نشریه تحقیقات مالی اسلامی
پیاپی 20 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Throughout the history of economics there have theoretically been three fundamental and interrelated questions in the field of money: 1) What is money 2) What is the source of money or how does it enter society? 3) How does money gain or lose value? In conventional economics, the two branches of monetary school, namely metallism and chartalism have tried to answer these questions using their theoretical foundations. In this article, we have tried to answer the questions from the perspective of the principles and general framework of the Islamic monetary system. For this purpose, first, with the help of valid jurisprudential methods including transactional jurisprudence and systemic jurisprudence based on the framework of Islamic economics, the principles and general framework of the Islamic monetary system are explained and then the above questions are answered.   The research results show that in the Islamic monetary system, firstly, anything that can fulfill the functions of money and wins people’s acceptance can play the role of money, but in case of deviations of the instances of money from Sharia, the Islamic government is bound to revoke its approval. Secondly, concerning the value of money, it should be said that money must either have intrinsic value or some valuable extrinsic equivalent in order to comply with the principles and foundations of the monetary system and be used in transaction.

Saving, emphasized in Islamic lifestyle, influences the success of individuals, households and society. This research, therefore, studies the factors affecting the saving behavior of the college youth with an Islamic approach. The methodology is descriptive and exploratory and in terms of target, it is functional. The population of this study was administration and economics students selected through convenience sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire the validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts. In order to evaluate the construct validity (including convergent and discriminant ones) and the reliability of the research instrument (composite reliability and average variance extracted) and to estimate the research measurement model, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have been used. Also, partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. According to the research results, with the exception of the variable of peer influence, the other variables (financial literacy, parental socialization and self-control) have a positive and significant effect on students' saving behavior. The financial literacy variable was the only variable that mediated the relationship between other independent variables and the saving pattern. In addition, demographic variables such as gender, age, education, field of study, type of university, marital status and employment are also considered as moderating variables in the results analysis. For example, the saving patterns of male and female students are different.

One of the problems of financing the Iranian state is its dependence on oil revenues. This requires reforming the tax system and budgeting structure in the country. One of the least considered issues in this regard is paying attention to the mechanisms involved in Islamic economics. A survey of revenue resources and their expenditure indicates that in sharia a general structure has been dedicated to money allocation. This article addresses the issue of how to finance the Islamic government with due consideration of the prescribed tax mechanism. To do this, first, the model of state financing in the Islamic economic system is mentioned, and based on it, the recommended model is extracted in the presence of several fiqh authorities, and it is maintained that there should be a continuous cooperation and coordination between fiqh authorities and the Islamic government. According to this structure, the fiqh authorities should offer the funds collected by their offices throughout the country to the Islamic government. Decisions on khums and general endowments are made in the "Sharia Fund Coordination Council" consisting of representatives of fiqh authorities and the Islamic Government. The main task of this council is to decide on resources in line with common goals and to ensure transparency and prevention of parallel allocations of funds. Also, the executive capacity of the model has been examined and based on the calculations made, it has become clear that by designing an integrated mechanism including the religious payments such as khums, zakat and endowments , it can help the government to cover 90 percent of its budget apart from oil revenue. This can facilitate the implementation of divine commandments in society and motivate people to abide by their religious duties.

In recent decades, micro-financing institution has been proposed in many countries as a suitable solution for increasing entrepreneurship and job creation and improving the welfare of poor and moderate households. Due to the deficiency of microfinance instruments appropriate for low and average income groups of the society in the Iranian banking system, the targeted provision of these services has failed to achieve its goals. Hence, it is necessary to design new methods for financing these social groups, so that while efficient, they keep in line with the goals and functions of Iranian banking. This paper has designed and presented a new model for microfinance in the Iranian banking system by using a descriptive- exploratory method and experts' points of view. The proposed model is based on attracting deposits through special contract of mandate and payment of facilities using Qarz al-Hasan and Murabaha contracts with the aim of financing the weak and middle classes of the society.

Credit risk as a possibility of a debtor’s default in its obligations has led creditors to acquire some tools to cover it. Credit default swap as a derivative is one of the most effective risk management tools, because in addition to risk management, it provides an opportunity for the spread of secondary markets and the deepening of the capital market. Credit insurance is another type of credit risk management tool that is often confused with default swaps. Finding some homologies between credit insurance and credit default swap geos back to our legal and jurisprudential system as well as the Western law. Due to the acceptance of insurance in Islamic jurisprudence, these similarities have been used to justify credit default swap contract. In this research, an attempt has been made to draw a border between these two institutions. It should be noted that recognizing the nature of credit default swaps will affect the assessment of the validity of such a contract from a jurisprudential point of view, and this discussion is crucial as it shows the possibility of accepting credit default swaps in the Iranian capital market.

This study has been conducted with the aim of providing a model for the development of collective financing in religious organizations focusing on the Holy Razavi Shrine. It is qualitative and, based on its objectives, has used several methods including documentary and library ones, systematic review, exploratory interviews and thematic analysis approach. To evaluate strengths and weaknesses, interviews have been conducted. They have been in-depth face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Content analysis has been used about the collected data. The participants were selected by purposeful sampling and the statistical population consisted of experts and high-ranking officials of the Holy Razavi Shrine from its different departments. Fourteen people were given in-depth and semi-structured interviews following the theoretical saturation criteria. The analysis of 16 interviews with senior managers of the Holy Razavi Shrine to explore the model of collective financing development there, include 278 basic themes, 44 organizing themes and 16 comprehensive themes: Changing the management approaches to the organization, internalization of collective participation in the organization, structural re-engineering, structural and functional barriers of the organization, creating technological infrastructure, employing responsible groups, creating comprehensive programs, paving the way for the endowment attitude in society, methods of developing collective financing patterns, attraction of popular cultural and religious partnerships with specific organization protocols, resources and conditions of collective financing, core projects and development patterns are included. The results can be classified into three parts: the structural status of the organization, the promotion of popular social capital and paving the way for creating endowment attitude in society and promoting their participation and various levels of collective financing (micro, medium , macro and major).

Sharia-based Islamic securities or Islamic financial instruments, sukuk, play a very important role in the economic development of Islamic countries. In the past few years, many efforts have been made to develop the Islamic capital market in Iran, but further development and attraction of domestic and even foreign resources requires more attention from the government, the financial system and all the pillars and institutions involved in this field. If policymakers want to develop and promote these financial instruments to attract investors and direct them to production and services, they need to recognize the factors influencing the boom in Sukuk investment. Therefore, the main issue of the present study is, firstly, what are the factors affecting the investment boom on Sukuk and secondly, which of the studied indicators plays the most important role in the investment boom of these securities. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method that uses the literature review and interviews with experts in this field in Iran to codify and identify the factors of prosperity and development of Sukuk. Then, while confirming the 13 effective factors identified, these factors were ranked using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) technique. The results showed that the sub-criterion of "complete nobility of financial experts in the Islamic-financial field for the development of Sukuk" which belongs to the Islamic criterion with a weight of 0.583 is the most important among the sub-criteria affecting the expansion of Sukuk investment. Also, the research findings showed that in the second rank under the criterion of "accurate and tangible implementation of Islamic Sharia and financial laws regarding sukuk", which is one of the executive criteria with a weight of 0.536 are the most important.

Banks are one of the main pillars of any country's economic system and their proper functioning will lead to the country's economic development. Due to the increasing demand for bank facilities and the risk in these activities, it is necessary to examine the risk management tools to organize, control and manage the credit risk of banks. In this study, by examining the literature and collecting information from experts through snowball sampling, credit risk management tools in banks in the form of 15 tools were extracted. Then, by compiling a questionnaire and obtaining the experts' opinions, eight final tools were selected and ranked using fuzzy Vikor, fuzzy TOPSIS, and fuzzy vaspas methods. In order to determine the final ranking of instruments based on the results obtained from fuzzy methods, two techniques of mean averaging and Copeland were used. The results showed that collateral and guarantee are the most important tools in credit risk management. Also, the design of the credit rating system and the facility ceiling determination are in the next ranks. Therefore, banks need to pay special attention to these tools to control and manage their credit risk.

The irreplaceable role of banking system as a strategic principle for implementing economic policies, the presence of financial crisis in recent decades in banking industry, the bank-based economy in a country, the major role of financial reporting in providing useful information to stockholders and its primary focus on income, and also the prevalence and powerful consequences of earning management allow accounting studies to survey banking industry. Due to the lack of qualitative studies, the paper aims to identify and rank incentives and tools for earning management in this industry. The methodology of this research is Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process using interview and questionnaire. For this purpose, 15 experts in this industry were interviewed; then, the questionnaires of Delphi and pairwise comparisons were given to 23 people who were active in preparation, analysis and auditing of financial statements of banks. The results showed that the effective causal conditions on earning management are as follows, respectively: factors based on the constant concern, human measures and personal profit, sufficiency and quality of standards and principles, and pressure of legal environment. Furthermore, the strategies of this phenomenon are as follows, respectively: real earning management, information-presenting management and accrual earning management. The analyses show that incentive of bank survival, the special managerial incentive, quality of accounting standards and legal incentive are the major influential factors in the earning management; also, the major tools for earning management in banking industry of a country include: management of transactions in securities, the way of identifying deposit interest and loan loss provisions. This information could be useful for investors, The Central Bank, standard setters, inspectorate and auditors in performing effective and efficient auditing.

Today, the central bank and many banks in the country interact with foreign banks and international institutions.Considering that the conventional banking system is based on interest rates - that is, loan usury - and they are not obliged to observe the frameworks of Islamic law in their activities, interaction with such banks will inevitably place the bank in the vicinity of divine prohibitions; Unless the mentioned interaction is defined in the framework of jurisprudential principles.For this purpose, in the present article, which has been done by analytical-descriptive method, rules and regulations for the interaction of the central bank and the country's banks with foreign banks and international institutions have been extracted;Including: the rule of negation of the mustache; The sanctity of strengthening infidelity, the rule of obligation, the permission to abstain from the property of a military infidel, the permission to receive usury from a military infidel; And in each case, adaptations are mentioned.According to the rules and regulations, banks are also divided into several categories to pay attention to the relevant rules and regulations for interaction with each category.Finally, examples of interaction of the country's banks with foreign banks and international institutions are listed that the aforementioned rules and regulations can be effective in the type of interaction.

Accountability-based accounting theoretical framework emphasizes the need for accountability in the accounting system. The present study, considering the importance of sociological theories in accounting knowledge and using Islamic theoretical foundations, seeks to investigate this important issue. The purpose of this study is to explain the concept and components of accountability in accounting from the perspective of Islam with a focus on Structuration Theory. The present article is in the category of qualitative research that has been done in line with the purpose of the research by reviewing scientific and Quranic texts and interviewing 15 Quranic science experts and faculty members of public and private universities in the fields of accounting, sociology, and Islamic sciences. In this study, the obtained information was analyzed by the theme analysis method. The research tools in the qualitative section were in-depth and semi-structured interviews and the research sample was selected using a combination of non-probabilistic, purposeful judgment, and snowball methods. According to the research findings, accountability approach, accountability levels, accountability dimensions, accountable elements, accountability principles, accountability reinforcement were identified as the main research themes that explain the components and model of accounting accountability from the perspective of Islam in the framework of Structuration Theory. The results show that the Islamic model, focusing on agency in Structuration Theory, covers the weaknesses of this theory, including ignoring ethics and strong intentions in an agency. Strengthening agency will lead to strengthening the structure and finally strengthening social systems. This will lead to the flourishing of accountability language in the accounting system.

Supervising and assuring investors is considered as one of the most important bases for strengthening and developing the capital market. . Islam has considered customs and conditions for business, commerce and economic activity, among which we can mention fairness in transaction and protection of the rights of the parties in transactions. Transparency and certainty about respecting the investors' rights by the issuers are the concerns of those investing in different securities, including stocks and various types of Islamic securities (Sukuk). The greater the trust among the individuals in a society, the more the desire for investment, and in return, the more the issuers’ financial capabilities to launch investment projects and also to provide working capital. Thus, the capital market will succeed in financing as its main mission. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of supervision sufficiency applied by the Capital Market Supervisory Authority over the issuers of various securities in the stock exchange. In this study, 200 stockholders were selected randomly as statistical samples. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The structural equation model and the opinions of experts and informants were used to assess the construct validity and content validity, consequently. The results of the study indicate that, according to the shareholders, the level of the Stock Exchange supervision over the issuers is acceptable considering financial literacy, disclosure and transparency, and training activities; while, the supervision over corporate governance, audit quality, and insider information is not acceptable enough.