نشریه برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری
پیاپی 39 (زمستان 1400)

Wrong policies regarding the nomadic community have caused the number of nomadic populations to decrease compared to the past and the nomads are being pushed towards monogamy. Meanwhile, the nomadic community of Iran has high potentials to attract tourists, the income of which can be considered as a complementary livelihood option for nomads. The use of tourism capabilities requires policy-making and knowledge of the factors affecting the development of nomadic tourism. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the development of nomadic tourism as a complement to nomadic livelihood. This research is a qualitative research and has been done using the content analysis of semi-structured interviews with experts. Thematic analysis was used to extract the hidden concepts related to the factors affecting nomadic tourism and were classified into two categories of positive and negative factors. Positive factors that have a positive impact on the development of nomadic tourism include: social capital, government activism, environmental power, cultural and symbolic capital, economic power, facilities and infrastructure, and empowerment of nomadic society. Negative factors in the development of nomadic tourism also included cultural barriers, social barriers, environmental barriers, cognitive-knowledge barriers, and inattention to nomads.

IntroductionThe research present the optimal model of urban ecotourism management in Marivan city. Materials and MethodsThe research method is exploratory-applied and quantitative. The statistical population of the study is tourists who come to Marivan city, for which 130 people have been selected by sampling using the Cochran's formula in a simple random way. The research instrument included a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SmartPLS structural equation software. Discussion and resultsExamination of the results showed that the ecotourism management model in the mountainous urban area of Marivan is not in a good condition and does't follow the integrated statistical management. ConclusionThe optimal model of ecotourism management in the context of sustainable tourism development is the integrated governance model.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of rural transportation in the economic competitiveness of rural tourism destinations in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province. The type of research is applied and its nature is descriptive-analytical based on data collection using field methods such as completing a questionnaire among households. The statistical population of the study is the permanent residents in the tourism target villages of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province. The number of villages targeted for tourism in the Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province is 12 cases, of which 9 villages have a permanent population, and due to the small number of them, the counting method has been used. At the household analysis level, 297 households were selected as a sample from 1312 resident households using Cochran's formula. One-sample t-test, correlation, structural equations and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The results of correlation analysis show that there is a significant relationship between the competitiveness of tourist destinations and transportation indices with the correlation coefficient of 0.331. Also, based on the results of structural equations, the most effects of transportation are on the component of diversification of employment and income opportunities with a coefficient of 0.521.

This mixed Research aimed to identify the attractions associated with the sustainable development of Agri- tourism m in the west of Mazandaran Province.The population of the qualitative sector were experts in the field of agricultural tourism in various organizations who were purposefully selected and data was collected through semi structured interviews with 20 of them Based on the two stages of open and axial coding of the basic theory, 87 indicators were extracted using Maxqdawin12 software. The statistical population of the quantitative section was 69 rural villagers in the west of Mazandaran province who were selected by multi-stage method. In order to analyze the quantitative data, mean, standard deviation, Friedman rank tests, Analysis of variance ANOVA and Tukey test software. The results showed that natural landscapes are in the first place, manmade landscapes are in the second place. But infrastructure is the last resort in terms of opportunities. The results of F test and Tukey post hoc showed that there is a significant difference between the three cities of Tonekabon, Chalous and Ramsar in terms of opportunities for interconnected Agri- tourism at the error level of 0.01 and different cities in terms of opportunities and attractions differ from each other.

Due to the current corona pandemic situation, people's acceptance of urban spaces has changed due to their presence. Historic buildings are one of the reasons for attracting people to attend public spaces, and the space in front of these buildings is also a hangout for people. The space in front of Khosrowabad mansion in Sanandaj is the only pedestrian green road in this city that can offer better quality despite the public welcome.While reviewing the literature on the subject, 3 components "social / human; environmental; "Physically" was identified. The present study is applied in terms of purpose type and survey research in terms of method. The analytical tool used in this research is Gindrooz technique, according to which the density of lines indicates the density of physical, social and environmental events and the length of the lines indicates the importance of the events and is obtained through a questionnaire and a green survey. In this study, 100 creative Ginderzi questionnaires are used to identify landscape features in the summer of 2020 and suggestions for improving landscape qualities are presented.

Planning and subsequent decision-making in tourism with accurate and up-to-date information ensures sustainable development of the country's assets. This information has become more accessible to researchers in recent years with the development of remote sensing technologies. In this study, using the potential of remote sensing products in integration with Robert Costanza valuation model, tourism ecosystem services for all biomes in Iran were evaluated economically. In addition, the provinces of Iran were compared with each other in terms of biomass values. Special biomes such as coral reefs, mangrove forests and seagrasses to common biomes such as forests, wetlands, etc. were studied in this study. Based on the results, the economic value of tourism ecosystem services of all biomes in Iran is estimated at about $ 20 billion per year. Mazandaran, Gilan, Hormozgan, Bushehr and Khuzestan provinces with a value of 3.25, 2.44, 1.43, 1.38 and 1.31 billion dollars per year, respectively, and the provinces of South Khorasan, Qom, Semnan, North Khorasan and Ilam with a value of 0.07, 0.08, 0.14, 0.15 and 0.16 billion dollars per year had the lowest share in providing these services.

The purpose of this study is practical, mixed in nature, descriptive-survey and cross-sectional. The statistical population of the study was 22 entrepreneurs and managers in the field of qualitative snowmaking in rural tourism. Stratified random sampling was performed using Morgan table of 85 subjects. In this study, a cross-linked research method was used to extract and identify factors. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. To evaluate the validity, the face validity method was used by professors and the kappa method was used to measure the reliability of the classification. Spss software was used to analyze the collected data. The findings showed that 11 factors, 35 concepts and 88 indicators were finally approved. According to the designed model, the factors are in the order of priority, the industrial factor at the lowest level followed by the political and legal factor, the institutional factor, the economic factor, the infrastructure factor, the management factor, the entrepreneurial personality factor, the social factor, the factor. Security, environmental factor and ultimately cultural factor at the highest level.

Considering the effect of appropriate planning and policy-making in tourism development, the present study has been written with the aim of evaluating the planning and policy-making of historical-cultural tourism development in Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose, survey in terms of implementation method and cross-sectional in terms of time. In order to analyze the data, has been used the technique of least squares in Warp-PLS software and sample t-test in SPSS software. Findings indicate that according to the historical-cultural potentials of the city, this type of tourism in Tabriz has not developed significantly. This is due to inadequacies in planning and policy-making at the micro and macro levels. At the micro level, we can point to the inefficiency of decision-making and operational management in the field of recreating the historical-cultural context (various managerial, economic and spatial-functional dimensions) and at the macro level, we can to the lack of a comprehensive and systematic view, inappropriate laws and political relations, the lack of an integrated approach in the management system (the dominance of centralist and technocratic management) and government ownership in the tourism sector.

Health strategies for covid19 have stopped travel and tourism activities around the world and have undeniably led to a decrease in international travel, followed by an increase in domestic travel demand. Although tourism is resilient, the unprecedented impacts of covid19 indicate a crisis in this industry. The crisis that is not only different, but can have long-term structural changes in tourism. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the tourists’ motivations to make domestic travel during the outbreak of Covid19. This study is a qualitative research. The sampling method was purposive and the number of statistical samples based on achieving theoretical saturation was 17 and the data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA in the framework of three steps; open, axial, and selective coding. The findings show that there are various motivation factors for travel during the Covid19 outbreak. As a result of this research, it was found that the existence of tourist’s push motivation has led to the formation of pull motivation for travel in this period. Inhibitory factors were also identified, although they did not stop the domestic tourists from traveling, made them change their usual travel patterns.

The change in the composition of the household consumption basket is one of the effects of decreased purchasing power. Tourism sector is one of the sectors that will be most affected by this change. But the different nature of the “tourism product” from other economic goods, as well as regional differences in the type of tourist spending, overshadows how household spending in the tourism sector is affected. This study aimed to investigate the change in household behavior in tourism expenditures that are affected by various factors such as changes in household purchasing power, and for this purpose has used the spatial data panel model during the period 2011-2019 for 31 provinces of Iran. The results has shown that household purchasing power has a negative effect on the share of household tourism expenditures. Results also examining the effects of some of the most important variables of household budget, it can be analyzed that the change in household purchasing power does not directly reduce the number of trips or the tourists’ length of stay, but it affects the type of travel and the change in the household travel pattern. It also leads to changes in choice of destinations.