نشریه پژوهه باستان سنجی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Historical papers are composed of non-woody plant fibers, fibers mentioned only in a few sources. This research intends to study the diversity and the most types of plant fibers used in the sample of manuscripts of the 5th, 7th to 12th centuries AH by matching them with existing plant samples. Therefore, with citing library resources regarding the most used plants in paper making, collecting non-woody plants, examining their fibers with the morphology of the fibers of the manuscripts in the National Library and Museum property collection data. These data were obtained based on laboratory methods and through microchemical reagents and optical and polarizing microscopic examinations, which ultimately led to the description, analysis and classification of various fibers in the paper sample of this study. The results showed that the plant fibers of flax, hemp, kenaf and cotton are different in two categories of woody fibers and bast fibers, but this difference is not stable and sometimes does not follow the biometric standards of fibers and sometimes similarities are observed, especially among their bast fibers. Also, In the sample of study papers, the main constituents of the bast fibers of flax, hemp and cotton lint fibers are present, and there is no sign of the presence of kenaf fibers among the papers of this manuscript. In the pulp of all these papers, woody fibers and accompanying cells are seldom present, which make it difficult to identify plant fibers, but their presence plays an effective role in the correct identification and detection of plant fibers.

Today, accurate and scientific study of archaeological findings and historical and cultural property in many studies, especially in the field archeometry and restoration, relies on the use of experimental methods. The ability to replicate and generalize the results of applying experimental methods using laboratory methods on the statistical population makes researchers more confident by analyzing the results of objective experiments to achieve reality. However, access to scientific and standard laboratory methods is one of the most important requirements use of experimental methods that can be employed to accurately measure and evaluate the various physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of historical and cultural samples. The purpose of this study is to find a standard test that can use to measure the permeability and insulation properties of materials used in historic buildings against moisture. In this study, to achieve this goal, for the first time was used to measure the permeability and insulation of traditional and ancient Kahgel plaster against moisture in historical buildings and architectural heritage, a test to determine the Hydraulic conductivity of water with falling head. In order to measure and evaluate the efficiency of this laboratory method to investigate the insulation and permeability of historical materials, this important feature was tested in samples of Kahgel plaster improved with different additives compared to the typical Kahgel plaster samples as a control sample. Results of the study showed that using the laboratory method, reconstructed the conditions and behavior of water during adsorption and penetration into historical samples materials are largely represented and their actual performance in the face of moisture and rainfall, therefore, it is possible to measure their permeability and insulating properties against water ‎quantitatively‏ ‏in saturated conditions with this method‏.‏

Topographic surveys are one of the non-destructive methods that provide valuable and significant assistance to archaeologists in field works. In topographic surveys, an archaeological surveyor deals with all the depressions and ridges in the site and how they relate to humans. Remains of walls and architectural structures, the remains of ancient graves and furnaces, the outcrop of the large slate rock in ancient hills, remnants of canals built in the past and contemporary of the site, enclosures with aggregation of pottery and stone fragments, and in general, the lowest slopes and the smallest phenomena are other highlights, and all of them are mapped by using GPS. On the other hand, many scholars believe that the Pasargadae built in the time of Cyrus the Great and his successors, is beyond the area known to us today. If we look at the Achaemenid Pasargadae as a puzzle, we undoubtedly need to conduct archaeological research in the villages and surrounding areas to put all the pieces of this puzzle together. One of these sites is an ancient hill located in the easternmost part of Dehno village. In 2017, the team of topographic surveys of the Joint Mission of Archaeological Surveys of Iran- France; Under the supervision of Kourosh Mohammadkhani and Sebastian Gondet, conducted field works on this site. The results indicate the settlement on the ancient hill in the Islamic period.

Covering the roofs of the bazaars due to the diversity of spatial and small and large openings with simple and complex structures. These coatings are available in various bazaar spaces , each with special geometry, both in the final design and in space structures. To cover large openings such as  timche, they used domes and karbandis. Considering the global registration of the traditional bazaar of Tabriz, as well as the great efforts of the architects of the Tabriz bazaar in creating the most beautiful, diversified and most sophisticated types of karbandis in bazaar timches, reveals the importance of studying the Tabriz bazaar karbandis as a sample of this study. Considering the wide openings of the covers in Tabriz bazaar, such as Timche Amir South (14-15 m), the need to use more tiles with high width and height for roof skeletons is created. Therefore, in addition to the boundaries of the field (sideways), other tensions (middle tensions) are formed that appear on the roof. As a result, it separates the features of thiskarbandi  from the usual karbandis. In the study of the karbandis that have been used, the structure of the plan shape affects the form of the design. This means that in a specific context with a certain length-to-width ratio, it is possible to apply certain implementations that affect a variety of factors. These variables are available to the host architect to make decisions about the details of these features. Iranian architects usually try to conceal the elemental elements of the structure behind the cover elements. Such complexity and ambiguity makes it difficult to understand the structure of the karbandis. Existing karbandis on the roof of the Tabriz  bazaar are structurally different from those of the rest. That's why they are called special. In other words, the ribs of the karbandis used in the timche do not follow the usual geometry of the karbandi that is seen from below the ceiling. There are also various karbandis that have the same theoretical geometry, but they are different in practical geometry. Nowadays a lot of Tabriz bazaar vaults collapse and are in an irregular situation that has brought the marketers at serious risk. This erosion situation has been growing and the unconscious disregard for the restoration of karbandis, regardless of their initial structure. Therefore, in the typical karbandis of the Tabriz bazaar, due to the factors mentioned, their structure and shape are not necessarily consistent. The restoration of some of the Tabriz bazaar karbandis has been done without considering this issue and has changed its form. Therefore, in view of the loss of traditional and empirical doctrines on these types of karbandis, disclosure of the desired relationships is necessary. And can be effective in providing their repair solutions and building new ones afterwards.  By recognizing and analyzing the special karbandis of the Tabriz bazaar, we can understand the form and geometry of the form and its implementation. Due to the lack of specialized writing in the field of special karbandis, the contradiction of many of these writings about the performance of ribs in this structure, requires research. In this paper, based on library resources, field studies, and the analysis and interpretation of the findings, a study on the geometry and technology of constructing special karbandis for the cover of the historical bazaar of Tabriz has been completed and the implied concepts have been refereed. For this purpose, by examining the small documentation of the repairs and the implementation steps of the special applications, the geometry of the hidden ribs of this type of karbandis was compared from the roof and its image from inside the space. The result of the study indicates that for the analysis of the special karbandis of the Tabriz bazaar, the characteristics of the structure, structural characteristics, the role of construction and use, the material of the ribs and the structural role should be considered. The geometric form of the karbandis directly affects its size, dimensions, plan, shape.

The study and measurement of elemental compounds of obsidian specimens is of particular importance among researchers. By knowing the elemental compounds of ancient obsidian, very valuable information will be obtained in the study of trade and transfers of early societies. In this case study, 17obsidian samples of prehistoric site, Tole Khari in Pasargad, which were obtained during two excavation seasons, in 1396 and 1397, have been analyzed and studied by micro-PIXE method. In this study, using the major and trace element amounts of measured in obsidian compounds and comparing them with known sources of obsidian in Anatolia and Armenia, as well as using statistical analysis and two- or three-dimensional scatter plots, classify and the origin of Tole Khari obsidian has been investigated. The results of elemental analysis studies show that two completely distinct groups can be identified in these obsidians that can be distinguished based on different elements, including iron oxides, manganese, titanium and aluminum. Also, by comparing the obsidian of Tole Khari site with different sites of Anatolia and Armenia, it was found that the composition of obsidian of the first group of Tole Khari with samples from Bingol A source from Anatolia and the obsidian of the second group of Tole Khari with samples of Sources Nenezi Dag, Pasinler and Meydan Dağı,have the same composition in Central and Eastern Anatolia. Therefore, it is probably that the obsidian has been prepared in the Tole Khari from the sources of Anatolian obsidian using a very long-distance transition and trade network, which was about 1000 to 1900 km.

Identifying the materials used in the construction and decoration of the building is of great importance to complete the discussion of a historical monument and its restoration. One of the buildings that need to be studied in this field as a prominent and valuable building is the green dome of Kerman that its mosaic tiles are known as the oldest mosaic tiles in Iran. And so far no study has been done on them. The colors of the tiles of this building are black, azure, white, and turquoise, yellow and green. This research has been done in the field of applied research to better understand the architecture of the past and the techniques of making architectural decorations. In order to achieve the goal, has been used the method of scanning electron microscopy equipped with X-ray energy separation analysis to identify glaze elements and body petrography in the studied samples. The results show that the black color of the glaze is due to the presence of substances such as manganese in the glaze. The turquoise glaze color is obtained by combining copper compounds in the rich glaze in alkaline elements such as potassium. Also, lead antimony, iron oxide and cadmium sulfate cause yellow glaze and tin oxide and tin sulfate in white glaze cause white color. The azure color is also caused by cobalt oxide and cobalt sulfate, and the green color of the glaze is due to the presence of copper sulfate and iron. Petrographic analysis, XRD and XRF analysis for qualitative identification of minerals, existing phases, and elemental analysis of 4 samples of the tile body, shows that quartz has been used as a filler and there are calcareous soils in the bodies. Petrographic and XRD results on tile biscuits indicate oxidation baking environment and baking temperature less than 800 degrees for three samples BL, B-2, and B-4 and temperature above 850 for sample G-4.

Cultural heritage is an invaluable asset to human beings that reflects their achievements over the centuries. The need to identify and protect cultural heritage is well understood, and experts strive to use every means possible to achieve this goal. Preservation and restoration of cultural heritage include conservation of historic buildings using all new technologies that are as effective as possible in maintaining the original condition. They are often associated with geometric surveying, surveillance, and heritage documentation. This article introduces the science of photogrammetry, types, tools, and techniques by reviewing and analyzing 20 reputable publications articles in the last five years. this article demonstrates the efficiency of this technology in the conservation, restoration, and documentation of cultural heritage by introducing some comparative examples in the present era. Documenting monuments is the first step to any intervention and planning. Architectural heritage photogrammetry is a helpful and standard process for obtaining accurate 3D data for documentation and virtualizing historical monuments.  Also is one of the most recommended non-invasive methods, consisting of techniques for interpreting, measuring, and modeling objects by the basis of images obtained from them. According to studies, the science of photogrammetry is one of the most widely used, cheapest, and most available non-destructive technologies in restoration science, and with the advancement of science, newer and more efficient tools and methods in this field are presented.

In today's archaeological studies around the world, the use of absolute chronology by radiocarbon or carbon 14 method is common and can even reduce errors due to incorrect stratigraphy and anxious layers for explorers. The accuracy of measurement in this method is very high provided correct sampling, and with the advancement of science and technology, software for specialized and complex calculations to convert and calibrate the results to the calendar age, which used by archaeologists, was created. One of these softwares is OxCal program which can be used for researchers both online and offline. In this paper, in addition to a brief explanation of the method of performing Radiocarbon dating and Calibration, we’ll show you how to use this program to calibrate single, Sequential phases, sub-phases (Contiguous phases) and overlapping phases and also using these analysis.

The art and techniques of colorful tiling in domes, inscriptions, minarets of mosques, buildings and historical monuments from antiquity, is a valuable and important document about the decorations of ancient Iranian architecture. Ancient mathematicians, designers, and practitioners used the geometric methods of knot arrangement, Yazdi-bandi, Muqarnas,(Ahu pai) and other methods, with the help of geometric arrangement of squares, diagonals, rhombuses, and techniques such as "square-to-circle correlation" with the term "mandala. The identification and production of the primary units of geometrical "motifs" began centuries ago and includes geometric units in two dimensions. These motifs have been developed in different historical periods by geometers and designers. It is clear that mathematical-geometric laws have remained fixed in motifs throughout the past. This means that the laws of symmetry have a main origin, in a way that they have been fixed in different historical periods. On the other hand, alignment, balance and symmetry are necessary for each other. Geometry has been used since ancient times to measure the surfaces of buildings and agricultural lands. Points, line segments, angles, circles, squares and triangles have been used in the production of two-dimensional patterns in the order of regular patterns.

The book "Archeology of Central Asia" written by Dr. Seyed Mansour Seyed Sajjadi, in 2016, with 912 pages of text, photos, plans and maps, has been published in two volumes by Samat Organization. The book is published on right time and will definitely be a useful book for the Iranian archeologists and other researchers who are interested in the history and culture of Iran in the Central Asian region. The book is highly edited in terms of writing and editing principles, and the staff, from the author to the editors, have worked hard. Although the book, structurally, after introducing the region and the history of research, has gone through a period from Paleolithic to Iron Age, but with the study of the book, a kind of confusion and structural incoherence can be seen in most parts. In terms of content, the book, although covering almost all prehistoric topics in the Central Asian region; However, some of the periods and chapters of the book are thinner and some of the topics, especially the topics about the bronze age, are very fat and voluminous. The main point of the book is that more than half of the book's writing is taken from a single source, the book "Central Asian Archeology: From the Paleolithic to the Iron Age" by the American archaeologist Philip Cohl. Although the author has referred to it almost in all the cases in which he has used this book, it is clear to everyone that such a large and sudden use of a source is not a common practice in academic profession. The author of this article suggests that at least on the cover of the book, the title "translation and compilation" be given so that the nature of the book is more consistent with its title.