پژوهش نامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The principle of uncertainty in quantum physics changed the attitude towards self and existence. Uncertainty exists in many human activities and various factors cause uncertainty in individuals. The purpose of this paper was to study the uncertainty and information needs and the relationship between these two variables.

This paper is a literature review and the concepts are clarified by examining texts related to uncertainty and information needs

In this paper, the effects of uncertainty on information acquisition, information need and information behavior were examined. Fuzzy logic has been proposed as a way to reduce uncertainty in the information retrieval system.

Uncertainty is closely related to the concept of information. The most fundamental aspect of this relationship is that the occurrence of uncertainty in the problem-solving conditions is due to changes in the cognitive status of individuals, or the existence of incomplete, contradictory, unreliable and vague information in them and uncertainty can be controlled as much as possible by obtaining appropriate and timely information. Also, uncertainty has not always been a negative aspect of various studies, but it can sometimes lead to creativity and innovation

Knowledge organization is one of the old and basic topics of knowledge and information science. The aim of this study is to conduct a scientific mapping of knowledge organization based on author co-citation analysis.

The type of research was applied by the citation analysis method. The research records are compiled based on all articles in the two journals of Knowledge Organization and Cataloging and Classification Quarterly and keywords related to the field of knowledge organization indexed in Web of Science database from 1900 to 2019. Finally, 17,950 records were analyzed in full with plain text format. The total number of citations was 360143. In this study, cuts were made for authors who received 130 citations and more, numbering 178; therefore, a 178 by 178 matrix was used to draw the co-citation network and the authors’ co-citation network was drawn. Then the created symmetric matrix was transformed into a correlation matrix. To draw a matrix BibExcel software, to analyze co-citation networks UCINET software, to draw co-citation grid VOSviewer software, to draw a dendrogram diagram SPSS software and to draw a strategic chart Excel software were used.

The findings show that Horland was highly productive and Salton has highly cited articles in the field of knowledge organization. Robertson and Salton also have the most co-citations in this area. The intellectual structure of the field of knowledge organization consists of 11 main clusters. The largest cluster (cluster 4) consists of 36 researchers dedicated to information retrieval. After that, cluster 1 with 35 authors, which is in the subject of seeking behavior-information retrieval. Categories 10 and 11 also have 18 researchers each, covering topics such as cataloging and classification, and knowledge organization. Cluster 9, with seven authors is the smallest cluster that deals with the subject of scientometrics. Combined clusters, scientometrics, ontology, and cataloging and classification have the highest density. Information retrieval and knowledge organization clusters also have the highest centrality.

The creation of a co-citation network among the authors of the knowledge organization shows the intellectual connection between the authors. Not all prolific writers in this field are necessarily well-known authors. Issues of information retrieval, information behavior, and knowledge organization play an important role in knowledge organization research. Highly productive and high cited authors also cite a more effective presence on the scientific map. The co-citation analysis of the authors can show the most influential authors and the relationships between them. These analyzes can be used in macro-policies and policy-making.

 The massive volume of data and information, on the one hand, and the growing importance of data and information in libraries, on the other, make data management and information inevitable. Data governance is necessary to better manage data in organizing the library information. This research aims to librarians' attitude towards implement and execute data government strategies in planning in order to organize information resources of libraries of Islamic Azad University.

 the research is an analytical-survey study. The statistical population consists of 155 managers and librarians of the central libraries of the provincial centers of the Islamic Azad University. Data gathering tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire includes 38 items based on data governance components. Content validity method was used to assess validity and Cronbach's alpha test (0.941) was used for reliability.

 the research findings revealed that librarians’ attitude towards seven components of data organization in central libraries of Islamic Azad University including data quality, data user, data process, data standard, data integrity, data security and data modeling except for the component of data integrity did not have significant relationship with educational level, academic major, and work experience of managers and librarians which had a significance level of 0.08. Improving the quality of information organizing, training of human resources, use of standard tools along with strategic planning for library are important factors in implementation of data governance.

 Developing a codified data governance program based on the main elements of each of the identified components and using the opinions of experts and managers of library in finalizing this program play important roles in the success of data governance implementation. The impact of data governance on the organization of information resources leads to proper planning in academic libraries.

The ability to detect fake news is one of the most effective strategies to combat the spread of fake news. Library users are among those who can acquire these abilities by visiting public libraries. Hence the purpose of this study is to determine the views of librarians on the feasibility of providing effective services in increasing the ability of users to detect fake news, as well as the status of infrastructure and requirements for providing these services and the need to provide it in public libraries in Kermanshah.

The present research is of applied type and has been done by survey method. The statistical population of this study consists of librarians of public libraries in Kermanshah province (170 librarians) from which 118 were selected through Krejcie and Morgan table by the simple random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect research data

According to the obtained results, the average possibility of providing effective services in increasing the ability to detect fake news was (3.14) and the necessary infrastructure and requirements to provide services was (2.80) and the need to provide services for librarians in public libraries was (23/3). Also, the results of one-sample t-test showed that the status of the possibility of providing services and the necessary infrastructure and requirements to provide services with the desired level were significantly different.

Given the importance of the ability to detect fake news for users and the negative effects of the widespread dissemination of fake news, training and measures should be taken to improve users' ability to detect fake news, so that people are actively exposed to fake messages from these use skills. Al so, using the results of this research, the officials of the public library institution can make effective plans in order to create the necessary conditions and measures for training users to detect fake news.

Information poverty indicates a situation in which groups and individuals do not have adequate and equal access to quantitative and qualitative information or the ability to use it. The purpose of this article is to develop and validate the information poverty assessment scale in Ahvaz.

The present research is an applied study and has been done by "exploratory mixed" method. First, in the qualitative section, the components of information poverty were collected by reviewing the texts and using the opinions and views of experts by Delphi method. Factor analysis was used in the quantitative section to validate the scale. The present study population was all people in 15 years old and above in Ahvaz.

The results of the factor analysis confirmed 31 items, which were categorized using exploratory factor analysis in 5 factors: media information literacy, Internet access, book access, cultural behavior, and information access skills.

An examination of the various definitions of the various dimensions of information poverty has shown that this phenomenon categorized into four basic dimensions, each of which can have its own subsets. Thus, it seems poor access (to books and internet), digital skills, behavioral factors and media and information literacy can form a situation that leads to information poverty. In the present study, the existence of the same dimensions in explaining information poverty was confirmed and the components of access (to books and Internet), access skills, use (including information-media literacy) and behavioral factors were confirmed. The study of this phenomenon confirmed 31 items that used to measure this phenomenon. Thus, the scale created showed that information poverty related to information-related infrastructure, increasing the number of libraries and their resources, strengthening Internet access, and teaching information literacy.

Intruduction: The problems and disadvantages of thesauri and the increasing use of ontology in data retrieval have led to studies over the past two decades to suggest the use of thesauruses in the design and construction of ontologies. So, the aim of this study is to review and present a summary of available information about the converting of the thesaurus to ontology. The study was conducted using a systematic review. Kitchenham`s protocol was used (including Research Questions, Search Process, Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria, Quality Assessment, Data Collection and Data Analysis). Five research questions (including what are similarities between thesaurus and ontology? what are differencies between thesaurus and ontology? what are the methods of converting a thesaurus to ontology? what are the benefits of using the thesaurus to create ontology?  and what are the challenges for converting the thesaurus to ontology?) were answerd based on the analysis. The search strategy was determined and implemented and after the removal of duplicate documents, 71 documents were obtained. Then the documents were matched with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 13 documents were analyzed as final documents for answering research questions. The results showed that both thesaurus and ontology were used in organizing and covering a particular subject area terminology and their main difference is in the amount of payments to semantic relations between concepts. The definition of classes based on the concepts contained in the thesaurus, the definition of the relationship between concepts and the use of a formal language were the common in all proposed methods. Taking time and avoiding repeating are the benefits of using the thesaurus and the need for an expert specialist in the process of doing work is one of the challenges of converting thesaurus into ontology.

Today, the evaluation of information retrieval systems, especially search engines, has become one of the most important studies in the field of information science. Nevertheless, a research as a review research on the evaluation of search engines was not observed. So, the aim is to analyze the related literature of information retrieval evaluation field using quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches.

This research is a review study to review the related articles. The terms »arzyabieh motor kavosh«,»arzyabieh nezam bazyabieh ettlaat«,»arzyabieh rabt«,»motor kavosh«,»motor jostejo« in the Magiran and SID database were searched. Also, the terms »evaluation search engine»،«evaluation information retrival»،«method and information retrieval«, »research and search engine« and »relevance« in the google scholar was searched and then the retrieved articles were studied. Finally, the research on the evaluation of general search engines published in Persian and English from 1998 have been studied using a library method and an analytical approach..

The results showed that, in the reviewed studies, the search engines evaluation has conducted through one of the quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. In the quantitative approach, there are several research categories such as coverage and overlap, abstracting and indexing quality, retrieval algorithms, recommender systems, interface and document ranking quality. In the qualitative approach, there has been observed two kinds of studies which include ethnography and grounded theory. In the ethnography research, the users’ information retrieval behavior is described. In the other category, namely grounded theory, two research areas may be identified; one is fully committed to the qualitative principles and another semi-committed to them. Hence, Hjorland (2010) has criticized researchers who regard their research as a "functional" and qualitative approach, but did not follow all of their principles.

As in the research methodology, first, a quantitative method and then a qualitative method are proposed and finally, a mixed method is proposed to use the strengths of both methods. It seems that this process of change in research methods from quantitative to qualitative, and then from qualitative to composite has also affected the evaluation of information retrieval, especially search engines. In data retrieval research, a systematic approach has been initially introduced in evaluating information retrieval systems. Then some researchers have criticized this approach, which is the result of a user-oriented approach. In recent years, researchers such as Saracevic (2007) and Thoronley (2012) have considered both approaches as necessary ones and pointed to a dual-axis approach to data retrieval assessment research.

One of the important personality traits is positive thinking that increases the ability to create skills. On the other hand, having employees with strong communication skills is one of the important factors in the success of any service organization. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the status of positive thinking of the librarians of Mashhad public libraries and its effect on their communication skills.

This study was an applied research that has been conducted through survey. The research population included all the librarians of Mashhad public libraries (70 people). The desired sample (59 people) was selected based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size table through simple random sampling. The required data were collected by Ingram and Visnicky's positive thinking questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire of communication skills. The gathered data were analyzed through the SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The findings showed that the level of positive thinking of the librarians was undesirable. Positive thinking had a significant effect on communication skills of the librarians. A detailed analysis showed that some of the positive thinking components had a greater effect on the components of verbal and non-verbal communication skills. The “positive daily thinking” and “others' evaluations of self” components had the most effect on verbal communication skills. Also, the component of “others' evaluations of self” had the most effect on non-verbal communication skills. However, the “self-confidence” component had the least effect on verbal and non-verbal communication skills.

According to the results of this study, learning or enhancing positive-thinking will directly affect the enhancement and improvement of the librarians’ communication skills. Therefore, improvement of the librarians’ positive thinking through the implementation of workshops and training courses, under the supervision of professional associations and the allocation of certain budgets for all costs of these activities is proposed.

Cloud computing is a new technology that can help libraries and information centers to meet the information needs of users at a lower cost and faster time. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of implementing cloud computing in libraries of Mashhad universities.

This study was applied in terms of purpose with a survey method. The study population consisted of 23 technology managers and administrators of the libraries of Mashhad universities. Required data were collected by two researchers-made questionnaires their validity was confirmed by experts and their reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The findings showed that the feasibility of implementing cloud computing in central libraries of Mashhad universities was lower than the average in terms of budget and staff, but higher than the average in hardware and software and management facilities.

Cloud computing is a new topic that has received less attention by researchers and libraries. Libraries should take advantage of this technology by providing the right infrastructure.

Organizational culture is considered of outmost importance in bringing change into an organization. It has a special influence on knowledge organization and organizational behavior. It helps organizations in enhancing integrated services, resource sharing, organizational learning and organizational creativity. Thus, this study aims at analyzing the status of the organizational culture from the knowledge sharing perspective among university staff and faculty members as an important capital.

This study is categorized as an applied study which has been carried out using two questionnaires. One of these questionnaires dealt with organizational culture and the other dealt with the barriers to knowledge sharing. These questionnaires were distributed among 63 staff and faculty members of the Faculty of Education and Psychology at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted in analyzing data.

The results show that there is a significant difference among subcultures of the population. It is also evident that bureaucratic, corporate, and flexibility are dominant among the population, respectively. Furthermore, human factors and the leadership are considered among the most important barriers of knowledge sharing.

Since the bureaucratic subculture is predominant among the population and according to the relationships identified between faculty members' subcultures and different barriers to the knowledge sharing, it is imperative to rely more often on leadership potentials and executive agents.

Due to its positive effects, bibliotherapy can be one of the services of public libraries for all sections of society. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of experimental intervention of book "therapy" by implementing trolley-book plan on "productivity" and life expectancy of adolescents with cancer in Be'sat Hospital in Hamadan.

This study is a quasi-experimental research using a pretest-posttest on two groups, i.e. an experimental group and a control group. For the experimental group, several bibliotherapic sessions were held while no intervention more than the usual practices in the research environment. The research sample included 30 children with cancer, aged 10 to 14 who were in an initial stage of the disease and had completed at least one course of chemotherapy. The research instrument consists of two questionnaires: Conner's perseverance and Schneider's life expectancy. Data analysis was done using an independent t-test and a covariance analysis in SPSS software.

Results of the independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the two variables of resilience and life expectancy in the control and experimental group. Furthermore, the effect of this kind for bibliotherapy on the life expectancy in the children with cancer was 43.6% and its effect on resilience was 64.1%.

There is a significant relationship between book therapy sessions with resilience and life expectancy in the study population. In other words, book therapy has an effect on both cases and concluded that resilience and life expectancy both mean and book therapy has an effect on both groups.

Stories are good tools for development of child thinking or child philosophy, and today they are used as tools to promote children's thinking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of storytelling with a positive attitude on ethical skills of elementary school boys in Kermanshah.

After parental consent for their children to participate in storytelling sessions, the empathy questionnaire of Auyeung et al. (2009) was used. Twenty boys in elementary school during the educational year of 1398-1399 were selected by using accessible sampling and 10 of them were randomly assigned to experimental group and 10 to control group. They got pre-test sessions that were conducted in both groups before the beginning of the sessions and then for the experimental group 8 sessions of two 45-minute weekly sessions of storytelling. Intervention focused on empathy and the control group received no intervention. At the end of the sessions, post-test was again taken from both groups and then the data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test.

Findings showed that there was no significant difference between the studied children before storytelling intervention. Also in the control group, there was no significant difference in pre-test and post-test phases, but empathy was increased in the experimental group after intervention and post-test.Discussion and

Based on the results, it can be concluded that storytelling is effective in promoting empathy for elementary school boys. So, if this method is used consistently by elementary schools, libraries, intellectual development centers and psychology centers to teach empathy, many of the behavioral problems in children can be reduced.

Time management means the process of organizing and planning to divide your time between specific activities, including gaining experience and training. Employees need training and knowledge promotion to achieve organizational and individual goals. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between time management and staff training in Kerman public libraries.

The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical correlational. The statistical population included all staff and librarians of public libraries in Kerman with 645 people, of which 241 people were selected as a sample by random sampling method. Carroll and Kaufmann (1999) and Newey and Wilk (1993) staff training questionnaires were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, one-sample t-test and multiple linear regressions.

The results of data analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between staff training and time management (p <0.05). Also, the situation of time management and training of librarians and staff was at a good level (p <0.05). The results of multiple linear regression also showed that there was no significant relationship between employees' perceptions of job-related/rank-related  training and time management (p >0.05) and between employees' perceptions of self-related training and time management had an incremental (direct) and significant relationship (p <0.05).

Library managers can use time management techniques and pay attention to the role of this valuable component, to train their staff and librarians to plan and help them promote personal growth and achieve career goals.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting voluntary activities, satisfaction, and continuation will of volunteering and loyalty of volunteers in public libraries of Kermanshah province.

The present research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this study includes volunteers working in public libraries of Kermanshah province. The Oh (2017) standard questionnaire with 53 items is used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, correlation coefficient, simple and multiple linear regression tests were used.

The research findings showed that the functions of volunteering, volunteer experience, and support for volunteers affect volunteers' satisfaction. Moreover, these variables have a positive and significant effect on the continuation will of their activities and their loyalty.

Among the functions of volunteering, the functions including perception/progress, job, sociality, value, and protection had the highest mean, respectively, and the mean of all of them was higher than the average value. This means that the main motivation for public library volunteers is to facilitate personal growth and understanding of others.

Studying the forms of social relations between individuals is the spotlight of sociological studies. Participation is also one of the forms of social relations that has a special place to be paid attention to. One of the most important manifestations of participation is cultural participation in the development of public libraries. The purpose of the present study is to identify and rank barriers affecting the attraction and development of public participation in public libraries from Iranian charity library builders' perspective. The study was exploratory research using a mixed research method which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative part of the study, 15 Iranian charity library builders were purposefully interviewed using snowball sampling. The research population in the quantitative part is active Iranian charity library builders and a questionnaire was distributed among 246 of them. Inferential tests including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. According to the findings of the study, behavioral barriers, contextual barriers, and structural barriers were identified as effective barriers in attracting and developing public participation. The results of confirmatory factor analysis show that among the barriers affecting the attraction of public participation in public libraries from the Iranian charity library builders' perspective, structural barriers with a coefficient of .882 and then, contextual barriers with a coefficient of .832, social factors with a coefficient of .824 and behavioral barriers with a coefficient of .818 are ranked first to third priorities, respectively. To overcome the barriers to attracting public participation in public libraries, solving problems and shortcomings in public libraries needs to be mobilized, but this is not possible without planning programs to remove barriers to participation including coordinating various institutions, establishing rules and regulations to expand partnerships, alerting public library officials and managers, promoting and disseminating partnerships in various ways, and providing contexts for legal and social issues.

Today, the ability to establish effective communication and information literacy is one of the librarians’ employment requirements. In libraries with using appropriate information literacy and the ability to communicate properly with users, librarians can play an important role in raising their information needs. Therefore all of these categories are necessary.

The present study is descriptive-correlative in terms of its purpose. Data were collected from a sample of 130 people by simple random sampling. The statistical population of the study included librarians of the libraries of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad's Islamic Azad University (Number, 163), as well as librarians of the Birjand University libraries and Islamic Azad University of Birjand (Number, 25) who were full-time at the time of the research (2018). Data were gathered using two questionnaires: Nikpour, Landscape and Rajaee Nejad (2012) with a reliability coefficient of 94 percent and communication skills of Rahnama Librarians (2012) with a reliability coefficient of 73 percent.

Findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between information literacy and librarian communication skills and the amount of communication skills and information literacy of librarians in Mashhad and Birjand cities did not differ. There was a positive and significant relationship between all aspects of "information literacy" including identifying information needs, locating information, evaluating information, and efficient use of information and communication skills of librarians.

The results reveal that the level of communication skills and information literacy of librarians and non-specialists are not the same. Also, demographic characteristics (gender, level of education, and service record) did not play a role in librarians' information literacy and communication skills.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the content provided on the Instagram pages of Iran’s public libraries and their users' engagement.

The present research is of applied type and has been done by content analysis method. The present research population included 10,132 posts from 110 Instagram pages of the public libraries of Iran. Also, in order to analyze the content of the research population, a checklist created by the researcher has been used and after categorizing their types of content, the level of participation of their users has been calculated with the formula of user participation rate of Instagram pages.

The research findings showed that the posts published on Iran’s public libraries' Instagram pages could be categorized into ten groups: Announcement of Upcoming Events, Completed Events, General Announcements about the Library, Local and General News, Technology, Emotionally Inspiring Messages, Announcement of Library Resources, Celebrational Posts, Backstage and others. Most of the content in the posts on the public libraries’ Instagram pages belonged to the categories of the Completed Events, Announcement of Library Resources, and Announcement of Upcoming Events. In addition, the greatest amount of user engagement belonged to the categories of Completed Events, Announcement of Library Resources, and Announcement of Upcoming Events, respectively. In terms of user engagement, among the formats used, photo and text formats, photo and video and text formats respectively received the most engagement.

Proper use of hashtags, engaging content formats such as photos and videos, and user-friendly content such as events, informing upcoming events, introducing library resources, and emotional and inspiring messages will increase user engagement.

Visual literacy, which means the skill of interpreting signs, lines and colors and understanding the message in the image, is a necessity of the present age and complements information literacy due to the mastery of the image over the text. In addition to teaching information literacy skills, librarians are expected to teach visual literacy components as well. In addition to reading wordless picture books that rely on visual literacy skills, these books can also be used as tools to teach visual literacy. Since the improvement of visual literacy skills is directly related to the growth of creativity, picture books can be a tool for teaching visual literacy and increasing creativity. For this purpose, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of visual literacy training on the growth of creativity and its components in ten-year-old girls in primary schools in Mashhad with the focus on picture books.

The present study, in terms of applied purpose and in terms of the type of research, was among the quasi-experimental researches with pre-test and post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the study was all 10-year-old girls studying in primary schools of Mashhad in the academic year of 1998-99, of them 30 were randomly selected in two experimental (15) and control (15) groups. The experimental group received visual literacy training and practiced for 16 sessions. Data collection tools were Torrance Visual Creativity Test and a researcher-made child visual literacy questionnaire that assessed the subjects' abilities. The validity of the Visual Literacy Questionnaire was confirmed by communication experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.91). Uni-variate covariance test was used to analyze the data.

Research findings showed that there is a significant difference between the creativity scores of children who have received visual education training and children who have not received this training; These training sets have led to an increase in fluidity, flexibility, initiative and expansion in their ideas and as a result, increased their creativity.

Librarians now focus on teaching visual literacy alongside information literacy due to image dominance, as this skill can affect the ability of people such as creativity. Visual literacy training is a common practice among faculty members, librarians, musicologists, archivists, visual resource professionals, and educational technology professionals, but is held in schools as a hobby. It emphasizes the responsibilities of other educational institutions, especially libraries. In order to address this education, as in the present study, it is necessary to strengthen educational protocols with the participation of other fields such as communication and educational sciences. It is also necessary to use multiple strategies for training. This research used a picture book for education. As a result, it can be stated that in addition to understanding visual books that require visual literacy, it can also be used as a visual literacy training tool. Therefore, future research should examine how to enhance visual literacy in the library, increase it in users, identify effective picture books, and identify appropriate educational protocols.

Due to the role of virtual social networks in the process of knowledge sharing and to make contact between groups and human communities, this study examines the impact of use of virtual social networks and dimensions of social capital theory on knowledge sharing and student interaction.

This research is of applied type that was conducted by using descriptive method. In this research, from social capital theory has been used as a theoretical foundation to examine the relationships between the use of virtual social networks in universities, knowledge sharing and students’ interaction. The statistical sample of the research is 303 Postgraduate students of Payame Noor University of Fars province in 1400. The data collection tool is Guranting et al. (2019) questionnaire. Independent research variables include virtual social networks and social capital theory (dimensions including: structural, relational and perceptual), the intermediate variable is knowledge sharing and the dependent variable is student interaction research. content validity (Confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability (computing the coefficient of Cronbach’sa for all items) were adopted. In order to investigate of research hypotheses, the structural equation model has been used. The software used is SPSS Version 23.

Based on the research findings, the significant values of the relationship between virtual social networks, knowledge sharing and students’ interaction respectively are t = 8.00 and t = 9.35. Therefore, in both cases, there is a positive and significant relationship. Significant values obtained from the effect of structural, relational and perceptual dimensions of social capital theory on knowledge sharing were obtained 3.67, 2.06 and 3.45, respectively, which all confirm the positive and significant effect of social capital theory dimensions on knowledge sharing. The significant value of the relationship of knowledge sharing and students’ interaction (t = 9.45) confirms the existence of a significant relationship between knowledge and student interaction.

Presence in virtual social networks promotes students' desire to share knowledge. The desire to knowledge sharing increases students' interaction in individual and group activities. On the other hand, according to interaction theory, Whatever students interact with education will be more, their learning outcomes will be more.