نشریه مطالعات خاورمیانه
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 105، پاییز 1400)

The Arab residents in the occupied Palestinian territories, who are the citizens of the Zionist regime, do not have a positive viewpoint about the existence of this regime and in some cases, their citizenship have been deprived. The aim of this paper by using analytical and descriptive research methodology is legal review of citizenship deprivation of the Arab residents in the occupied Palestinian territories. It seems, this Zionist Regime actions are in contradiction with the international law principles. This paper is trying to answer that what is the citizenship deprivation of 1948 Arabs’ legal nature? The paper argues that numerous international conventions and other legal instruments, most notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, have all condemned arbitrary deprivation of nationality. Also, it is accepted as last resort and in a special circumstance that the government action does not lead to statelessness. Despite granting freedom of expression to Arab members of parliament, the Zionist regime has neglected its duty to citizens.  For instance, in some cases, due to the delinquency of the Arabs, the Regime refused to support them and finally deprived citizenship from them. These actions are totally against the international law principles and are considered as kind of discrimination.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of sport in achieving the goals of the BDS movement; The present study was qualitative (descriptive-analytical) in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection; The statistical population included all texts related to the field of BDS movement, sports and the Zionist regime and a statistical sample of 71 selected works in it. The findings of the present study showed that athletes from 23 Muslim countries refused to appear in front of the Zionist regime's representatives in the international arena due to the regime's aggression on Palestinian soil, and in non-Muslim countries due to human rights violations by many famous sports figures. They use the sports space as a lever to increase the pressure on the anti-human policy of the Zionist regime.

Government was in Afghanistan in two periods the Islamic Emirate. The first government from1996 to 2001 and the second, from 2021 . This government, made the relations between the two countries by adopting a hostile approach and killing Iranian diplomats and journalists. The Iranian government took advantage of the diplomatic tool to resolve the crisis a pragmatic approach and taking into account the objective and field realities of the Afghan political arena. In 2021, with the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan, the Taliban regained control of Afghanistan. The Taliban's second government is conservative and pragmatic in nature. The question that the author seeks to answer in this article is: What approach has Iran taken to foreign policy from 1996 to 2021? The hypothesis of this article, which is codified by analytical-explanatory methodology and using online articles and Iranian foreign policy documents is: Iran tried to organize a foreign policy based on political rationalism, diplomacy and mediation between different Afghan groups, maintaining and increasing influence creating security and forming a coalition government with a pragmatic approach based on realities in the field and politics. The findings of this study indicate that Iran's effective foreign policy in Afghanistan depends on formulating a pragmatic foreign policy with features such as avoiding useless confrontation, prioritizing objective interests over subjective interests, and tactical flexibility in the foreign policy process.

Iran's relationship with modernity is one of the most important issues in its recent history. The critical situation of Qajar, which had been created since the first years of the establishment of this government, paved the way for a kind of "modernism". From the very first connections, the Iranians tried, above all, to test. "Experiences" that somehow gave way to "theory" for understanding modernity. The four elements of this "experience" can be considered as "observation", "action", "opinion in action" and "opinion", which were considered according to the "understanding" of Iranian modernists in the Qajar era and then in the continuation of contemporary history.  This article, by examining these four components, "Why the concept of" experience used to understand modernism in contemporary Iran instead of theory, and which elements of the experience of political modernity us instead of theory? This article, by using the Spragens’s crisis theory, attempt to compare the terms of the "experience of political modernity" with the four stages of his theory. The main conclusion of this article is that the "experience of Iranian political modernism" is a system of four elements that, in an "internal logic", replaced by the theory of change in the critical situation of contemporary Iran.

Today by media development, governments, groups and even ideologies equip themselves with the latest media technologies in the news transmission. They try to expand the depth of their influence among human societies, and use their influence in a wide area of interested regions. Therefore, the media can reflect current realities in the framework of their interested purposes in internal, regional and international dimensions by influencing public opinions. In recent years, a large amount of destructive advertisement from dependent media which they don’t have ideology, has shaped against Shiites particularly in the Middle East. These media introduce Shiites as terrorist group and rough individuals, and try to change world public opinion towards them. The purpose of this research is to study the role of national media in convergence and unity of Shiites in the Middle East region. Energy resources besides critical situation in the Middle east, in one hand,, and the presence of Israel regime and its permanent threat with theory of from Nile to Euphrates on the other hand, lead to the necessity of Muslims’ convergence particularly Shiites in this region. Results of this research show that national media could create convergence and unity among Shiites, and enhance their spiritual morale and obtain the trust of public opinion with emphasis on resistance against any oppression and cruelty via presenting existence realities.

In the Shiite jurisprudence principles, there are concepts such as intimidation, insults, fornication and moharebeh. Although these concepts are not exactly mean terrorism, they are against the Shiite jurisprudence, since they threaten peace and security. In recent years, terrorism and terrorist acts have affected the world and many international relations. Terrorist operations are carried out with two different religious and secular approaches. Although they are different in purpose and motivation, the form and result of them are the same. In fact, terrorist operations vary in aim such as: sacred and religious, political and secular or national and ethnic purposes. In addition, the methods, forms, goals and motivations of terrorist operations are very different. Those who used these operation as an instrument to reach their goals are also different and vary in people, groups and sometimes States. Considering the definition of terrorism, the incidents which are introduced by international community as a terrorist act, as well as investigating the legal nature of terrorism and the justification of terrorist operations by some governments, it reveals the fact that, terrorism is essentially a meaningless concept, which helps the governments to pursue their national interests. Thus, the lack of consensus on terrorism definition and absence of strong international will to countering terrorism, have caused many difficulties to fight against terrorism.