نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 25، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The purchase of high-value land in rural areas in the north of the country by non-native residents and the construction of luxury villas by them has increased sharply in recent years. These constructions, together with the presence of strangers as new residents in the villages and their coexistence with the locals, have led to significant changes in village lifestyles. These changes have different consequences and impacts on the lives of villagers, causing them to experience different or contradictory feelings and perceptions of the continued presence of strangers in their villages. Therefore, using this phenomenological approach, this study seeks to understand the different feelings of villagers towards the presence of strangers in the village. Through interviews with 32 research participants selected on the basis of two types of available samples and purposive samples with maximum diversity, this study addressed the lived experiences of villagers in eight villages in Fuman Town in Gilan Province by analyzing their experienced feelings towards strangers living temporarily or permanently in the village. The results of this study showed that the presence of strangers in the village caused unpleasant feelings among villagers, such as conflict, discrimination, anger, humiliation, regret, and dissatisfaction. The result of these unpleasant feelings are also consequences such as the duplication of the rural way of life, the ownership of the strangers, the aggravation of social inequalities, the collapse of the current rural economy, and the increase in the desire of young people to emigrate.

Cultural policy is an interdisciplinary field that is relevant to public policy on the one hand and has a social approach on the other hand, and can be studied at the municipal level. The issue raised in this paper is the formation of the concept, which has not been addressed in scientific sources. In other countries, municipalities are constantly working on cultural policies and plans. Tehran municipal management has also put this issue on its agenda. The lack of a concept of municipal cultural policy has led to some confusion among scholars in light of the plans offered by the municipality. This paper details not only the formation of this concept, but also its expression. Documents examined include reports such as research reports, statistical reports, press reports, and city rules and regulations. The creation of the original concept of urban cultural concepts can be evaluated in terms of eight different types: Idea promotion and stabilization, urban development, per capita income promotion, public space development, time policy, cultural industry, civic education, and urban indication. Analyzing the experiments carried out from 1989 to 2017 in four different construction phases, the reformist, the developmentalist and the fundamentalist, it was found that four more agendas must be added to the previous ones, including creation of structures and organizations for cultural management, networking and social vitality, leisure and support for cultural institutions.

Local food is a mixture of culture and lifestyle of the people of a region, which has a high value in terms of nutritional value and health of food. But in recent years, the use of these foods has been forgotten for various reasons and most of them are outdated. Therefore, in order to keep them in people’s food culture, it is necessary to study the reasons of their elimination in order to develop a basic program to revive the forgotten traditional and local foods. In this regard, the aim of this study, in the paradigm of qualitative research, is to investigate the definitions and obstacles to the use and promotion of local foods in rural communities of Dashtestan County. Therefore, knowledgeable individuals and theoretical experts in the rural areas of Dashtestan County formed the statistical population of the study, which was subjected to in-depth semi-structured interviews. To determine the number of samples, the snowball technique was used and interviews continued until data saturation. Finally, the number of participants in the study reached 25 subjects. Data were collected and analyzed based on both phenomenology and grounded theory methods. The results show that the rural communities studied have different understandings of the concept of local food. After collecting definitions and knowledge, barriers to the use and promotion of local food were discussed, leading to the identification of 53 concepts. The forgetting of customs, the forgetting of old recipes, the change of cultural tastes, the disappearance of some plants, the unwillingness of the new generation to live in modernity, the unfamiliarity of the new generation with the way of preparing old foods, the rejection of local foods by children, and the emergence of semi-prepared foods Prepared foods and fast foods were identified as the most important obstacles from the point of view of rural communities. Finally, 12 mechanisms were designed to get out of this problem. These mechanisms included governmental, media, technological, educational, informational, economic, motivational, environmental, cultural, social, and human mechanisms, which were put in the form of Strauss and Corbin's theory.

abstaractIn urban areas there are some overlaps between the activities carried out by the municipalities and Non-Governmental Organizations, especially in social and cultural aspects, and in some cases, the existing parallel functions may be considered as a negative point. Nevertheless creating synergy and improving interaction between the municipalities and NGOs, will lead to their effectiveness and performance enhancement. This study aimed to identify the issues and problems of the interactions between Tehran Municipality and NGOs and to provide suitable solutions and suggestions to improve existing interactions. In order to collect data, this qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with 14 active NGOs in Tehran and 6 well-informed officials in related organizations, namely Tehran Municipality, Ministry of Interior and Synergy Committee. The findings were described and analyzed by Braun and Clarke’s six-phase model for thematic analysis.Findings show that the most important problems regarding the interactions between NGOs and public organizations such as the municipality were as follows: complex bureaucratic administrative procedures, multiplicity of administrators and overlapping functions of public organizations, lack of understanding NGOs and their position and potential, lack of supervision and evaluation of NGOs’ performance, officials’ arbitrary points of view regarding NGOs, distrust, mutual irresponsibility about their commitments, weakness in legislation and regulation, NGOs’ shortcoming in knowledge and expertise, weakness in group work, NGOs’ lack of transparency, weakness in the municipality’s intra-organizational coordination, i.e. regional municipalities and affiliated organizations, and inter-organizational coordination, i.e. public organizations and institutions, and also deprivation of NGOs’ of legal power.

Given the water inflows to Sistan in Afghanistan, water scarcity is one of the main factors limiting the development of agricultural activities in the region. Recent droughts have led to the drying up of lifelines, destruction of production bases, and increased migration to other parts of Iran. In this regard, the irrigation project of 46,000 hectares of agricultural land in Sistan has been approved and implemented to channel the current floods from Afghanistan into natural pits known as wells and reservoirs, and to provide the possibility of appropriate use of these floods for agricultural development and regional sustainability. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the impact of the 46,000 hectare irrigation project in the Sistan Plains on the social sustainability of the villages. The statistical population of the study was the inhabitants of 40 villages of Hamoon city. Using the Cochran formula, 346 respondents were interviewed out of 19,133 households. Swara, Mabak, GIS and Wilcoxon tests in SPSS statistical analysis software were used to analyze the data. According to the Wilcoxon test, the social sustainability of the studied villages has increased with the implementation of the water transfer plan on farmers' land compared to before the implementation of the plan. The greatest impact of the implementation of the 46,000 hectare irrigation project on the social sustainability of the villages is related to the components that increase the villagers' tendency to stay in the region and optimistic expectations for the future of Sistan.

This paper seeks to present elites' perceptions and experiences of socio-political inequality in Kurdistan Province and describe their perceptions of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, mechanisms, and consequences. This study collects qualitative data using a qualitative approach and grounded theory method as well as in-depth and semi-structured interview techniques. To this end, 20 Sunni Kurdish activists, including four groups of parliamentarians, managers, cultural activists, and faculty members, were interviewed using purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criteria. The results are analyzed and explained in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding using the Strauss-Corbin approach. Then, relying on the respondents' opinions, the six main categories of the research were extracted: Definition in 3 core categories and 9 subcategories, causal conditions in 3 core categories and 7 subcategories, basic conditions in 3 core categories and 10 subcategories, disturbance conditions in 2 core categories and 7 subcategories, the mechanism in 3 core categories and 7 subcategories, and the consequences in 3 core categories and 12 subcategories. Finally, a paradigmatic model is presented showing the effects of definition on causal, contextual and intervening conditions and the direct effect of causal conditions on inequality and the indirect effect of basic conditions and intervening conditions on causal conditions and mechanism and also the indirect effect of contextual and intervening conditions on socio-political inequality. The final results show that the phenomenon of socio-political inequality is not the product of Sunni Kurds in Kurdistan province, but it has been constructed based on the mentioned categories.

Studies in the field of family farming have generally been based on two different perspectives: the first perspective focuses on the material structures and highlights the role of farm types and ecological dynamics; the second perspective focuses on the social actors and emphasizes agency. It is the farmer and the wider social forces that also play an important role. In contrast, the proposal by Darnhofer et al. (2016) is a third perspective that focuses on “relationships” and has the potential to overcome the duality of ecology /social and structure/actor. Given the dominance of this approach in this study, Kantzen and Fornay’s relational sociological theory was used to build a conceptual framework and increase theoretical sensitivity. For this purpose, the typological method and the operational strategy (a combination of experimental and conceptual strategy) were used. Thus, based on the inductive approach, frequent and in-depth observations and semi-structured interviews were first conducted with members of 19 households (43 interviews) in the village of Qudjan, where 100% of the farm units are family-run. In a roundabout way, concepts based on a more general concept were given appropriate conceptual labels as species, and species gradually became (experimental). The results show that how and to what extent the members of the exploiting families participate in decision making and how they function in the work structure in the exploiting unit leads to the formation of different configurations of peasant families, including four types of configurations: “traditional complementarity”, “cooperation”, “individualism on the farm” and “specialized individualism”. In Qudjan village, despite the existence of other family configurations, the “traditional complementation” type is the predominant type in which the man is the official owner and head of the family farm unit. The research results also show that the probability of generational stability of the family exploitation unit is higher with the “individualism in the field” configuration than with other configuration types. Reconstructing patterns of labor division in the family sweatshop can increase its flexibility and thus improve the future prospects of the family farm.

Rural development programs are always in search of appropriate and effective solutions to improve the quality of life in rural areas. Therefore, given the conceptual and structural changes in rural areas, it is necessary to change our view of rural development in Iran and the global development terminology. Neo-endogenous development approach is one of the latest approaches to rural development after exogenous and endogenous approaches, which aims to induce and improve the concept of well-being and quality of life in rural areas. This perspective emphasizes the social economy, networking, human and social resources, and the central involvement of local communities in development programs. It also pursues public, private, and third sector collaboration with a synthesis of up-down and bottom-up approaches. Considering the changes in rural areas of Iran and the country's numerous capacities and potentials, such as the presence of social and human capital, a large number of educated rural youth, social activists, and civil societies, as well as many new rural empowerment and capacity building projects that have been implemented in rural communities in recent years, the neoendogenous development approach seems to be an appropriate pattern to promote development in rural areas.

Slums as one of the most challenging social, cultural and economic problem in the country have complex dimensions and are so multifaceted that focusing on their cultural dimension requires a dual approach. This study focuses on the slum in one of the most challenging provinces of the country, Khuzestan, and attempts to identify the categories that affect the slum by recognizing the depth and hidden and obvious aspects of this phenomenon based on assessing previous policies, applying the views of stakeholders and local informants, field requirements, identifying the categories that affect the slum, and developing a policy model tailored to its requirements. This study used a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach. The study population and sample of slums (Malashieh, Eindo, Sayahi, Hassir Abad, Zoyeh) of Ahvaz city and data collection were conducted through interviews with 40 local informants and their respective leaders. The findings are the main components of marginalization, including institutional mistrust, double discrimination, dual urban and rural Habitus, perceived relative deprivation, fundamental developments of the region,social capital within the group (biocolony) public dissatisfaction, accumulation of physical problems, cultural poverty, intertwining marginalization and ethnicity, conflict of interest among stakeholders, state and government centered expectations and religious divergence, all of which constitute slumming. Finally, the three paradigmatic dimensions of conditions-need, action/interaction, and outcome-are presented. Consistent with the social and cultural coordinates, a calculated physical policy model of a fluid, contingent, procedural, and interactive policy was presented with a focus on local needs, stakeholders, and interactional (process) commentary. The designed model is based on cultural commonalities, stakeholder demands, stakeholder-manager interaction, and focuses on environmental demands.

In the past, people built fences around cities to protect themselves and provide security. But over time and in recent decades, the culture of social segregation and privatization has changed the form and content of fences and tied it to private farms, villa gardens and private homes. The purpose of this sociological reflection is on the semiotic duality of fence and fencing among the people of Savadkuh in Mazandaran province in order to understand the social meaning of a physical structure. The method used in this research is qualitative and critical ethnography and 20 citizens of Savadkuh have been selected and interviewed by purposive sampling. The results of this study show the duality and semantic transformation of fencing and fencing in Savad Kooh city and with a semiotic approach and perception of the city in the form of two main themes: 1- "Fencing as a biological and identity manifestation" and 2- "Fencing as The manifestation of the dominance of modern instrumental values, alienation and individualism. The central categories in the discussion of fencing include "lack or limitation of fencing in the past", "fence is a sign of demarcation and care of agricultural land and product", "manifestation of security", "manifestation of simplicity and poverty of rural life" and "fence is a sign of land value" Are "manifestations of modernization and segregation", "manifestations of rationality and personalization of privacy" and "manifestations of pathology and social pessimism". Finally, this duality in urban structures and symbols has a picture of spatial and social duality and inequality in a wide range of urban environments.

Although climate change affects all human societies, villagers are the most affected by, especially in developing countries. International organizations and scientific associations have given much attention and emphasis to community-based adaptation strategies. However, adaptation of villagers to climate change in Iran has been insufficiently studied in previous studies. This study aims to investigate villagers’ understanding of climate change in Meshkinshahr County, Ardabil Province, identify their adaptation strategies, and develop measures to improve their adaptive capacity. We used a quantitative approach and grounded theory method for data collection and analysis. The required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 55 employees in the economic sectors (farmers, ranchers, gardeners) and coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. The respondents believe that the increase in the frequency of droughts and wind, the number of hot days and the decrease in rainfall are related to climate change and have negatively affected their livelihoods in various ways. These include the reduction in the quality and grade of agricultural products, the decline in the water table, the degradation and destruction of pastures, the reduction in rural water resources, the reduction in livestock products, and the lack and high cost of agricultural inputs. In addition, villagers have developed various strategies to address these impacts, including rain-fed agriculture, water harvesting, drip irrigation, goat rearing, water consumption management, digging illegal wells, and migration to cities, to name a few. In addition, interventions such as education, developing insurance, providing financing and credit, developing modern irrigation systems, and marketing agricultural and livestock products were identified as measures to improve their adaptive capacity.

The purpose of this study is to identify the problems and issues of Gachi villages from the perspective of villagers, their awareness of the roots and causes of their problems and also the possible consequences of these problems in the social life of the study area. To achieve this goal, a qualitative method, particularly focus group, semi-structured interviews, and observations has been used. The research field includes the villages of Gachi in Ilam’s Malekshahi county. The collected data have been analysed with the Qualitative content analysis method. The results showed that lack of pasture, grassland destruction, absence of fodder, the severe shortage of drinking water and livestock water, unemployment, low expertise and skills, inadequate roads between villages and the city centre, inadequate roads between farms, deficiency of facilities services and low coverage of mobile phones and the Internet, lack of health services are the main problems identified in the villages of Gachi rural area. The root of many of these problems is the lack of educational, welfare and service infrastructure, lack of health infrastructure, lack of skilled medical personnel to provide health services, drought and drying of springs, negligence of officials, remoteness and lack of access to villages. Poverty, soil erosion and declining quality of agricultural land, aggravation of illiteracy, migration to the city, the spread of theft, interpersonal strife and sectarian strife, weakening family ties, stress, aggression and increased violence, etc. are the most important consequences of the existing problems that have intensified social, economic, natural and psychological damage in Gachi village