پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال دهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1400)

"Charand-o-Parand" is a collection of Dehkhoda's fictional articles that were published in a column of the same name in the newspaper Surasrafil Written in slang, these articles are a technique between storytelling and journalism. Using this technique, Dehkhoda was able to convey his desired concepts to the audience (mass of people).Although his articles are not known as short stories and it is believed that Jamalzadeh is the creator of Persian short stories, but Dehkhoda's articles can be considered as a prelude to the emergence of Persian short stories that short story writers like Jamalzadeh were influenced by. The present article inductively examines the storytelling style of Dehkhoda in "Charand-o-Parand" and compares it with Jamalzadeh's “Yeki Bood Yeki Nabood”. So, the elements of the story in the two works are compared with each otherThe results of this study show that the elements of the story are present in most of Dehkhoda's articles, although these elements are less coherent in some cases. Also, Jamalzadeh, who is considered as the first author of Persian short stories, in his collection “Yeki Bood Yeki Nabood” in his style, theme, subject, focus and fictional characters are influenced by Dehkhoda's articles.

One of the works of Gholam Hossein Saedi, in which the characteristics of the Gothic genre can be seen, is the collection of stories "Fear and Trembling". In this collection, which deals with the lives of the people of the southern coast, the author has crossed the boundaries of reality, filling it with apprehension and anxiety. The Gothic genre, which first appeared in architecture in the twelfth century and expressed mystery and horror, became a genre in fiction in the eighteenth century. In such works, the authors engage the readers with horror and mystery by creating a terrifying atmosphere and detailed and imaginative descriptions. The characters in these works are unbalanced, psychotic and sometimes criminal. The reference to secluded, remote, and uninhabited environments is another element of such works. In this series of stories, Saedi seeks to show the cultural and social backwardness of the beach dwellers by creating a frightening and sad atmosphere by referring to delusional and superstitious people and referring to the descent of calamity and death in various forms. Attention to the unnatural elements that bring this collection closer to the works of magical realism is one of the manifestations of the Gothic literature of this work.

French philosopher, novelist and critic Jean-Paul Sartre considers the emergence of anti-novels to be the most important feature of contemporary literature. In his view, the novel's appearance and main lines seem to be preserved, but its unrealistic imagination and characters indicate that the era of the novel has passed in the past style, and the contemporary period is the era of thought in the novel. Hence, the contemplation of today's reader plays an essential role in understanding the facts in order to be able to understand the meaning and concept of the novel more deeply and to reach the intended facts. With its special tricks in the field of characterization, timelessness and placelessness, intertextuality and constant change of language from old to new, etc., it can be considered as a new and anti-novel approach. Therefore, in the present article, an attempt is made to answer the question in a descriptive-analytical manner, which of the features of this novel puts it in the category of anti-novel and new novel? The achievement of this study indicates that this novel, in terms of characterization, elimination of the main character, narrator, intertextuality, ambiguity in time and place, the reader's assistance in creating the text, imagination, etc., has significant similarities with the anti-novel and new novel components.

One of the most brilliant realist works of nineteenth-century in France is Stendhal “The Red and The Black”, which, according to realist principles, shows the close relationship of society with the individual and the profound effect of this relationship on the destiny of the individual. The main character of the novel, Julien Sorel, son of the Sorel carpenter family, from the lower class, at different stages of his life, tries to make changes and reach the desired conditions with his love, extravagance and rich intelligence , the powerful or influential people destroy the result of his efforts and Julien is forced to choose the second option in the struggle between being weak or rebellious and be executed with a guillotine; A choice that is a completely social and familial algebraic product. This article seeks to analyze the actions and interactions of the main character based on a set of social factors and to draw the logic of a realistic character, based on the description and analysis of the content of the novel. The methodology is descriptive-analytical based on library resources and data analysis.

"Seven Tales of the Road collection" (1349) written by Akbar Radi one of the social critical collections in the solar forty decades. The main characteristic of this work is on the realistic approach on the regional literatures. In this collection, Radi tries to express the quality of mutual socialism through the dialectic relations and involving peoples. According to Bakhtin views, the dialogism lies in the nature of any artwork. This paper presents a discussion atmosphere of the quality of human life in Akbar Radi story, insisting on analytical-documentary approach and incorporation of elements of "self" from Bakhtin's philosophy of dialogism and symbolic action theory of Herbert Blumer. Its reading in the form of non-identity dialogism represents different aspects of contemporary human fragmented, bases and different social classes (urban and rural) in social relations. Metamorphosis of interactive dialogue with the provision of polyphony among characters of "Seven Tales of the Road collection" of Akbar Radi is upon the philosophy of symbolic action formed by the technological and conceptual developments during the lifetime of the author.

Mohammad Bagher Khosrawi (1338 AH) is one of the most prominent writers in the field of historical stories. Shams and Toghra's novel is his most important work, the events of which are related to the period of the Mongol rule. The author addresses the issue of love and the strict Moghal laws on marriage. In this work, the story of love is a completely reasonable and logical flow, with solidity and loyalty, with all the wishes and desires of a lover that eventually leads to marriage, and contradictions and dichotomies are transformed into a alchemy of love for unity. Considering the importance of the historical novels in this article, the structure of the historical romantic story of Shams and Toghra has been discussed in a descriptive-analytical way. The results of the research show that the development of characters, strong cause and effect relationships between events, environment, scene, diverse conversations and the current situation, the types of conflicts and the use of most of the elements of the story have made Shams and Toghra as a very coherent set of work in narrating the story.

Criticism of the position of women in society is one of the most prominent features of the novels of Reza Baraheni, a prominent contemporary novelist. The present article attempts to analyze and criticize this critical view of him in on the novels; Roozegare Doozakhie Agaie Ayaz, Avazekoshtegan, Razhae Sarzamine Man and Azadeh khanom va Nevisandeash, due to the reflection of Braheni's critical of view in the context of the novel and in accordance with the Frankfurt School's critical aesthetic of view that art and literature should fight against the existing conditions in order to achieve the desired conditions, the novels were analyzed according this theory. The findings show that in the mentioned novels, in order to inform the society and improve the position of women, Baraheni criticizes their position in the society with a dissenting and negative of view. In Roozegare Doozakhie Agaie Ayaz, he considers the root of women's passivity to be the rule of male and patriarchal history. In Avazekoshtegan and Razhae Sarzamine Man addition to criticizing the ruling patriarchy and the gendered view of women, it shows that the social events leading up to the Islamic Revolution have given rise to the potential of women and their significant impact on society. In the novel Azadeh khanom va Nevisandeash, he considers woman as the soul of love and passion of life; but due to the unknown and ignorance of the society, the history of patriarchy still hinders the emergence of their talents.

The morphology of Russian structuralist theorist, Vladimir Propp, has for decades been a template for structural and morphological analyses. Propp’s model breaks down the structure of folktales into thirty-one functions and seven ‘spheres of action’. Each tale’s components are devised in accordance with each character’s function and their sphere of action. The present article investigates the element of movement in Sheikh Bahai’s frame narrative Cat and Mouse. Based on library research, this study adopts a descriptive hermeneutic data analysis approach. After scrutinizing a selection of Cat and Mouse stories and the structural data and diagrams on the element of movement in the tales, the findings demonstrate that these tales have one to seven movements and their frequencies are roughly fifty, with two-movement and one-movement tales having the highest frequencies respectively; the reason for this is that these tales are frame narratives and this fact leads to the formation of a multiplicity and diversity of movements.