Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
Volume:12 Issue: 1, Spring 2022

Unearthing the immune defects associated genes and genetic variations may lead to locating novel targetable elements and introducing the underlying mechanisms and pathways of the desired condition. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are essential for protein antigens presentation and inducing immune response as well as are associated with production and phenotypic traits. The MHC class II genes of cattle and buffaloes, Bovine Leukocyte Antigen (BoLA) or Buffalo Leukocyte Antigen (BuLA), are located on the short arm of chromosome 23. It has been demonstrated that the second exon of BoLA-DRB3 (BoLA-DRB3.2) is highly polymorphic, having more than one hundred identified alleles, that each of them can form special binding pockets for corresponding antigenic peptides. Concerning the populations of cows, unique native and hybrid, and buffaloes are distinctly divided into different regions of Iran, analysis and interpretation of the polymorphisms’ expression status of this locus can be implemented to find better breeding strategies like selecting highly resistant animals to infection diseases, in herds. It also can help to develop effective and novel vaccines regarding allele frequencies in populations; different allelic variants of MHC class II binding to different peptides. Immunogenic evaluation of animals’ genome/genes characteristics has always been used as a model for the study of similar genes in humans.

Oral Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection that could affect the oral mucosa. Studies to date did not compare the colony count of candida of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the tongue. This study makes an attempt to compare the Candida spp. on the anterior and posterior surfaces of tongue among healthy denture and non-denture wearers.

Participants of the current cross-sectional study were 26 healthy denture wearers (DW) and 10 healthy non-denture wearers (NDW).  Oral specimens were collected from anterior and posterior tongue dorsa by swabbing for mycological examination. After 48 h incubation on Sabouraud dextrose agar (S) and chloramphenicol (SC) and chloramphenicol and Cycloheximide (SCC) ™ medium, C. Albicans and non-Albicans were identified by Germ Tube test. Isolated colonies were evaluated. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software version 17. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests were used for statistical comparison of data due to non-compliance with normal distribution.

The higher rate of isolated colonies was seen in DW group compared to NDW group (P-Value = 0.03). There was a significant difference between candida colonization of anterior and posterior surface of tongue (P-Value = 0.006). C. Albicans was the most common isolated candida species.

Mycological findings of this study revealed that the presence of denture can increase colonization of candida on the posterior surface of the tongue. It could be an important role in choosing the best form for medical management of oral candidiasis

Long non-coding RNAs play critical roles in the initiation and development of gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to assess the expression of NKILA and NFKB genes and the relationship between their expressions with clinical characteristics in gastric cancer. Also, relative expression of lncRNAsNKILA, compared NFKB in GC tissues was evaluated.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 50 gastric formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples and 50 normal tissues. The RNA level of lncRNAsNKILA and NFKB genes was assessed using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. B2M was used as an internal control. The 2 -ΔΔCq method was used to determine the expression fold changes.

A significant association was observed between the levels of NKILA, in gastric tumor tissues compared with normal tissues (Mean = 2.087, p= 0.0484). The relative expression of the NFKB gene revealed no statistically significant difference between the gastric tumor tissues compared with normal tissues (P=0.3728). In addition, clinicopathologic data compared with NKILA and NFKBmRNA expression levels in gastric cancer tissues showed no significant association. Here, we found no significant association between the level of NKILA expression compared with NFKB mRNA level in gastric cancer tissues (R=0.03; P=0.2355).

Our results showed that NKILA had a significant association with GC. Our findings also revealed that NKILA expression was not correlated with NFKB mRNA level in GC tissues.

According to research, breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women. Nanomaterials of various materials significantly increase the solubility, stability and effective drug delivery, and in recent years research on the effectiveness of essential oils and plant extracts in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells is expanding. Artemisia belongs to the Asteraceae family. In many studies, the effectiveness of the essential oil and extract of this plant in inhibiting the growth of cancer cells has been reported.

In this experiment, nanoparticles containing Artemisia absinthium L essential oil (thistle) were first synthesized by homogenizer & sonication method and then their physicochemical properties were determined, such as particle size, particle size distribution, zeta potential, percentage of loading efficiency. Then, the anti-apoptotic effect of lipid nanoparticles containing Artemisia essential oil in breast cancer cells (BRC-03) was evaluated.

The results of cellular effect of lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L (thistle) on breast cancer cells showed that increasing the concentration of lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil of this plant reduced the survival rate of cancer cells. Breast (BRC-03) was purified compared to essential oil (p <0.05).

 Nano-essential oil of this plant is effective in reducing the IC50 of the drug and in increasing the cytotoxicity of the essential oil of the plant. Lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L (thistle) activated the apoptotic pathway in breast cancer cells.

Adherence to treatment of patients with diabetic foot ulcer leads to successful treatment and a reduction in the severity of complications. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of peer group-based training on adherence to treatment of adults with diabetic foot ulcers in Shiraz in 2020.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 70 patients (35 in the intervention group and 35 in the control group). The content of the education program was performed by the peer for the intervention group in 5 sessions of 45 minutes, and the routine education of the diabetes clinic was provided to the control group. Data collection tools included demographic characteristics questionnaire, Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 22 using statistical tests (t-test, ANOVA and Chi-square) and the significance level was considered p<0.05.

The mean score of adherence to treatment was significant immediately after the intervention, but there was no significant difference after one and three months.

Peer training of patients with diabetic foot ulcers could improve adherence to treatment. Therefore, health system policymakers may use this approach as an effective method in the care program of patients with diabetic foot ulcers and other diseases.

 Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine disorder in the world. One of the main causes of this cancer is genetic changes, in particular mutations in the tumor and oncogene inhibition genes. In addition to mutations, some non-encoding RNAs called lncRNAs play an important role in the progression of tumors. NONHSAT is a lancer and has recently been referred to the role of this gene in various types of cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the lncRNA-NONHSAT037832 gene expression changes in patients with thyroid carcinoma.

 A cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 homogeneous samples (70 cancer tissue homogeneous samples and 70 homogeneous healthy tissue samples) from patients with thyroid cancer referred to Alzahra Hospital in Tabriz. Using the Real-Time PCR, changes in the expression of the lncRNA-NONHSAT037832 gene were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between lncRNA-NONHSAT037832 gene expression changes and clinical parameters was investigated.

 The results showed that the expression of lncRNA-NONHSAT037832 gene expression in the tissues of cancer was significantly higher than healthy tissues (P <0.001) and a significant relationship with MTN (P = 0.001) and node metastasis Lymphoma was shown (P = 0.30).

 According to the results, the lncRNA-NONHSAT037832 gene may be used as a prognostic biomarker for thyroid cancer.

The simvastatin (Sim) is a lipophilic statin and can cross the blood-brain barrier. The role of vitamin D (Vit D) in brain development and function has been supported over the past decade. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on memory and anxiety levels in healthy male rats.

In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into six groups (n=6) including control, Vit D (5 µg/kg/day; IP), Simvastatin (1 mg/kg/day; orally) (SimL), Simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day; orally) (SimH), SimL + Vit D and SimH + Vit D. After 28 days, at the end of the treatment, the behavioral anxiety test and memory behavioral test were performed. Then, the rats were euthanized, and oxidative stress markers of the brain, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and cholesterol levels were investigated. Data were analyzed by SPSS 24 software and Tukey’s test.

 Co-administration of simvastatin and vitamin D significantly increased working memory, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity, HDL-C, and decreased anxiety levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, cholesterol, and LDL-C compared to the control group (p<0.05). However, the administration of simvastatin and vitamin D alone did not significantly change the mentioned parameters compared to the control group (p>0.05).

Co-administration of simvastatin and vitamin D can improve brain function by reducing oxidative stress and cholesterol levels.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of sleeve-gastrectomy procedure on weight loss, glucose and insulin blood levels in overweight dogs.

In the current study, 5 overweight dogs (31.6±3.03kg) were selected for sleeve-gastrectomy procedure. Insulin and glucose levels were measured from the blood samples that were taken before the surgery and weekly 1.5 month post-operatively. The weight of the dogs was also measured at the same time. The surgery was performed according to the technique described by Gagner 2009, and the dogs received special diet during the recovery period to end of the study.

One dog died due to dehiscence and leakage 48 hours post-operatively. Decrease in mean weight was 6.25±0.44 in the first week after surgery and the weight loss process continued to end of the study. Changes in insulin and glucose blood levels demonstrated to have pulsatile patterns. Insulin levels decreased for the first week, but its level increased in the second week period. Again, insulin levels demonstrated to have decreasing pattern in the following 4 weeks. On the other hand, the glucose levels changed each week and did not show any certain pattern.

Post-operative weight loss was observed in all cases but it was not statistically significant. It could be due to limited number of the samples. The glucose and insulin changes were attributed to hormonal changes particularly gut hormones that were affected by sleeve-gastrectomy procedure but further detailed studies on hormonal effect are required.

The most common cause of milk production loss in cattle and water buffalo is bovine ephemeral fever (BEF). Previous cases have been reported in Iran's south regions, with a low mortality rate. As a result, studying BEFV and identifying ideal epitopes for further developing diagnostic paths is important.

To investigate BEFV N protein epitopes, we collected samples, extracted and sequenced DNA, and then used the ExPaSy translate method to deduce the amino acid sequence. Various immunoinformatics techniques were used to analyze physical/chemical properties, secondary structure of protein sequences, membrane topology, antigenic property, and 3D structure. BCPRED and the DiscoTope server, respectively, predicted linear and discontinuous epitopes of BEFV N protein. Finally, the PatchDock server was used to dock peptides and antibodies.

Three linear epitopes and sixteen discontinuous epitopic positions were discovered. Furthermore, molecular docking between epitopes and low-binding-energy antibodies revealed that they have easy access to the immune system.

In this study, bioinformatics techniques were used to predict epitopes of the BEFV N protein for further developing BEFV diagnostic paths. Furthermore, experimental validation is needed for these epitopes.

Diabetes is associated with biochemical and pathological changes in liver and kidney tissue. One of the most important mechanisms in causing   complications of diabetes is increasing the production of free radicals due to impaired glucose metabolism. Some studies have shown that melatonin is effective in protecting tissues due to its antioxidant role. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on biochemical factors, histopathological changes of liver and kidney in streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): control group, diabetic group, melatonin group (20mg/kg BW) and melatonin + diabetic group.  At the end of the 6th week, blood samples were collected. Biomarkers of liver function (alkaline phosphatase: ALP, aspartate aminotransferase: AST, alanine aminoteransferase: ALT) and kidney biomarkers (urea, uric acid, BUN, creatinine), serum glucose and histopathological changes of these tissues were evaluated.  Data analysis was performed using SPSS and the significance level was P<0.05.

Melatonin treatment significantly (P<0.05) reduced hyperglycemia, hepatic enzymes and renal biochemical factors due to diabetes and improved histopathological changes of liver and kidney tissue.

Melatonin consumption can be effective in improving the renal and kidney complications of diabetes.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of zinc sulfate on blood biochemical and hematological parameters in healthy control and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 

Experimentally, 40 rats were used in four equal groups, including healthy control, healthy feed with zinc sulfate, diabetic control, and zinc sulfate. The alloxan 120 mg/kg with blood sugar over 140-250 mg / dL was intraperitoneally injected to induce diabetes mellitus. In addition, the value of 0.6 g / L zinc sulfate dissolved in tap water was used for three months to be drunk by the treated group. All animals were killed, and blood and pancreas samples were collected for necessary tests. Serum levels of alpha-amylase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were measured. Statistical data were analyzed based on the analysis of variance using SPSS software.

Our data showed that in the diabetic control group, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL increased significantly and hemoglobin, hematocrit, and HDL decreased significantly compared to the healthy control (P< 0.05). Zinc sulfate consumption in these groups reduces total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and increases hemoglobin and hematocrit compared to the control groups. Microscopic examination of the pancreas showed that in the diabetic control group, the percentage of Beta cells was reduced compared to the other groups.

Our findings reveal that dietary zinc sulfate not only exerts no damage to bodies but also zinc sulfate as food supplement seems to have beneficial effects on biochemical and hematological parameters in diabetic and healthy animals.
 
Keywords: Alloxan, Zinc Supplementation, Biochemical parameters, Diabetic mellitus

In the last decades, many successful anticancer fungal metabolites have been obtained, and fungi have shown great potential to produce beneficial anticancer drug compounds. In this article, the effects of the reference strain of Trichoderma reesei ethanolic extract on the Hepa1-6 cell line were studied.

The fungus was initially cultured in the potato dextrose agar media, and then, it was transferred to yeast peptone dextrose broth. Afterward, the ethanolic and aquatic extracts were prepared, and were analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then, the cell lines were treated with different doses of the extracts. The cytotoxic activity of fungal extracts were evaluated by MTT assay, Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement tests were done on the culture and cell fractions. Hematoxylin & Eosin staining was performed for microscopic studies, and an oxidant attack-antioxidant defense test was performed on the cell fraction.

GC-MS determined compounds such as cineal, cyclohexene, hydroxyethyl benzaldehyde, terpinenyl acetate, dihydro esthophyllene, propionic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid were extracted from the fungal extract. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was between 7-8%, and the highest cytotoxic effectiveness was 10-15%. An increase in the levels of ALP, LDH enzymes, and total protein was observed.

Therefore, the findings suggest that the extract of T. reesei has inhibitory effects on Hepa1-6 cancer cell lines.