نشریه فناوری و گیاهان دارویی ایران
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1400)

The present study was carried out to evaluate yield and precipitation efficiency index of Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.) influenced by organic fertilizers and different plant densities under dry land farming conditions. The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Homand rangeland research station of Damavand, in 2018 and 2019. The main factor was organic fertilizer in three levels, including cattle manure (30 t. ha-1), enriched wheat straw (10 t. ha-1), and control. The sub plots included three levels of plant densities (26666, 40000, and 80000 plant ha-1). The amount of effective rainfall in the first and second years was 278 and 390 mm, respectively. The results showed that the interaction of year and organic fertilizer as well as year and plant density led to a significant increase in dry weight yield and precipitation efficiency index. The maximum dry weight yield was 385 kg. ha-1 in the second year and cattle manure treatment. The highest precipitation efficiency index with 0.986 kg.mm-1. ha-1 was observed in the second year and cattle manure treatment. In this research dry matter yield and precipitation efficiency increased by using cattle manure and high plant density in the second year. In general, adaptive capacity and adequate yield of Bakhtiari savory showed the high precipitation efficiency index of this species, which can be used as a suitable species for dryland agriculture. These results can be remarkably beneficial to change the cultivation pattern in low-efficiency dryland farming.

In order to study the individual ecology of T. kotschyanus species, research was conducted in 1398 in rangeland ecosystems of Boshrouyeh city and habitat conditions (topography, soil, climate), phenology, forage quality indicators, canopy and associated types Thyme was examined. The results showed that the average annual rainfall was 126 mm and the texture of sandy loam soil and its electrical conductivity was 1.81 dS / m, acidity was 8.5, organic matter was 1.4%, nitrogen, phosphorus Potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and lime are 0.016, 7.1, 0.85, 7.9, 9.67 and 5.6, respectively. The minimum height is 1578 and the maximum height is 2389 meters and the average height of the habitat is 1983 meters. The general slope of the habitat area is about 25 to 40% and the general direction of the slope is southwest and south. The average vegetation cover is 37%, the vegetation of T. kotschyanus species is 2.5%. Vegetative growth starts from the first half of April, flowering from the second half of May and sowing from the second half of July, and the beginning of dormancy in thyme is from the second half of September. Also, a significant difference was observed between the percentage of crude protein, the percentage of cell wall without hemicellulose, the percentage of dry matter digestibility and the energy of metabolism in both vegetative and reproductive stages at the level of one percent. Preliminary estimates showed that about 80% of T. kotschyanus in Serendo Hofridrid habitat are exploitable and economical.

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is a drought- and salt-tolerant shrub cultivated extensively in South Khorasan Province. This was a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design and four replications. In this study, five levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L) of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 6-benzyl adenine (6-BA) were sprayed on the barberry alone and in combination with each other (GA3+BA). According to the results, the fruit length significantly increased after the treatment at all levels of GA3 and GA3+BA, and 200 mg of BA compared to the control. GA3 (100 mg/L) and control solutions caused the highest (12.09 mm) and lowest (9.84 mm) increase in the fruit length, respectively. The use of GA3 and GA3+BA significantly increased the fruit diameter and weight compared to the BA. The highest fruit diameter (7.33 mm) and weight (0.37 g) were observed in the GA3 and GA3+BA treatments, respectively. All concentrations of GA3 and GA3+BA, and 100 and 200 mg/L of BA significantly increased the total soluble solids (TSS) compared to the control. All concentrations of GA3+BA, 200 mg/L of GA3, and 200 mg/L of BA significantly increased anthocyanin as compared to the control. Therefore concluded GA3 is the best plant growth regulator to increase quantity and quality of barberry fruit.

The artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is a multi-purpose product (food, forage, and medicinal) with a high economic value in the world, with immature flowers used as vegetables and salads and its leaves used for medicinal purposes. Artichoke plants are mostly propagated vegetatively, and pathogens are easily transferred from mother to daughter plants. To date, approximately 25 viruses, including Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), have been isolated from artichokes, infecting the host either alone or in combination with other viral strains. In this study, CMV was isolated from artichoke samples collected from Torogh Research Station (Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center) with symptoms of chlorotic mottling, shoestringing, and leaf narrowing. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out with the help of specific primers (CMVF/R).The results of PCR and sequencing of 657 bp of coat protein genes revealed that these samples were CMV infected. One isolate was chosen and deposited in GenBank under the accession number OM959539. The sequence was compared with reference CMV isolates from GenBank by BLASTn search analysis. According to the findings, the sequence isolated in this study has the highest nucleotide identity percentage (98.7 percent) when compared to isolates from Turkey (LC066503) and Iran (KT279570 and JX112021).This is the first report of CMV infection in globe artichoke in Iran. As a result, it is essential to control host weeds and use virus-free seeds to protect the crop.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature, concentration, and pH on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles produced by Zataria multiflora, Matricaria chamomilla, and Quercus brantii. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by green synthesis by extracts of Zataria multiflora, Matricaria chamomilla،, and oak, which act as reducing agents. The reaction of the extract with silver nitrate and the change in color of the resulting solution indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles in the concentration, pH, and temperature. Also, the analysis of the solution with spectrophotometry at wavelengths 380-430 showed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. For the preparation of nanoparticles by the mentioned plants, the best ratio of silver nitrate to the extract, for oak flour, Zataria multiflora, and Matricaria chamomilla is 6 to 3 and for Oak Fruit Hull (Jaft) 6 to 1.5, The best temperature for Oak Fruit Hull, flour and Matricaria chamomilla is 60 0C and for Zataria multiflora is room temperature, The best pH for Oak Fruit Hull and flour was pH =7, and for Zataria multiflora and Matricaria chamomilla was pH = 9. The results obtained from this study showed that Zataria multiflora, Matricaria chamomilla, and Quercus brantii. can be used to produce nanoparticles and use them in medicine and pharmacy.

Barbadensis is one of the 250 species of the genus Aloe, which is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid on morphophytochemical traits of barbadensis species at different harvest stages. This study was performed as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments include fulvic acid (0, 200 and 400 mg.l-1), humic acid (0, 50 and 100 mg.l-1) and different stages of harvest (30, 40 and 50 days). Measured traits included leaf length and diameter, gel percentage, fresh weight and dry weight, leaf bark percentage, total soluble solids, total phenol, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and vitamin C. The results of analysis of variance showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the measured traits at the level of 1 and 5%. Based on the results of means comparison, the highest antioxidant activity (63.2%) was recorded in the treatment of 200 mg.l-1 fulvic acid in the third harvest (fiftieth day). Also, the highest amount of vitamin C (3.6 mg per 100 ml) was observed in the treatment of 50 and 100 mg.l-1 of humic acid in the first and second harvest (thirty and fortieth day). The results showed that fulvic acid had a positive effect on total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity. humic acid also had a positive and significant effect on plant yield and increased leaf size and leaf gel content.

Thymus vulgaris (L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants. In addition to medicinal uses, thyme is also used in food, health and cosmetics industries. Due to Thymol and Carvacrol, its essential oils has antifungal and antibacterial effects. Meloidogyne spp. have been reported from all over the world on medicinal plants. They are the most important genus among plant parasitic nematodes and one of the five major pathogens in the world. During a survey in 2021, thyme plants with withering, foliage yellowing and stunting symptoms and plant death were observed in some regions of Khorasan-Razavi province (Iran). Root and soil samples were collected from areas of thyme fields. Morphological diagnosis was conducted on larves and perineal pattern of females. Finally, the species identification of M. javanica was confirmed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In recent years, due to the increase in the area under cultivation of medicinal plants, the extensive use of medicinal plants and few studies in this field on medicinal plants in Iran, development of new systems for detection, identification and monitoring can play a vital role in effective management of plant parasitic nematodes in medicinal plants. Therefore, the aim of this study is detection and identification of the nematode disease agent, affecting thyme plants and its management.

Grapes are among the garden products that are consumed fresh or processed in the country. Although this product can be among the largest export items after pistachios and dates, but its short storage life and high waste reduce economic productivity. In order to increase the shelf life of this product, an experiment was conducted on the method of covering grapefruit with Aloe vera gel. For this purpose, the effect of Aloe vera gel (5, 10 and 20%) on the quality characteristics of grapefruit (including soluble solids, fruit pH, anthocyanin, vitamin C, catalase and peroxidase activity) during 50 days of refrigeration ( 2° C and 90% relative humidity) were examined. The results showed that the different traits measured in fruits coated with Aloe vera gel were significantly different from the control. Soluble solids in grapefruit with 10% coverage with Aloe vera gel had the highest increase. The highest amount of vitamin C was observed at a concentration of 5% for 5 days. The lowest reduction of anthocyanin and the lowest loss of organic acids was observed at a concentration of 20%. Concentration of 20% Aloe vera gel resulted in the lowest amount of vitamin C reduction during storage. Catalase and peroxidase had the highest increase in 10% concentration of Aloe vera gel at 20 days. The best time to store fruit was 50 days with Aloe vera gel coating.

The current study was conducted with the purpose of familiarizing and documenting the culture of traditional use of applied species in Sarayan region in South Khorasan province. In this study, after familiarizing with the ways to reach different parts of each region, by preparing a questionnaire we referred to the natives of each region and a personal interview conducted with traditional botanists, especially the elderly and knowledgeable people in the city and village who had information in the field of medicinal plants. The interviews focused on the local name of the plants, vegetative form, collection time, method of harvesting, organs used and how to use and properties of the plants, and continued until the repeated answers ascertained the stability and accuracy of the interview. Collected plants were identified using valid botanical sources. In this study, 133plant species with different applications were identified from Sarayan region, which belonged to 37 genus and 37 families, which had the highest contribution among the families of Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae,Lamiaceae , Gramineae, of which 87 species are medicinal. The results of studying the traditional use of plants showed that the most medicinal use of plants is for treatment of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The most application of consumable organs of plants included leaves, seeds and fruits. Investigation and comparison of different application of plants in the studied region as well as other parts of Iran proves the similarity of uses among some similar plant species in different regions of the country.

Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta) cultivation is very prosperous in Khosf county and is a strategic crop of this region. In this research habitat characteristics (climatic conditions, soil characteristics, phenology and morphology of narcissus) were investigated. Also, another aim of this study is to evaluate the indigenous knowledge of farmers in the region on various issues of narcissus production, their strengths and weaknesses point investigated. In order to be able to take effective steps to increase the yield and quality of this flower through the transfers of this research finding to researchers, trustees and farmers. To investigate the indigenous knowledge of narcissism production, qualitative research methods such as direct observation, free interviews, in-depth individual and group interviews and regular participation in Narcissus planter's activities, photography and filming were used. Investigation of habitat characteristics showed that narcissus grow in sandy loamy soil with alkaline pH that has moderate amounts of nutrients. Due to the onset of rainfall, vegetative growth started from January and flowering from February and entered the dormancy at the end of May. Also the results from investigation of indigenous knowledge showed that farmers have used daughter bulbs to increase Narcissus and from irrigation to forcing and regulate flowering. The useful life of narcissus farm is 15 to 20 years. Production of perfume, introduction of new cultivars, forcing, nutritional needs, irrigation and propagation are the most important issues in Narcissus cultivation in Khosf county that should be researched