فصلنامه دامپزشکی ایران
سال هفدهم شماره 73 (زمستان 1400)

This study was performed to compare the sensitivity of seven plate methods and commercial kits for the detection of antibiotics in vitro and in poultry carcasses. In the first step, different concentrations of five commonly used antibiotics in poultry breeding were prepared and the sensitivity of both methods in antibiotic residue detection was evaluated. Subsequently, 20 days old broilers were divided into 5 groups. After an adaptation period and feeding non-antibiotic diet, groups were treated with therapeutic doses of Oxytetracycline, Enrofloxacin, Florfenicol, and Fosfomycin through drinking water. One group was considered as a control. At antibiotic discontinuation day (day 0) and days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 thereafter, 3 chicks from each group were slaughtered and thigh muscle, liver and kidney were sampled and residual antibiotics were evaluated by both methods. The results showed that sensitivity of commercial kits was higher in in-vitro condition than that of poultry carcass. In the seven plate method, the residuals were more detectable in the liver and kidney. The commercial kit was able to detect antibiotics only up to 24 hours, after which almost all specimens were negative. The seven plate method was positive for most of the specimens up to three days after discontinuation.  This study showed that the efficacy of the seven-plate method was more than commercial kits, and in order to increase the efficiency of detection methods, it is recommended to perform it on the liver and kidney of four carcasses from each herd (total of 8 samples). If at least four samples are positive, the herd is considered as infected and the HPLC method is used to confirm the specimens.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feed form and various sources of fiber on small intestine histology of broiler chickens in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 2×5 with 10 treatments and 4 replicates for 42 days. Treatments consisted of different sources of fiber (3% sunflower hull (SFH), 3% wheat bran (WB), 3% sugar beet pulp (SBP) and 0.5% Arbocel) with control diet and 2 feed forms (mash vs. pellet).  The results showed that SBP in mash form increased villus height of duodenum and jejunum. In the duodenum, SBP and in the jejunum, SFH increased villus height. Duodenal villus height increased significantly in birds fed with mash form compared to the birds fed with pellet form of diet. SFH increased the villus diameter, epithelial thickness, and mscle thickness. In the jejunum, control treatment in pellet increased the villus diameter and epithelial thickness and in the duodenum SFH, SBP and Arbocel in mash form decreased crypt depth. WB in pellet form significantly increased the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in the duodenum.  According to the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the use of fiber sources in mash form in compare to the pellet form, improved histlogical parameters of small intestine in broiler chickens.

This study aimed to determie the variety of Babesia species among cattle of shahreza city in the south part of Isfahan Province. A total of 253 blood samples were collected via the jugular vein from healthy cattle, randomly. The extracted DNA from blood cells was amplified by Babesia-all primers, which amplify an approximately 400bp DNA fragment from the region of the 18S rRNA gene from various members of the genus Babesia. All cattle positive samples were further analysed for the presence of B. bigemina and B. bovis by specific semi-nested PCR. B. bigemina and B. bovis were identified by specific semi-nested PCR in 0% and 65.2% of cattle blood samples, respectively. Chi-square tests were used to compare molecular prevalence values relative to Season, Farm, Type, Hygiene, Vectors, Use a disposable needle, Age, and Milk Yield. Among these factors, seasons and vectors were found to have significantly different in the prevalence. The significant major risk factors of B. bovis in cattle were identified as season, hygiene, and vectors by the univariate analysis. Moreover, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association of the prevalence of B. bovis with the season. The examination of 50 microscopic fields showed 59.39% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to molecular examination. The Kappa coefficient between molecular and microscopy (50 fields) techniques indicated a moderate level of agreement (Kappa= 0.504). This study is the first molecular detection of Babesia species from cattle in the south of Isfahan Province, Iran. Further researches are needed to determine the vectors, vector-host interactions and genotypic variants that may affect the presence and distribution of Babesia species in Iran.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that can lead to tooth loss. Mast cells are inflammatory cells that can contribute to the occurrence of periodontal disease. Other studies had different and contradictory results of mast cells and their relationship with periodontitis. In this study, the number of mast cells in cats with periodontitis, as well as their relationship with the severity of inflammation and clinical attachment loss were investigated. This study was conducted on 75 adults DSH cats of both male and female in five groups, and each group consisted of 15 cats. Four groups were considered according to four stages of periodontitis and one group as control (healthy). Biopsy specimens were prepared from the gums, were processed by standard histological methods, and were stained with Toluidine blue and Hematoxylin and Eosin. There was a significant difference in the number of mast cells among the studied groups. The number of these cells was increased with disease progression. It was the lowest in healthy cats (1.07±037) and was highest in the fourth stage of periodontitis (25.21±1.61). The number of mast cells with the severity of inflammation and clinical attachment loss had a direct and significant relationship. The severity of inflammation and bone lysis had a significant difference in the third and fourth grades of the disease. The direct and significant relationship between the number of mast cells and the severity of inflammation and the various stages of periodontitis revealed that these cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

Trichomoniasis is a common disease in local chickens and pigeons whose causative agent is Trichomonas gallinae protozoan. Metronidazole is the drug of choice in trichomoniasis treatment, but several cases of resistance to this drug have been reported. Considering antibacterial and antifungal effects of cinnamaldehyde as the main component of cinnamon, the present study investigated its effect on Trichomonas gallinae protozoan in vitro conditions. After isolation of parasite from buccal cavity of infected pigeons and culturing in Diamond medium, samples were kept at 37ºC to reach logarithmic growth phase.  For evaluation of toxic effect of cinnamaldehyde on this protozoa, 96 well microplates were used. To each well 100 µL of culture medium containing at least 1×104 parasites was added. Then amounts of cinnamaldehyde and metronidazole to reach final concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL were added. Treatments were done with 10 replicates, and after 24 h mortality rate of parasites were evaluated by direct observation under light microscope and counting by haemocytometer slide.  Results showed that mortality rate of cinnamaldehyde at 100 µg/mL was 100% which did not differ significantly in comparison to metronidazole. In addition, in growth inhibition rate at 50 and 100 µg/mL of cinnamaldehyde and metronidazole, significant difference was not observed. This study demonstrated promising effects of cinnamaldehyde on T. gallinae protozoa. By further research and study on effective components of cinnamon, they can be used for making novel antitrichomonal drugs.

The bone morphogenetic protein receptor gene (BMPR1B) is one of the major affect genes that plays an important role in increasing the rate of ovulation in sheep. In this study, Blood samples were collected from 100 sheep of Sanjabi in Mehregan breeding station in Kermanshah province, 60 sheep Ghezel and 40 Makui  breeding station of Urmia University. DNA was extracted, using extraction kit of Sinnagen co. After DNA extraction specific primers used for amplification of 190 bp fragment of Exon 6 BMPR1B gene. Then single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) of PCR products was performed and genotypic patterns were obtained using acrylamid gel and silver staining. . The results showed that the strips appearing on the acrylamide gel in two Sanjabi and Ghezel breeds were polymorphic and in the Makavi breed in a shape. Three different banding patterns in samples 1, 2 and 3 for Sanjabi breed  49.27% ,36.23% and 14.49% respectively, Three different band pattern The frequency were 1, 2 and 3  for Ghezel breed 55.55% ,33.33%. and 11.11% respectively, The association of observed patterns on the multiplicity trait was significant in Sanjabi  and  Ghezel breed (P <0.05).The results showed that this polymorphism in Sanjabi and Ghezel sheep could be used as a marker for twin traits.

Natural preservatives are widely used in the food industry, today. In this study, the essential oil of Chavir plant (Ferulago angulate) was formulated as a water-dispersible nano-emulsion (diameter = 42 nm) using high pressure ultrasonic method. Analysis of essential oil composition showed that monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygen monoterpenes comprised the main compounds of essential oil. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil and Nano-emulsion oil was evaluated with determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) as well as the disc diffusion agar methods on four pathogenic bacterial strains and two important fungi that cause foodborne illness. In addition, antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH free radical scavenging method and ABTS+ radical cation. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil increases when it is converted to Nano-emulsion due to easier access of Nano-emulsion to the bacterial cell membrane. In general, gram-positive bacteria displayed more susceptibility to the Nano-emulsion than gram-negative bacteria. Listeria monocytogenes was the most susceptible bacteria to the antibacterial activity of essential oils and Nano-emulsion. In addition, essential oils and Nano-emulsion had significant effects on inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Although the antioxidant activities of essential oils and Nano-emulsion were significantly lower than the standard group (BHT), the antioxidant activity of Nano-emulsion was higher than in free essential oils using both methods. The results of this study showed that by converting essential oil to the Nano-emulsion of Chavir essential oil, its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties can be increased.

Sertraline is one of the antidepressants that little information about the side effects of this medication on the adrenal glands is available. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E against sertraline-induced injuries on serum and tissue structure of adrenal glands in mice. 40 adult male mice were randomly divided into eight groups, each five. Four groups of mice received vitamin E at the dose of 100 IU/kg body weight orally for 42 days. Three groups of these, following the vitamin E administration, received sertraline at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The remaining three groups, received sertraline at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight. And one group was considered as the control. 24 hours after the last treatment, blood samples were collected to measure MDA and TAC levels from the heart. The adrenal glands were removed from the abdominal cavity and histological and histomorphometric changes were examined by light microscope and digital camera. Specific staining methods including toluidine blue for identifying mast cells, periodic acid-Schif to determine carbohydrates and masson's trichrome for determining fibrosis in adrenal tissue were performed. Sertraline at 20 mg/kg, significantly decreased in TAC level and significantly increased the sponge cell diameter, MDA level and thickness of fasciculata and reticularis zones compared to the control group. Although, no significant changes in the thickness of capsule and glomerulosa zone were observed. Specific staining showed that sertraline induced an increase in the fibrosis tissue, but did not change significantly the amount of carbohydrates between the groups. The administration of vitamin E markedly improved the changes observed in these parameters. It could be deduced that Vitamin E reduces the toxicity of sertraline in mice adrenal glands by improving tissue and serum indices.

Doppler ultrasonography is an important method in diagnosis of renal diseases. Obtained resalts about vascular anatomy and hemodynamic are helpful in diagnosis of many abnormalities. Renal diseases are common in old cats. Decreased renal blood flow may be the first sign of dysfunction and can be evaluated by doppler ultrasound. The purpose of the present study was to detect the normal images of color doppler and measurement of blood flow velocity parameters of renal arteries, interlobar arteries and abdominal aorta in adult cats. Therefore, twenty clinical healthy cats (10 male and 10 female) were selected of DSH (Domestic Short Hair), with an age mean of 18 months and a weight mean of 2.7 kg. In the present survey, indices of vascular (abdominal aorta and renal arteries) included PSV, EDV, RI, PI, MV, VF and pulsed Doppler spectral were measured. The mean of PSV and EDV of the abdominal aorta artery in the studied cats were 72.77 and 14 Cm/second respectively. The mean of RI, PI, MV and VF of abdominal aorta were 0.91, 2.7, 32.78 and 3.4 respectively. The values of PSV, EDV, and RI were 12.25, 33.85 and 0.72 in the artery of right kidney and 11.80, 33.83 and 0.73 in the artery of left kidney. The values of PSV, EDV, and RI were 9.72, 22.26 and 0.58 in the interlobar arteries in the right kidney and 9.26, 22.12 and 0.59 in the left renal interlobar vasculatures. There were no significant difference between different groups (due to gender and right and left kidneys). The obtained results can be used as a natural indicator in the diagnosis of related diseases in cats.

Today, the most important factor in the occurrence of metabolic and reproductive diseases in dairy cattle is the disturbance of natural process in the body’s cellular-molecular events that occurs after increasing of oxidants and the formation of oxidative stress. Ketosis is one of the most important metabolic abnormalities caused by disruption of energy metabolism early in lactation. This study was carried out on 45 Holstein dairy cows (between 3 and 5) and high-yielding dairy farms of Isfahan province. Blood samples of each cow were taken 21-27 days after Parturition and serum samples were obtained. BHBA, catalase and superoxide dismutase, were measured. Ovulation synchronization protocol was performed for all cows after the Clean Test and confirmation of genital health by B-mode ultrasound. The first Artificial Insemination was performed at 45-50 days postpartum and at the same time, follicular diameter, ovarian status, and uterine tonicity were assessed by using rectal ultrasonography. Also, the presence or absence of estrus was recorded in all cows. At 32 days after artificial insemination, the cows were pregnancy diagnosed by rectal ultrasound. The results of the present study showed that the concentration of superoxide dismutase (P=0.04) and catalase (P=0.08) decreased in subclinical ketosis dairy cows compared to healthy cows, Also, BHBA concentration was lower significantly in pregnant cows than nonpregnant (P = 0.008). Finally, the results of this study confirm that oxidative stress biomarkers can be promising biomarkers for the prediction of subclinical ketosis in postpartum dairy cows.

Coccidiosis is the most important intestinal parasitic disease of poultry. The safe alternative of anticoccidial drugs are herbal extracts, because they don’t results drug resistance and residues in meat and eggs. The present study compared the effects of two herbal extracts, Origanum vulgare and Artemisia sieberi, as well as their combination with the salinomycin sodium anticoccidial drug on the broilers’ performance parameters during the coccidiosis challenge. A total of two hundred and sixteen, one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into six groups. Two types of herbal extracts and an ionophore anticoccidial drug were investigated with positive and negative control groups. The birds in of groups, except negative control group, were inoculated with a mixture of Eimeria sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality rates were assessed weekly. The rate of oocyst per gram and the lesion scoring were assessed weekly up to three weeks after challenge. Growth parameters of the birds that were challenged with Eimeria were reduced when compared to the uninfected birds. The best results were obtained in the groups that were treated with salinomycin sodium and a mixture of two herbal extracts, which had better results in terms of body weight, food intake and feed conversion ratio, which was significantly better than the positive control group. The OPG in groups treated with herbal extracts had significantly reduced compared to the positive control group. It seems that using a combination of Origanum vulgare and Artemisia sieberi extracts is more efficient than using any of them alone for achieving better results in controlling and preventing coccidiosis, having more productive function and preventing intestinal lesions in broiler chickens. Finally, further studies are recommended with the combination of these herbal extracts with different dosages.

Lactococcus garviea is a gram positive, facultative anaerobic, oxidase and catalase negative that belong to the lactic acid group bacteria. This bacterium is the cause of Lactococcosis, an acute disease with hemorrhagic septicemia in rainbow trout and causes a lot of economic damage to the aquaculture industry. In this study, 10 diseased rainbow trout were bacteriologically sampled from head kidney and brain in one of fish farms of Khuzestan province, Located in Masjed Soleyman. The obtained isolates were further evaluated by biochemical tests and molecular method (with 16S rRNA specific primers). Samples were also taken from different organs and fixed in formalin 10% for pathological examination. To investigate the lesions, sections were prepared from 5 μm and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. The results of bacterial culture, biochemical tests and PCR confirmed the presence of Lactococcosis in the studied farms. Macroscopic examination revealed lesions in the liver, kidneys and intestine of affected fish. The liver was pale and the kidneys were relatively swollen. No other complications or lesions, including abdominal discharge, were observed in affected fish. In histopathologic examination of liver, degeneration, and focal necrosis were seen. In kidneys, tubules degeneration and melanomacrophage cells accumulation were seen. In intestines, moderate inflammation and inflammatory cells aggregation was seen. According to the confirmation of the presence of lactococcosis, it is necessary to take measures to prevent lactococcosis (especially vaccination).