نشریه پژوهشهای زراعی ایران
سال بیستم شماره 1 (پیاپی 65، بهار 1401)

Potato ranks the first with respect to the amount of energy production per unit area. It is cultivated in about 19.5 million hectares throughout the world and its annual production is about 375 million tons. Iran ranks the third in Asia and 12th in the world in potato production and produces around 4.5 million tons of potato annually. Potato is a sensitive crop to water deficiency and its water requirement is higher compared to many other crops. Due to ever decreasing of water available for agriculture sector and reduced precipitations in recent years deficit irrigation, which results to more efficient use of available water, can be considered as a clever water management strategy in potato production. In this study the effect of deficit irrigation on water use efficiency (WUE) and percent tuber dry matter of 10 potato cultivars were investigated to identify the best performed cultivar (s) under this condition.

A two years study was conducted in a split plot experiment based on complete block design with three replications in Ardabil in 2013 and 2014. The main plot was three levels of irrigation (complete irrigation and irrigation with 80% and 60% of required water) and the subplot consisted of 10 potato cultivars including: Khavaran, Savalan, Luca, Satina, Santae, Marfona, Ceasar, Agria, Aula and Draga. Each plot consisted of 6 rows of 4.5 m long (27 m2). Required water conveyed to the plots through tape line equipped with a measurer gauge. At harvest 7.5 m2 of each plot (excluding the borders) was hand harvested and transferred to the laboratory, where marketable tubers (tubers with at least 35 mm or more in size) were separated and weighted and data were transformed to ton.ha-1. To determine percent dry matter of tubers, a 300 g tuber sample was taken from each plot, chopped to one cm pieces and oven dried at 750C for 48 hours until a constant weight was obtained and then the dry matter was measured.

The analysis of variance result of WUE revealed that there were significant differences between years, irrigation treatments and cultivars. Also, the interactions of irrigation × year and irrigation × cultivar were significant. Water use efficiency were higher in both mild and severe water deficit conditions compared to complete irrigation and there were significant differences among potato cultivars in all three irrigation regimes. Under severe water deficit condition the highest and the lowest WUE were found in cultivars Satina and Marfona respectively (5.88 and 2.24 kg.m-3) and the lowest and the highest percent reduction of WUE were also observed in cultivars Satrina (+50%) and Marfona (-29%), respectively. The effect of water treatment on percent tuber dry matter was not significant. However, significant differences were observed among the potato cultivars in this regard. The highest and the lowest mean percent tuber dry matter were observed in cultivars Savalan (23.6%) and Draga (18%), respectively.

Based on the results obtained in this study it can be concluded that deficit irrigation results in increased WUE especially in cultivar Satina, but has no effect on percent tuber dry matter. Therefore, in regions with severe water limitation cultivar Satina, that has the highest WUE, can be recommended. In regions where enough water is available and higher dry matter is demanded specially by processing industries cultivar Savalan is recommended based on its higher dry matter.

Drought is the most important environmental stress that limit plant growth and crop production around the world. Long-term tension affects all metabolic processes of the plant and as a result, it often reduces plant production. On the other hand, potatoe is important for dry matter production and dietary intake and has been ranked as the fourth crop for volume of production after wheat, rice and corn. Due to water scarcity, population increase and necessity of more production of this crop, it is necessary to study the effects of water deficit on the yield and physiology and quality of potato. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of various irrigation regimes by subsoil irrigation at different depths on the potato yield and potassium effects as a damage reducer factor caused by irrigation reduction.

This experiment was conducted in 2014 at Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The experiment was split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, the main plot consisted of irrigation at three levels of 100 percent irrigation (control), 80 percent and 60 percent of the required blueberries throughout the plant growth period and Sub plots consisted of two sub-surface drip irrigation systems in two levels, including drip tape in depth 7.5 cm soil layer and drip tape in depth 15 cm layer of soil and the factor of potassium fertilizer application in two levels, including 100 percent and 120 percent recommended soil test. In this research, Fontaneh, cultivar which has a better adaptability with Mashhad conditions than the other cultivars, were used for growing season and industrial market. Plant water requirement in Mashhad conditions was also determined using software (OPTIWAT). Irrigation volume during growth season to supply 100 percent water requirement was 6840 cubic meters per hectare, for 80 percent was 5742 cubic meters per hectare and for 60 percent was 4104 cubic meters per hectare. Weeding is carried out manually. The measured indexes included number of tubers per plant, tuber mean weight, tuber yield, relative water content of leaves (RWC), dry matter content, electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll content. The data were analyzed by SAS statistical program and the meanings were compared by Duncan test at 5 percent level.

The results of the experiment showed that irrigation have a significant effect on most traits. So that the highest number of tubers in the plant and the relative water content was obtained in the control treatment, namely 100 percent water requirement of potatoes, but percentage of dry matter, electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll were increased with irrigation reduction. There was a significant difference between the two drip irrigation systems in terms of gland performance, and the amount of this trait was higher in the treatment of the drip tape at 7.5 cm depth. The results of this experiment showed that there was no significant difference between two levels of potassium fertilizer in terms of most traits. In general, it can be concluded that although irrigation treatment has a significant effect on most of the studied traits, the trend of changes in the two types of drip irrigation systems used in this experiment is one.

The results of this experiment showed that reduction of irrigation water in the potato whole growth season can have a negative effect on morphological characteristics, yield and yield components compared to the full supply of water. The tuber yield decreases with decreasing irrigation volume, due to the sensitivity of the plant to soil moisture, especially at the time of tuber initiation and tuberization.

Over the past few decades, agriculture has experienced rapid intensification in agricultural ecosystems. Although, this production pattern has significantly improved the yield of some crops, but has also led to an uncontrolled increase in the consumption of various chemical inputs. Agricultural activities are always dependent on natural resources and therefore have complex relationships with the environment. Evidence shows that the negative consequences of these activities, which are due to increased application of chemical inputs (such as fertilizers and pesticides) and fossil fuels, land use change and tightening of agricultural operations, increase the incidence of pollution. Global warming and climate change, natural habitat loss and endangered biodiversity. Indigenous knowledge is well recognized for its contribution to global warming and climate change adaptation strategies, and natural resource conservation. The present study aimed to compare the environmental impacts of low input (as a local production system) and conventional (as a high input farming system) saffron systems in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. 

The required data related to saffron yield and management methods in low input and conventional systems in Razavi Khorasan province were collected from the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture, saffron farmers and different organizations in charge of agriculture. Data (as a 7-year perennial crop) were collected by using a face-to-face questionnaire. Four phases, such as goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation, were designed to assess the life cycle indicator based on the ISO14044 procedure. Four main categories as impacts, including global warming, acidification, and eutrophication (terrestrial and aquatic) were defined. The functional unit was considered as a one-kg flower yield. N2ODirect, N2OIndirect, N2Oleaching, and N2Ovolatilization were computed for the production systems. K2 and Pearson coefficients were computed. 

The results showed that the conventional system's flower yield was higher than the low input farming system, up to 71 percent. Aquatic eutrophication potential for the conventional system was computed with 15.07 kg PO4 eq./ per kg of flower higher than other management systems up to 34%. Environmental indicators for low input and conventional production systems were calculated with 2.72 and 3.51 Ecox per per kg of flower, respectively. The share on impact categories such as global warming, acidification, terrestrial eutrophication, and aquatic eutrophication were calculated with 16, 7, 8 and 69 percent from the conventional system's Ecox. The values were computed with 17, 7, 8, and 68 percent from the low input system's Ecox. The relationship between flower yield and fuel, nitrogen and fuel, nitrogen and phosphorus, and manure and yield was significant. The highest Pearson coefficient was calculated for flower yield and fuel with +0.824. The amount of CO2 emission in the low input system was equal to 312.15 kg equivalent of CO2 per kg of flower yield, which was 95% higher than the conventional system. On the other hand, the emissions of CH4 and N2O in the conventional system were 322.88 and 4913.94 kg, respectively, equivalent to CO2 per kg of flower yield, which is 31 and 28% higher than the emissions of these greenhouse gases in the system under management was low input. The global warming potential for the conventional management system was equal to 5262.67 kg equivalent of CO2 per kg of flower yield, which was 18% higher than the low input system. 

Based on the results, it is suggested that the implementation of conservation tillage methods, consumption of low inputs and more efficient irrigation systems be used in saffron production systems, which reduces consumption of fossil fuels as well as soil low input matter recovery and in the long run can have a significant impact on reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers. The integration of conservation tillage, indigenous knowledge, and traditional management based on women farmers are valuable contributions for global warming and climate change strategies, sustainable agriculture, natural resource and water management conservation especially in high input saffron agroecosystems.

Wheat is globally one of the most critical cereals. It is necessary to increase its yield to cope with the increasing population through management improvement or breeding due to decreased arable lands. Soil moisture before planting and rainfall during the growing season are the two primary water supply sources for rainfed wheat production. However, the non-uniform distribution of rainfall during the growing season leads to drought, affecting crop water consumption and natural wheat growth. Irrigation is the primary way to meet the plant's water requirement for growth, development, and high yield. Since water availability is limited in Iran and on the other hand, different cultivars have different sensitivities to drought stress at various stages of growth, so reducing different degrees of water consumption may have unequal effects on crop yield. This type of management, known as deficit-irrigation, often increases water use efficiency. Drip irrigation provides optimized use of water and nutrients during the growing season. In addition to water consumption, the balanced application of fertilizers is an influential factor in increasing agricultural production, and nitrogen is the most critical fertilizer recommended to improve wheat yield. Nitrogen can increase wheat yield by increasing the number of spikes per square meter, the number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight. This study aims to determine the optimum water consumption and nitrogen fertilizer under the drip irrigation system according to wheat physiological traits.

This experiment was performed as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the University of Kurdistan located in the Dehgolan plain in 2018-19 cropping year. Factors were in various irrigation levels (60, 80, 100, and 120% of crop water requirement) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (fertilizer application of 50, 75, 100, and 125% of plant nitrogen requirement based on soil test) as subplots. Sampling was done in all three replications to calculate soil weight moisture and determine the irrigation water requirement in each irrigation stage. The soil moisture balance method was used to determine the crop's water requirement according to the volume percentage of moisture in the control plot (treatment of providing 100% water requirement). Based on the soil test results, the optimal nitrogen application in the control treatment was considered equivalent to 200 kg.ha-1 of urea. Other experimental treatments were calculated based on the control treatment. In this experiment, traits such as biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), remobilization, grain protein content, protein percent, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software, and the means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability.

The results showed that the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen levels were significant on biological yield, grain yield (P <0.01), and grain protein percent (p≤0.05). The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen was significant on WUE (p≤0.05), chlorophyll content, remobilization, and ANUE (P <0.01). In comparing different irrigation levels, The highest and lowest biological yields were obtained in the treatments of 120% water requirement (15976 kg.ha-1) and 60% water requirement (12975 kg.ha-1), respectively. Among different nitrogen treatments, the highest and lowest biological yields were observed in 125% fertilizer requirement (15141 kg.ha-1) and 50% fertilizer requirement (12640 kg.ha-1), respectively. The highest and lowest yields were observed in the treatments of supply of 120% (6498 kg.ha-1) and 60% (4933 kg.ha-1) of water requirement, respectively. The rate of yield increase in 120% water requirement treatment was 9, 18, and 24%, compared to 100, 80, and 60% of water requirement treatments, respectively. However, the highest WUE was obtained in 60% crop water requirement treatment and providing 100% of nitrogen consumption (3.08 kg.m-3). In water deficit conditions, providing 100% of the plant's nitrogen requirement keeps WUE in high level. If the amount of nitrogen is reduced, WUE was also decreased. The highest and lowest ANUE were observed in 100% water requirement treatment fertilized with 75% of nitrogen requirement (79 kg.kg-1) and 120% water requirement treatment fertilized with 100% nitrogen requirement (9 kg.kg-1), respectively. With decreasing water consumption, the rate of stem remobilization increased to the highest level, which was observed in the treatment of 60% of water requirement fertilized with 100% nitrogen requirement. The highest chlorophyll concentration was related to the 100% crop water requirement treatment fertilized with 100% of nitrogen requirementirement.

Quinoa is a plant that has received worldwide attention due to its ability to grow in different stresses. The seed protein content of this plant is higher than seeds and its protein quality is better than seeds and legumes. It is rich in the amino acids lysine, globulin, which makes it suitable for patients with celiac disease. These issues have led the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO) to prioritize its development, especially in countries facing environmental tensions.

An experiment was conducted during the two cropping years of 2019-20 as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the academic center for education, culture, and research (ACECR), Birjand, IR Iran in 2019 and 2020. The main factor was irrigation regimes at three levels (100% of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) (control), 65% of reference evapotranspiration, and 30% of reference evapotranspiration; the secondary factor was fertilizer levels at six levels (control, manure, vermicompost, NPK, 50% manure+ 50% NPK and 50% vermicompost+ 50% NPK). Water requirement was calculated using the FAO method using class A evaporation pan using equations 1 and 2. Then, considering the efficiency of 90% for water distribution in the field, irrigation was performed. In this method, to calculate the amount of water required by the plant, first evaporation was obtained from the daily pan evaporation (Ep) of the meteorological department and then multiplied by the pan coefficient (Kpan). The obtained value was the ET0. In this study inflorescence number per square meter, number of seed per plant, 1000 seeds weight, Chlorophyll index, leaf relative water content, seed yield and harvest index were measured.

The results showed that irrigation treatment of 30% of the reference evapotranspiration (severe stress) had a significant effect on the measured traits in both cropping years. In this treatment, seed yield decreased 38.4% and 32.6% compared to the 100% reference evapotranspiration treatment (control) in the first and second years, respectively. Also, yield and yield components were higher in integrated feeding systems than chemical and organic systems. The highest seed yield with an average of 3040.1 kg.ha-1 was obtained from 50% vermicompost+ 50% NPK application. Based on the correlation results, 1000 seed weight was one of the most important components affecting on seed yield of quinoa. In both years, with increasing the intensity of stress from 100 to 35% of reference evapotranspiration, SPAD reading showed an increasing trend. The results of trait correlation showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between harvest index and 1000 seed weight with seed yield (r = 0.74) and (r = 0.83), respectively.

According to the results of this experiment, different irrigation regimes have different effects on quinoa growth. It is concluded that in quinoa, the dry matter decreases with increasing drought stress. In compared to optimal irrigation treatment (100% of evapotranspiration), moderate and severe stress were significant decreased the number of fertile lateral branches per plant, inflorescence number per m2, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, Chlorophyll index and seed yield treatments. Also, there was not a significant difference in seed yield between mild stress (65% of reference evapotranspiration) and control. The quinoa response to fertilizer application under enough irrigation was almost constant.

Lamiaceae is a large plant family with many important genus like Ziziphora. This genus has four species in Iran. Three species including Z. tenuior, Z. persica and Z. capitata are annual and Z. clinopodioides is Perennial. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. is an aromatic plant that leaves and flowers are frequently used as a traditional herbal medicines for the treatment of colds and cough. In Iran, this plant is mostly used in traditional medicine as a sedative, carminative, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic substance in food. The present work was conducted to investigate the reaction of different plant populations to cultivation in one place.

The experiment was conducted during 2017-2019 in Fozveh station of Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center of Isfahan. It was on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were three populations of Z. clinopodioides that were collected from Isfahan province including Makooleh, Sarcheshmeh Golpayegan and Daran regions. Measured traits included: dry shoot weight, plant height, dry to wet weight ratio, 1000-seed weight, essential oil percentage, yield of essential oil and essential oil compounds. The percentage of essential oil was measured in 50% flowering stage by using hydro-distillation using an all-glass clevenger apparatus for 4 h. The amount of essential oil compounds was measured by gas chromatography (GC) and the qualification of essential oil was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chemical compounds of the essential oil were identified on the basis of GC-MS retention time on fused silica capillary column and by comparison between their retention indices (RIs) with retention indices of published data, Standard Mass Spectral Fragmentation Pattern. Sas 9.1 software package was used for data analyses. Mean and standard deviations of each experiment were calculated and then were subjected to analysis of variance. Duncan test was used to determine mean differences among the treatments at 1% probability. Also, interactions were analyzed by using MSTATC software.

The combined analysis results showed a significant difference for all traits among populations. Sarcheshmeh Golpayegan and Daran populations had the highest (179 and 7011 kg.ha-1) and lowest (70 and 6120 kg.ha-1) seed yield and aerial dry yield respectively. Also the highest amount of oil percentage and oil yield were observed in Sarcheshmeh Golpayegan population. The range of essential oil percentages between populations were from 1.2% (makooleh) to 1.4% (sarcheshmeh). Experimental years had a significant effect on all studied traits except of 1000-seed weight. Populations in the second year had higher performance than the first year. This was especially noticeable in shoot dry weight, seed yield and essential oil yield. Results of genotype*year interaction revealed that Sarcheshmeh Golpayegan population had the highest seed yield and shoot dry weight in the second year. In total, 26 compounds were identified in Z. clinopodioides essential oil populations. Two major identified compounds in essential oil analysis recognized as 1,8 cineole and polegone. In Makoole population Polegone was the main component but Sarcheshmeh Golpayegan and Daran were rich in 1, 8- Cineole.

In general, the results of this study indicated that the studied populations had the sufficient genetic diversity for various traits such as shoot yield, seed yield and essential oil percentage. The existence of this diversity can pave the way for remedial work in the future. This research has shown that Z. clinopodioides has the ability to adapt and cultivate in the field environments. Therefore, it can be used as a new medicinal plant in the country's agricultural system. This plant can also be introduced as an appropriate source to provide a combination of 1, 8- Cineole and Polegone used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

The Food and Drug Administration has classified pot marigold as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) substance. Foliar nutrition acts as an effective tool for nutrient management in plants, and foliar nutrition can be used successfully to address wide spread nutrient deficiencies, especially in critical plant growth stages. Plants are able to absorb amino acids, amides and many nitrogen compounds through their roots or leaves. Also, plant symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi causes water absorption, nutrient uptake and growth under environmental stress. These fungi are able to symbiosis with the roots of most terrestrial plants.

In order to investigate the effects of foliar application of amino acids and mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Calendula officinalis L., a factorial layout has been conducted, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growth seasons. Experimental factors included three species of mycorrhiza fungi (Control, Glomus mosseae, G. etunicatum and G. intraradices) and Soren amino acid levels (This commercial compound contains a variety of essential amino acids for the plant) included no foliar application and foliar application in two stages of stem and flowering. Land preparation was performed before planting. According to the experimental map, experimental plots were planted in six rows at a distance of 50 cm and a length of six meters and the distance between plants on the row was 20 cm. Before planting, based on soil test results, ammonium phosphate fertilizer (150 kg.ha-1) and potassium sulfate fertilizer (100 kg. ha-1) were used. Both fertilizers were mixed with soil along with one third of the nitrogen mountain from the urea source at the beginning of planting. Urea fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg.ha-1 was applied and the remaining two thirds were applied as a road after the final thinning and before flowering.

The results showed that the application of amino acid and mycorrhizal fungus of G. mosseae species had a so significant increase in the percentage of root colonization compared to the treatment of not using mycorrhizal fungus and the application of amino acid. Foliar application of amino acid increased by 6% and use of mycorrhiza, G. mosseae in pot marigold, increased chlorophyll index treatment by 33%. The results also showed a 25% and 70% increase in oil percent and oil yield due to foliar application of amino acid and use of mycorrhiza, G. mosseae compared to non-use, foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from G. mosseae treatment with a value of 7.74 kg.ha-1. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza on the percentage and oil yield was significant at the level of five percent. The results showed a 25% and 70% increase in oil yield and yield due to foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza, respectively, of G. mosseae compared to non-foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza. Inoculation with G. mosseae and application of amino acid had the highest seed yield and this treatment showed a 24% increase compared to the control with the same mycorrhiza but without the use of amino acid.

Based on this study results, it can be said that inoculation of pot marigold with mycorrhizal fungus, especially G. mosseae species, it can be used to absorb nutrients for better growth of this plant, and foliar application of amino acids improves plant growth and development by providing nitrogen to the plant.

Changes that occur during aging affect seed quality. Vigor is the first component of seed quality that decreases with aging seed, and followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. The seeds of soybeans are classified in the orthodox seeds. These seeds contain high amount of lipid and protein. Seed viability can only be maintained until few months of storage under normal conditions. One of the important steps in soybean seed industry is maintaining seed quality during storage condition for the planting during next growth season or sales. Lack of a proper storage condition would affect the biochemical and physiological nature of soybean seeds and intensify their aging. Changes that occur during deterioration condition affect seed quality. Through the process of deterioration, seed vigor is the first traits of the seed quality that decreases, followed by a decrease in germination capacity, seedling growth and establishment. Wide range of deteriorative conditions (especially moisture content and temperature) may affect seed quality during storage which may lead to seed aging. Hence, to stimulate germination and increase the establishment of seedlings from ageing seeds, treatment can be done using different materials such as brown seaweed extract. To continue the experiment, normal seeds and aged seeds were sown in June 2018 and 2019 at a depth of 2 cm. Each plot consisted of 4 lines 6 m long with a distance of 50 cm between the lines and 10 cm width on the lines.

A factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Shahroud University of Technology. In this study two sets of seeds including control seeds (un-aged) and aged seed were used and brown seaweed A. nodosum (0.3%) was applied for control, seed pretreatment, foliar spray and seed pretreatment+foliar spray. The brown seaweed extract was "Acadian™ Seaweed Powder" (produced in Canada) containing brown seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum), and all the reagent and chemicals for experiments were purchased from Merck (Germany). Soybean seed Var. DPX. was collected from the Mazandaran agricultural research center. The water content of seeds was 12%. The seeds were those that harvested in the same year and kept in a controlled storage room at the temperature between 14 to 17 °C and relative humidity of 30 to 40% at the Agricultural Research and Training Center and Natural Resources of Mazandaran Province. For surface sterilization, soybean seeds were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds and then washed with distilled water. To prepare aged seeds in the laboratory, the seeds were incubated at 41°C and 95% relative humidity for 72 hours according to the method described previously. For each treatment, 100 g of the soybean seeds were soaked in 20 ml seaweed extract (0.3%) under ventilation condition for 6 hours, following by drying the seeds in the shade.

In this study, the results showed that the seed aging reduced the mean daily seedling field emergence, content of soluble sugar, leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield and also, increased the electrical conductivity and free amino acids content in the field condition. Whereas, the seed pretreatment with the seaweed extract in normal and aging conditions increased mean daily seedling field emergence 15.31% and 55.03% respectively. The values of leaf area index, stomatal conductance, oil yield and seed yield were increased with application of both pretreatment and foliar spray of seaweed extract, 34.51%, 23.72%, 91.68% and 87.85% respectively. Seed pre-treatment and foliar spraying with Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed extract at a concentration of 0.3% improved the deteriorated effects and significantly increased seed yield.

This study concludes that the seaweed extract is effective to minimize negative effects of aging on seeds performance and has a great positive effect on the physiological and agronomic traits of soybean plant. Among the four methods used in this study, the seeds pretreatment+foliar spray was more effective.