دو ماهنامه بررسی های بازرگانی
سال نوزدهم شماره 111 (بهمن و اسفند 1400)

Exports of Persian hand-woven carpets have been declining in recent years, and this figure has reached less than one tenth of the exports of the last decade. Proper knowledge of the global carpet market and the correct determination of export targets and the correct choice of target countries can help Persian carpet exporters in properly selecting target markets and regaining Iranian market share. In this regard, the purpose of this study is first to identify the global structure of the carpet market and then to determine the target countries for the export of Iranian carpets. This study considers a set of indicators such as the Customs tariff rate, the growth rate of GDP index, the per capita income of countries, the total imports of that country, the amount of direct investment, the amount of handmade carpet imports and the average exports of Persian handmade carpets to destination country. Using the decision method of Shannon and Topsis, it has evaluated 36 target countries for Iran. The results of the research showed that the United States, China, Germany, Brazil, Pakistan and Emirates are the top export destinations. These findings can help Iranian hand-woven carpet activists and exporters to improve the export of their products in the corporate dimension and increase foreign exchange, increase employment and improve the trade balance in the national sector.

One of the most important responsibilities of any government is to ensure that the basic food requirements of the population and the requirements of critical service sectors to the key materials and products are met during crises. In developed countries of Europe, North America and Oceania, three main approaches exist for this purpose. The first approach is maintaining emergency reserves of important food and non-food commodities or products. In the two other approaches, no such reserves are maintained. In the second approach, in critical conditions government relies on coordination among authorities and local authorities, or it may directly acquire the required goods from the market and compensates later. Finally, the third approach is to rely on free market mechanisms and taking actions only if necessary. Since Iran maintains strategic reserves for staple foods, medicine and medial equipment's, this study is focused on examining the experiences of the developed countries that have adopted similar approaches. In this regard, the storage and management mechanisms of emergency reserves in Finland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovenia and United States are studied and analyzed, and then policy recommendations are devised for improving the relevant policies in Iran.

Identifying the needs and expectations of different customers in different market segments is the first step in implementing a targeted marketing strategy for each company. The market segmentation can exactly analyze the group of potential customers, whose needs are not well provided by current products, allows them to identify opportunities to produce new products. The purpose of this research is segmenting customer of nuts and dried fruits market. The statistical population of this research is the buyers of nuts and dried fruits in Mashhad County. After interviewing with the five experts of nuts & dried fruits, identified 32 expected values, then questionnaire was developed based on demographic variables and customers’ expected values and was distributed among the supplier stores of nuts and dried fruits using accidental non-probability sampling method in Mashhad County. The validity of the questionnaires increased based on the experts’ opinion and its reliability calculated using SPSS software. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 0.957 for the whole questionnaire, which indicated high reliability of research tool. DBSCAN algorithm and Rapid Miner software were used for data analysis and customer segmentation. Based on the findings of this research, three market segments of nuts and dried fruits customers; which are called Luxury Customers, Sensitive Customers and Ordinary Customers, were identified on the basis of demographic characteristics and their customers’ expected values. Finally, practical and managerial suggestions were provided according to customers’ expected values and demographic characteristics of each market segment.

Considering that the agricultural sector has a very important role as a platform for economic activity in the country, so in formulating strategic measures and policies related to this sector, using the experiences of other countries can be useful. The purpose of this study was to review trade policies and programs related to Argentina's agricultural sector focusing on the import substitution strategy for the period 1990-2017. The method used in this study was the review of the best evidence, which is a median method between the two methods of writing systematic review articles and narrative review. This type of article is a combination of systematic quantitative methods, focusing on individual studies and substantive issues, and from a narrative point of view, focusing on the best evidence in the field. The results showed that initially the import substitution strategy contributed to economic growth by dynamiting domestic production and consumption, but failed to promote sustainable growth. The imposition of programs such as heavy taxes on various agricultural chains and export restrictions to manage domestic markets had a significant impact on agricultural producers' incomes and reduced technology acceptance, and in the short run had a cross-cutting effect and in the long run reduced motivation Became producers. Focusing on lowering the prices of agricultural commodities was effective in preventing inflation from rising in the short run, but it did not work in the long run because much of the inflation was rooted in the costs of processing and distributing crops. Since 2015, the Argentine government has prioritized fundamental changes, including the elimination and reduction of export taxes.

Knowledge and innovation are the main assets of small and medium-sized technology-based companies in international markets, but the lack of accessible resources necessitates public supports to be successful in this field. In this research, the knowledge types and sources of knowledge acquisition required for internationalization are examined and adapted to each of the company's internationalization stages. In this research first, to explain the types and sources of knowledge in the various stages of internationalization, content analysis with deductive reasoning approach has been used. Then to find policy implications in promoting the knowledge of internationalization of companies, content analysis with inductive reasoning approach has been used based on the data obtained from semi-structured interviews with selected experts. The findings show that the support programs needed to enhance export development knowledge for new-exporters are more diverse and more vital; for growing companies, they have an accelerating role to the higher level, and for the well-established companies in foreign markets, they must be defined and implemented in a targeted and proportionate manner.

The purpose of this study is to investigating the effect of website quality, sales promotion and use of credit cards on impulse buying in online Store. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, descriptive. The population of this study is customers of Digi kala Online Store. For this purpose, 420 questionnaires were distributed between the statistical sample and 391 questionnaires was gathered. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose reliability was calculated as 0.81 using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The validity of the research instrument was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis technique. Structural equation modeling method was also used for data analysis. The results of the research showed that except the effects of credit cards on impulse buying and the moderating effect of sales promotion in the effect of credit cards on impulse buying, all other research hypotheses was confirmed.

Competition in today's market and stability in this turbulent field, requires proper orientations of companies and organizations. Companies, especially innovative companies, must be able to produce products tailored to environmental and market conditions with the knowledge and information they obtain from customers, markets and competitors to ensure their sustainability in the field of competition. IoT applications are recognized as one of the most important axes of future technology and have attracted considerable attention from the industry. Choosing the entry method is one of the most important and critical strategic decisions for companies that seek to develop and expand their business. Therefore, it is necessary to identify strategically important variables in the type and manner of entering the markets. Business model is a tool through which companies can create new values for their customers and gain some value from innovation. In this research, the business canvas model (canvas) has been used for smart buildings. We intend to examine the design of an interpretive structural model related to the components obtained through IoT market entry strategies (business canvas model) in the building intelligence industry. This research is fundamental in terms of purpose, method of data collection, survey method and nature, combined research (qualitative and quantitative), survey, exploratory, respectively.

Futures contract are based on relatively complex calculations and economic fluctuations and market behavior, and traders require these contracts to have a clear and explicit mechanism for concluding and enforcing them. In other words, the principles of risk management as one of the basic pillars of the formation and implementation of contracts must be properly explained and systematized. For this purpose, the possibility and capacity of the stock exchange is used as the most efficient field and tool for performing such transactions. Accordingly, the study of the subject and the surroundings of the transaction, taking into account the characteristics of future contracts and the environment of presentation and application from the perspective of risk management, becomes extremely important. The authors conclude that, first, the specific conditions and characteristics of the subject and the surroundings of the transaction in future contracts lead to optimal risk management. Second, in the analysis of the subject and the surroundings of the transaction in future contracts, it is not possible to suffice only with the general rules of civil law and include them in the form of a specific contract. Conversely, not all cases can be referred to Article 10 of the Civil Code .It seems that in order to improve risk management in futures contracts, the amount of liabilities, liabilities and legal nature around the contract against each other and in relation to the stock market, must be properly explained and specified.

Gamification is one of the newest features that affects the intent of customers’ buying by inducing the social nature to an online store. The purpose of this study is to assess the role gamification and the social nature of technology in online stores. This study has been conducted in the MODISEH online store and is a cross sectional - survey research based on its nature. The main instrument for collecting data is a questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.817) which the composite reliability of all aspects of the questionnaire is higher than 0.7. The statistical population of this study consisted of 396 customers of the MODISEH online store who were selected by random sampling. To test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling (SEM) technique and LISREL software have been used. The research results have shown that direct and indirect gamification (through gratification and interactivity) affects customer intent. On the other hand, gamification improves the social nature of the online store and turns shopping from an online store into an enjoyable experience. While the social nature of technology does not directly affect the intent of customers’ buying, it is also beneficial to customers through the gratification and improved interoperability.