of Persian architecture in case of Semnan authentic houses. It was concluded that the extracted genotypes and genomes of authentic Semnan house might be decoded to commercially available software based on their g-JPG characteristics.

The neurology as one of the novel sciences paves the way toward understanding the performance of human mind and also the surrounding environment. Human brain as one of the most complicated body organs, is responsible for the processing of all the information received from external stimuli through five senses and also by intuitive, emotional and rational perceptions. The neuroscience can facilitate the connection between brain and architectural space to achieve the outcome and targets desired for designers and architects. On the other hand, the city views play a key role in the feelings of users. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of neuroscience on the architecture and the effect of facade elements on the brain stimuli in order to design a desired view. In this research, seven buildings (three traditional and four contemporary) were investigated by a survey research method. To do this, 385 questionnaires were randomly distributed between passengers in seven districts. The results obtained from these questionnaires showed that there exists a significant relationship between neuroscience and architecture and how the facade elements affect the sensory stimuli. In addition, the traditional buildings in Sari and a contemporary building named "residential building era 94" had the physical and contextual elements (such as color, form, texture and materials, rhythm, fitness, etc.) in their facades which seemed attractive for the passengers. The physical stimuli in these buildings such as diversity, materials, forms, color and texture play role in a better connection of passengers with the facade of these buildings.

Nowdays, the development of urbanization and the prevalence of high-rise construction have led to disruptions in the urban wind pattern, lack of pedestrian thermal comfort, and the concentration of pollutants in big cities. Considering the wind flow as one of the effective parameters on thermal comfort in urban spaces, this research concentrated on the effect of formal characteristics and geometric features of a high-rise building on urban wind flow. In the first step of the research, a solid building and 5 models with different forms were simulated and one of the efficient models was selected as the most efficient model. In the next step, by changing the height of recessions, the effect of this variable on the wind behavior around the building was investigated.The main research method was a descriptive-analytical method with numerical simulation strategy. The models were simulated in CFD software and their results were presented in the form of quantitative outputs, graphic contours as well as several charts. CFD results proved the positive effect of geometric modifications on the improvement of urban wind flow compared to the solid case. The second phase of the research, by focusing on model A, investigated the role of recessed space height on the airflow pattern around the building. The results of this stage indicated that there is no direct relationship between the height of the recessions, the average and the maximum wind speed around the building. A comparative study of all the models in this research proved that the implementation of geometric modifications such as porosity, voids, recessions, etc. in the lower levels of the buildings, will leave positive effects on improving the urban wind flow.

Universities are social and physical environments that have an impact on attitudes, social behavior, academic interactions, and academic and student-related situations, as well as the relationship between university management and academic community and participation in learning. Meanwhile, paying attention to factors influencing participation in learning can play an important role in the desirability of these spaces. Considering the importance of environmental quality, this research, while investigating the concept of environmental quality as an independent variable and its dimensions, by explaining environmental quality indices, examines the role of environmental quality in contributing to learning participation as a dependent variable. In this regard, the present study aims to identify the factors influencing participation in learning based on environmental quality variables among students of Bojnourd University. In fact, the aim of the research is to increase the participation rate in learning by the components of the quality of the environment. The present paper is a descriptive and analytical research method. For data collection, library tools and questionnaires have been used and are objective in terms of purpose. The statistical population consists of students of Bojnourd University and samples are selected randomly. Then, using the effective components of learning participation and environmental quality, the impact of these variables has been measured on the basis of the indicators of the questionnaire. The collected questionnaires were analyzed in the SPSS software environment. In this regard, Pearson correlation and Spearman test and Eta square test were used. Accordingly, 48 items have been measured in the form of 6 indicators. The summary of the research results indicates that the component of vitality, efficiency, and justice and proportionality are the most important physical components that affect participation in the learning process in the university environment.

One of the major and important goals of First Pahlavi era was modernization or change in lifestyle of people based on western models that Many reform programs were formulated in this regard. Among the major changes that were taking place in various fields, Many of the modernists who had been embraced by the West from the government demanding to change their housing architecture to the west ,which later became the model for wider range housing in Tehran. Due to the special architectural value in terms of cultural and social changes in first Pahlavi era, is one of the requirements of contemporary architecture. The goal of present study is identification and study of privacy quality of architectural space of Extrovert Homes in Tehran city which were built under influence of modernistic changes of lifestyle during First Pahlavi era. Data collection method was done through library review and The methodology in this research is a combination of historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical methods. Method of data analysis is deductive reasoning that was conducted through space syntax.The results of this study show that the concepts of modernist lifestyle can be divided into three main categories: anti-Traditionalism, humanism, nature, architecture and individualism that each of the modern components of the lifestyle justify different aspects of the concept of privacy. In these houses, the concept of confidentiality was ranked first: visual and auditory privacy and ownership, second: privacy and supervision of social practices, third: privacy and territory, and fourth: privacy and security. Fifth: privacy and family.

Every land has its own standards and patterns of organization, geometry and ornaments in architectural designs which demonstrate its specific body. Characteristics of each one of these elements form the concept of body in architecture. The authors try to define the concept of body and criterion of body measurement in a historical era so as to discuss the reasons of changes in one specific geographical area. In addition, this study wants to review the value patterns of past architecture. Quality and value of the structure, quantity and availability of the evidence were influential in selecting the geographical area and the architectural varieties of the study. Consistent with the reasons, Dezful was chosen as a city with its appreciated historical constructions. In this regard, the current study employed a descriptive historical method to survey the influences of time adjustment and variation on the buildings in Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Data were collected through library and field study which were surveyed based on a defined method. The method is based on the background and other models provided by other researches which are all validated by Vikor method. The samples were all from among the registered houses in Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran which were also valued by Vikor method. The acquired results which were all analyzed and validated show that the concept of body comprises proportion, ratio of the yard to the whole building, enclosure, function relationship and space relationship, is based on the function of these sections. On the other hand, varieties in construction in Pahlavi era is focused on changes in the size of the yard, proportions, hierarchy of availability, reduction in privacy, space functions and geometric forms. On the whole, the results show that variety in Qajar houses is more than Pahlavi buildings.

Today, due to modern methods of construction of living space, the issue of quality of life and its promotion has become a major challenge for its audience in contemporary buildings. One of the effective factors in improving the quality of human life in architecture is the natural element of light. In this research, the quality of life indicators are evaluated with fractal and nature-inspired skylight patterns for its audience; Because the fractal geometry in nature is legible by human visual perception. According to the research data, the research test is performed by selecting two models of natural and abnormal skylights. The main purpose of this study is to improve the quality of life of the residents of the residential unit by evaluating its indicators by skylight models of fractal geometry. Therefore, the main question of the research is how the effect of skylights with fractal geometry inspired by nature on the quality of life of the audience. The research method uses reasoning and scientific methods. Data were collected by Delphi and library methods in which skylight patterns were evaluated as independent variables and quality of life indicators for the audience as dependent variables. In general, the research findings were evaluated using Likert scale and for natural and abnormal skylight patterns were ranked in scores of (120 out of 150) and (121 out of 150), respectively.Finally, the study concluded that innovation and creativity in defining nature-inspired patterns in skylights and producing a new mentality in the audience through its test, led to the formation of new visual and spatial quality. And creating a mental connection with users' perceptions is a way to change the design style of skylights, which leads to the transformation and improvement of the quality of life of the audience and receiving it from space.

Placemaking is one of the most effective approaches in the urban design process that emphasizes the transformation of urban spaces into valuable high-quality places.This is despite the fact that there is not only one quality place in an urban fabric,but a collection of these places is needed.Identifying places, improving the quality of key parts, and establishing effective links between places,can be considered as the main goals of placemaking.The purpose of this study was to analyze the elements and principles of placemaking for Linking Places in the old-middle textures of Mashhad city in two parts by descriptive-analytical method.In the first part,the elements and conceptual framework of placemaking are extracted and in the second part its application is studied in two adjacent textures.The selection of two textures with distinct features,while providing a good basis for strengthening the qualities and spatial connections between the two textures in proper connection, has also created wide opportunities for the application of various types of placemaking. The first step in placemaking as a participatory and process-oriented action is searching for the places. The two basic conditions in identifying places are being public and the existence of a common sense for the place. Accordingly,a combination of place game and place check techniques in the form of a questionnaire, swot technique and mapping of places,based on external(observer)and internal(everyday life experiences)techniques has been used. Research achievements show that urban spaces identified as places are places that are addressable, memorable, feature-specific,attractive to people,and with special activities or patterns of behavior.In the next step,how to convert these places from a regular place to a successful place with unique features,as well as linking places to each other and to people,in the form of design patterns and then in the form of determining the role and purpose of the design areas has been applied.

Today, beliefs about the impact of buildings and the predominance of man-made environments on architecture and urban planning have become commonplace and many attempts have been made to understand the structure of urban space. High-rise buildings, meanwhile, have an important role to play in creating the mental image of the city through its signaling capacity. This study attempts to determine how physical structure changes in major urban arteries, based on spatial configuration of Tehran's 22th district as a case study and high-rise building positions in it, affect mentality and Environmental perceptions of citizens. The present study is an applied research that aims to combine quantitative and qualitative methods. Space Syntax was used to analyze the space configuration and topological relationships of the paths and three categories of integration, connectivity and intelligibility indices were prepared by using Depthmap software. After mapping the spatial layout factors associated with high-rise buildings, their interconnection type is determined and the final map of the factors is extracted and spatial analyzes and interpretations are performed on them. The findings of the study suggest that high-rise buildings in spaces and pathways have a higher comprehensibility that people with greater eagerness visualize the configuration of the whole space in their minds: There is a more continuous network of routes around them, there are appropriate variations in the length and width of the spaces, and there are buildings of medium height around the roads. Also, high-rise buildings in urban spaces are not individual elements, but rather the relationships between spaces and their relative placement that affect the mentality and perception of the citizens.

The present article seeks to investigate the inconsistency of objective and perceptual indicators of walkability in three different contexts in the city of Babol and its impact on the amount of self-reported walking and BMI.To measure objective walkability in the network index, connectivity, depth and integration have been used in space syntax, and to measure land use mix, entropy indicators and land use portion have been applied. In the assessment of perceptual walkability, by random selection of 384 people from three different contexts of the city of Babol as an example and in a radius of 800 meters from their houses as their neighborhood units, the walkability questionnaire of neighborhood has been applied. Then, the discrepancy between objective and perceptual indicators and the rate of walking and BMI were measured using multilevel logistic regression analysis.Positive mental perception significantly increases the Possibility of walking in neighborhood’s units with low connectivity and objective land use mix. According to the results, people whose mental perceptions of neighborhood with low connectivity are higher, 42% increase the possibility of walking as a transport and 21% increase the BMI. Conversely, a negative mindset in a neighborhood with more connectivity can reduce the possibility of walking for transportation by 31% and recreational walking by 23%.Furthermore, a positive mental perception of land use mix in neighborhood’s units that were evaluated as relatively one-functional ones, can increase the possibility of recreational walking by 28% compared to people who do not have this mental perception. In contrast, when resident’s mental perceptions of mixed used neighborhood are low, it can reduce respectively 46% and 47% of the possibility of walking for recreational and walking for transportation. Policies that aim to enhance people's physical activity can enhance the potential impact of walking and the BMI of residents by upgrade mental perception.

Often in our country, rivers face levels of unsustainability and challenge the urban spaces based on ‎them. The main mission of this study is to provide the foundation to develop these urban spaces into sustainable ‎river-based public p‌‌‌‌‌laces. This study seeks to explain macro-qualitative criteria, effective factors, and conceptual ‎model of “sustainable river-oriented public places” and provide comparative study of the status of urban rivers in the ‎country.‎

This developmental-applied research uses qualitative and quantitative approaches ‎simultaneously. In this regard, a library study was utilized to extract the concepts and theoretical model, and field and ‎case study methods were utilized to assess the quality of river-based public places in Ardabil, Isfahan, Ahvaz and ‎Rasht. While conducting field surveys, via semi-structured observations and interviews with people and completion of ‎closed questionnaires, required data for describing and analyzing the status and comparisons of case samples was ‎collected. One-sample T-test and Smirnov test were used to validate the results.‎

Factors such as rivers, humans, laws, resources, activists, society, cities, and so on, in the life cycle of ‎a sustainable river-centered public space, will affect its viability, survival and growth. These factors, in turn, fulfill the ‎expected qualities of such spaces. The macro criteria including resilience, sustainability, anthropomorphism and ‎individuality, and other micro criteria fit into them

Comparative comparisons of case studies show that despite the people’s sense of belonging to the ‎rivers, there are less or more some common weaknesses in them in the areas of sustainability, security and safety, ‎facilities, river resilience, etc. Thus, accordingly, recommendations have been proposed to address the major ‎weaknesses of these public places. The applications of this study can be considered in formulating a checklist for ‎evaluation, planning, designing and quality improvement, for developed or under development ‎sustainable river-oriented public spaces.‎

The quality of the implementation of urban design in developing countries usually faces financial, technical, political, and cultural challenges. Despite the important role of urban design discipline and its documents in the realization of the quality Urban Development for decision-makers in Iran, implementation of urban design projects is usually evaluated by Quantitative methods. The appropriate process of reaching the product‏, context, goals, and issues for realizing an appropriate urban design project is neglected. As urban design projects in Iran share a common identifying of the methodology, this study analyzes Shohada Square project in Mashhad (the second largest Iranian city) as the case study since it is one of the most important urban design plans in the last decade.To investigate challenges pertaining to implementation of this project and proposing a model, after reviewing the literature, by applying directed content analysis, the theoretical components of implementation in urban design are extracted and assessed in case study through observation, methodical interview, and document content analysis.This study with the emphasis on the need to replace qualitative-normative criteria with the quantitative‏- physical ones, suggests a primary model for correcting the neglected areas to improve the quality of the implementation of urban design plans. Therefore, concepts associated with the quality of the implementation of urban design projects can be modeled in terms of the hierarchical dimensions of the background and context, the actors, and the design approach. Taking the quality of economic and financial mechanisms into account, political-legal contextual quality , the motivations of developers, eliminating conflicts by guiding the decision-making environment , using the process approach and the hierarchy continuum of design documents can be effective agents in improving this quality.

The location process is influenced by factors of compatibility, comfort, desirability, and safety. But these criteria lack some of the characteristics of green schools. The historical context of Yazd is an example in which many principles of sustainability can be followed. However, locating green schools as the first step in achieving environmental sustainability in land use planning has been less considered by urban planners, which is the main issue of the present study. Therefore, in this study, by applying the criteria for locating schools and indicators of green schools, a theoretical framework and model for locating green schools have been presented and it has been used in evaluating schools in the historical neighborhood of Fahadan, Yazd. With the research strategy, data collection was done using documents and library studies and for each of the effective sub-criteria in locating green schools using GIS, AHP technique in Expert choice software. Green schools are also prone to placement. The results indicate that sub-criteria such as "use of abandoned grounds", "use of parts in need of renovation and repair", "orientation of the building towards the desired light", "use of favorable wind to moderate the temperature of the premises", "prevention "The aristocracy of the surrounding buildings to the school" as well as "having maximum open space" and "slope (0-10%)" can be added to current location models. In general, based on the proposed location model, there is a significant difference between the location of primary schools located in the context of the Fahadan neighborhood of Yazd city and the green location criteria. In general, it can be said that the criteria of comfort and safety in locating primary schools in this neighborhood have received less attention. Suggested places for building green schools in this neighborhood can also be effective in promoting environmental sustainability.

Disserted neighbourhoods are a significant part of the cities of our country, which have gone beyond the scope of urban life due to their special problems and have become problematic parts of cities. In addition to physical problems, these neighbourhoods also degrade urban spaces. Achieving such a goal requires extensive studies, knowledge of environmental-physical aspects of urban decay, understanding socio-economic dimensions, and urban decay. Accordingly, the main goal of this study is to determine factors involved in the decay of Nader Kazemi neighbourhood. The minor objectives in the framework of the overall research goal are: identifying the economic and social characteristics of the residents, describing the physical condition of the area, examining the factors affecting public participation in the rehabilitation and redevelopment of Nader Kazemi neighbourhood, and providing scientific and practical strategies to help to renovation and redevelopment process. The research type is descriptive and applied in terms of the method and purposes. The population of the study was the residents of Nader Kazemi neighborhood in Shiraz (N=2302). A total of 329 participants were recruited randomly. Data were analysed by SPSS software. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test the research hypotheses. The results show that insufficient and poor facilities, urban services and infrastructure were the major reasons why the residents left the neighbourhood. Furthermore, the socio-economic status (SES) of the residents has slowed down the rehabilitation and redevelopment process. According to the findings, respondents were most inclined to participate in decision-making and less inclined to participate financially; Also, the results of Pearson test showed that there is a significant relationship between public participation in the renewal process of and the components of access to services and urban facilities and building trust.

Strategic-structural plan of Tehran approved in 2007, which is considered as the last comprehensive plan approved by Tehran, in addition to the traditional issues of comprehensive plans, important issues such as changing the structure and function of the city, reforming the revenue system of Tehran municipality, improving urban infrastructure, improving efficiency The urban transportation system has considered ensuring the city's safety against natural disasters, improving the quality of the urban environment, as well as the use of new methods of land use planning. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the process of developing this plan in order to take into account the principles and indicators of the futuristic approach and to suggest modifying the existing trend based on the futuristic approach. The dominant paradigm of this research is interpretive and qualitative research. Data collection techniques are semi-structured through study, observation and interview and the questionnaire is open and the method of data analysis is Delphi technique and qualitative content analysis in a structured manner. Eleven indicators and principles of futurism approach were extracted using Delphi technique (attention to stakeholders and influencers, attention to uncertainties, uncertainties, shocks and complexities, attention to trends and megatrends, holistic, Inclusion, attention to the results of inferior and superior documents, long-term view, attention to values and worldview, scenario writing and foresight, accurate and measured analysis of the planning environment, vision drawing) and in Tehran design by content analysis method Documents were sorted and categorized and the extent to which these principles were considered in the Tehran plan document was measured again. The results show that the consideration of these principles in the development of urban development programs in both methods is low.

Rapid Urban Growth causes many problems in the development of urban spaces. In this regard, marginal and leftover spaces are produced in which any anomalies can occur. Exploring the role of small-scale physical design interventions in leftover space influences user behavior, this type of intervention can often be affected by community preferences that are considered as a key reference in the emergence of leftover spaces. Relying on leftover space cases in Tehran, this study analyzes the possibility of re-imagining leftover space into a pocket. This was done by studying the attitudes of inhabitants towards urban intervention. In order to find successful urban intervention in Tehran, it is essential to realize user preferences and priorities. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method. After selecting the suitable scenes for the case study, the opinions of 6 experts were examined and categorized. Then, the sub-themes extracted from the first phase were incorporated in the questionnaires to evaluate the citizens' preferences, out of which 165 valid responses returned. Following the analysis of a visual AHP questionnaire, investigate the preferences of the residents. The result shows which intervention such as relaxing areas, was preferred over active spaces for exercise in both women and men's opinion. Citizens between 20 to 40 years old have different priority of using urban open spaces from others. Comparing the sitting space with comfort space also shows the importance of urban furniture types in pocket parks. Since small spaces between urban blocks are more accessible to residents, it is necessary to consider the priority of residents to re-image these leftovers to natural spaces. Thus, this study aimed at the possibility of re-imaging the local spaces and the revitalization of abandoned spaces.