پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران
سال دهم شماره 19 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The Mu'tazilite theological school is one of the most important Islamic theological and intellectual schools that had many supporters in the Islamic world from the second to the fifth century AH. This school of thought was founded in the early second century AH by Wasel ibn Atta (d. 131 AH) in Basra and quickly spread to other Islamic lands. Khuzestan was also affected by this current of thought very soon due to its geographical connection to Basra; According to historical and geographical sources, the prevalence of this school in Khuzestan has been more than any other land. This research intends to study and explain the reasons for the growth and expansion of this theological school in Khuzestan and its historical ups and downs in this region with an analytical look. The main question of the present study is what factors led to the growth and expansion of Etezali ideas in Khuzestan? Findings show that factors such as the geographical and cultural affiliation of Khuzestan to the origin of the Mu'tazilites (Basra), the religious diversity of Khuzestan and the general desire of its people - including properties and the general public - for theological discussions led to the expansion of the Mu'tazilites in Khuzestan.

About forty of the 146 years of Saffarid dynasty is related to the period of formation and the peak of this dynasty. The rest of the life of this government was spent in the form of a local government. However, the successors of the Saffarids did not shy away from the political plans of the founders of this government. Following the death of Amr ibn al-Layth, although the Saffarids are believed to have no longer challenged the Abbasid caliphate in this part of their reign as a local government, scattered reports of sources as well as coins found show that the successors of the Saffarids (287-339 AH) did not always follow the procedure of full obedience of the caliphate in practice.The aim of this study is to identify the conflicts and overlaps in the reports of historiographical sources in comparison with the results of the study of coins minted by this family in relations with the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid Caliphate did not sympathize with the Saffarids, and the Saffarids' attempt to gain lasting political legitimacy from the Caliphate was unsuccessful. The results of this study showed that the study of coins can fill the gap of historical reports. By examining the coins, it was possible to provide a relatively clearer picture of historical events based on the Saffarids' relations with the Abbasid Caliphate.

Pearls are among the most valuable jewelry that have long been caught in the Persian Gulf and exported to all parts of the world. The quality of Persian Gulf pearls made many customers in the world want it.In the present study, an attempt is made to answer the question using the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach: what is the reflection of the situation of pearl fishing and sale in the Persian Gulf in the geographical texts of the third to eighth centuries AH? In fact, based on the data of the mentioned texts, what were the reasons for its prosperity or recession?In this research, the nature and origin of pearls, areas and time of fishing, methods and tools of fishing and its extraction, as well as types, prices, sales and trade of pearls in the Persian Gulf at this time have been investigated. These sources have reported the variety of methods and prosperity of pearl fishing and sale on the shores of the Persian Gulf.

Undoubtedly, research on the status of science and scholars is one of the pillars of understanding cultures and civilizations, including Islamic civilization. In various parts of post-Islamic Iran, the scientific situation and the role of scholars have also faced ups and downs. Meanwhile, Yazd province witnessed changes in the scientific and cultural environment at the same time with the establishment of the Muzaffar dynasty (718-795 A.H) and relative stability and security, as well as the greater attention of Muzaffari rulers to cultural and scientific activities. The present study intends to use a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources to examine the position of religious and literary sciences and rational and natural sciences in Yazd during the Mozaffari period and the achievements of scholars in this region as scholars and scientific services of scholars from explain such as authorship, translation, annotation and reproduction. The result of this study show that the supportive policies of Al-e-Muzaffar government based on promoting the school of Shafi'i jurisprudence and establishing scientific and educational centers, mosques and endowments, as well as the serious efforts of religious scholars play a decisive role in the development and superiority of jurisprudence and mysticism, the science of interpretation and hadith; Compared to other sciences.

A study of the role and position of the koraee tribe in the political and military developments of Kohgiluyeh from the Safavid to the end of the Zand period (1209-907 AH) koraee also is one of the small tribes in the kohgilouyeh-Boyerahmad area which their first role-playing in political change in Iran can be emplored in moguls period mentioned tribes forced migration during the government of shah Abbas I, Nader shah Afshar and karim khan Zand can be recognized as a result of significant affect of this tribe on political changes in south and south-west areas of Iran. Although the role of this small tribe on political changes of this area is not comparable with the two powerful tribes: Boyerahmad and Bakhtyari, but the resultant of koraee tribes role on political changes of south and south-west after end of Safavid period until the death of Karim khan Zand with supporting revolt of fake Safi-mirza and Ghaed-morad koraee and disobedience from mentioned central governments order in addition to cause trouble and difficulty for central government could influence role playing of areas bigger tribes. The main issue of the research is inducting a corner of political martial life-time of koraee tribe and the main guestion is also related to this subject that this tribe had what role and place in Kohgilouyeh Boyerahmad from almost end of Safavid period until the end of Zand dynasty.

The Javanshir family was one of the most important and influential local families in the developments in the Caucasus region, which was formed following the death of Nader Shah Afshar and the weak control of the Zand government and with the support of the tribal system in Qarabagh. From the beginning, the dynasty established relations with the superior peripheral governments in accordance with the time and political conditions to maintain their local government.The pattern of political survival and preservation of the semi-independent government in the face of the threatening and annexationist policy of the central government of Iran, the most important challenge facing this family in the relations of Ibrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir (1176-1221.AH/1762-1806.AD) was Qajar rulers. The different goals and approaches of the two governments formed the relations in a tense and hostile. With regard to this issue, this study seeks to answer the reasons and causes of the differences between the relations of the two powers with local and powerful natures.The findings show that in the tense relations between the Javanshir dynasty and the Qajar dynasty, several important factors have caused the dynasty to fear and turn away from the Iranian government to the Russians. The most important of these components were the threat to the political existence of the Qarabagh government by the Iranian government and the intra-family rivalry between the sons of Ibrahim Khan for the post of governor of Qarabagh and the involvement of superior powers in this issue.This research tries to investigate the relations of the Javanshir family with the Qajar government during the reign of Ibrahim Khan Javanshir by using the method of historical research and using the sources of Qajar historians and local Qarabagh historiography.

The World War II (1939-1945 AD) created special conditions in different parts of Iran. One of these parts was Fars province that due to its proximity to the Persian gulf and oil resources, the impact of war on Fars Province was inevitable. In addition to, political conflicts between tribe and central government and the weakness of central government caused major losses to the state. This study seeks to improve the investigation of social, economic and political impacts of Fars in World War II. On this basis, the main question of research is that, what was the impact of World War II and the allies on Fars agriculture, transportation and the health? The research seeks to demonstrate the impact of allied invasion on Fars Province during World War II, based on documents local newspapers and first- hand sources. Findings of research indicate that Fars province has experienced unfavorable conditions during the war in three sectors of agriculture (lack of cereal and low quality bread), health (occurance of disease and deficiency of medicine and physician) and transportation (failure to secure roads and smuggling) due to intervention of allies, especially British. This paper is organized on the basis of descriptive-analytical method.

Although the king was at the head of the political system of the Qajar period, it did not have the required strength to dominate powerful urban groups such as local families. The present article aims to study the relationship between the Qajar government and the influential local families of Shiraz in the Naseri era, using descriptive and analytical methods and relying on library resources. It also studies the impact of these relations on the urban community of Shiraz in the mentioned period. According to the findings, the ruling class power had limited by the wealthy and influential families of Shiraz, such as Qavam al-Molk, Moshir al-molk, and Qashqai khans, who usually held important government positions. They always tried to act against the rival families by the alliance with the government leaders. The rulers of Fars usually were unable to satisfy all the influential families, for this reason, unified with other families against the other inevitably. Farhad-Mirza Motamed al-Doleh could remove the Moshir al-molk family from power in Shiraz only by uniting with other families. The relations between government and dynasties effect on establishing order and security, the price of goods, especially basic goods, as well as the satisfaction of different sections of Shiraz urban society.

The Caspian Sea gradually experienced a new position in the Qajar era. The signing of the Turkmenchay Agreement and its commercial annexation further strengthened the position of Russian businessmen in Iran. After concluding a contract and following the actions of the Russians, much security and commercial development was established in the Caspian Sea. Iran's rich resources of agricultural products including rice led to attract the attention of Russia. The main question is what is the position of northern rice in trade between Iran and Russia in this period? And what was the importance of the rice trade in the economic relations between Iran and Russia? Therefore, this research seeks to elucidate the position of rice trade in the northern regions of Iran in Iran-Russia trade relations during of the Qajar period according to library references and archival documents. Our research findings show due to Russia's proximity to Iran and the existence of the Caspian Sea waterway and the need of both countries for each other's products and materials have led to the development of trade between Iran and Russia. One of the trade items of Iran that had a good position in the trade relations between Iran and Russia was rice. At first, it was sufficient for internal consumption, but after the disease found in silkworms, the production of this product multiplied and replaced with silk. Although trade in this product fluctuated during times such as the famine and the October Revolution in Russia, as well as World War I, but the trade in this product continued.

One of the oldest administrative-religious organizations in Iran is the organization created under the shrine of Hazrat Masoumeh (s), which was developed during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods in terms of administrative organization. This article seeks to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method that in the field of administrative organization of servants in the Qajar and Pahlavi period, how the holy threshold of manpower absorbed and organized? How were you financed? How were the salaries and benefits of the servants paid? Method / approach; This research has been prepared by using library and documentary sources and by descriptive-analytical method. Findings and results; The results show that during the Qajar period, the administration of the Holy Threshold was managed by Sadat Hosseini and Razavi, with government decrees called hereditary servants, and other than their heirs, no one else was allowed to work on the Holy Threshold. Studies also show that the Constitutional Revolution and the dictatorial administrative reforms of the Pahlavi period had a significant impact on the organization of Astana, so that with the promulgation of the administrative regulations, the uniform law and the cleric's license by the Ministry of Education, the Astana administration changed the payment of salaries and salaries.

The development and prosperity of Guilan education during Pahlavi era was deeply connected with the educational structure and historical destiny of Shahpour School in Rasht.Therefore, the study of the historical situation of Guilan education requires knowledge of the prevailing conditions of this school, as an educational paradigm for other schools in Guilan. The establishment of this school is one of the obvious manifestations of modern education in this region. Investigating the different angles of Shahpour School in terms of physical space and the structure and regulations governing its educational system shows that the founders and administrators of this school always tried to maintain the necessary standards. Secondly, the above situation guide and direct to the development of quantitative and qualitative education in Rasht and Guilan in general. The authors of the article, while examining the factors affecting the prosperity of Shahpour School, seek to find an answer based on abstract and physical factors to the following fundamental question. How and to what extent did the Guilan Education, and especially the city of culture and literature of Rasht, benefit from the educational traditions of this school, which has nurtured many elders and elites? The findings of this study, which has been done using descriptive documents and historical sources in a descriptive and statistical analysis, reveal the position and effectiveness of Shahpour School in Guilan education.

Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced special challenges and obstacles. In addition, in the Lorestan region, the Ili Haro region itself had more special conditions: due to the social unrest in that region, it was more difficult to establish order and security and to carry out modernization measures.In this article, the implementation of Reza Shah's renovation plan in Haro region is examined through a historical study method to answer the question of what were the obstacles to the implementation of the government renovation program in Haro region and how were they removed? The results show that despite the opposition of influential groups in the region (such as Khavanin Beyranvand), the government implemented the renovation program with measures such as general disarmament, road construction, nomadic settlement, deportation of dissidents, establishment of schools and other cases, with authoritarian procedures. Due to the adoption of non-expert methods of renovation program in the Haro region had some unfortunate consequences in the social life of the people.

From the very first days of Ayatollah Seyyed Hassan Modarres assassination, reactions to it began. During the first Pahlavi era, the government objected to placing any sign that would identify his grave. These oppositions were questionable. The result of this news boycott was the transmission of "Mr. Shahid" narration among Kashmar people. Factors strengthened several narrations of "Mr. Shahid" from the beginning to the arrival of Ayatollah Ali Meshkini (1300-1386 AH). The narration published by Ayatollah Modarres became more powerful among kashmar people after his assassination. The time of Ayatollah Meshkini's exile led to discovery of Ayatollah Modarres political personality; which caused the expansion of the narrative of "Mr. Shahid". Gradually, new dimensions of the personality of Ayatollah Modarres were introduced. Our understanding of the question of why and how the shrine of Modarres became the focal point of the numerous protesters is that "Mr. Shahid`s" narrative during the years 1316 to 1357 AH was so influential that he could play a historical role in the ongoing developments in the years close to the Islamic Revolution in Kashmar. Ali Modarresi in the book Modarres Mard-e Rozgaran has a brief reference to Ayatollah Modarres among the people of Kashmar as "Mr. Shahid", but in this particular issue no scientific research has been done. In this descriptive and analytical study, which its data are based on archival, library and oral history, An attempt is made to address the impact of the narration of "Mr. Shahid" in advancing the Islamic Revolution model in Kashmar.