مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، بهار 1401)

One of the important issues in the field of urban studies and urban planning at the global level is the relationship between citizenship rights and urban management. Urban laws and regulations regarding citizens and the realization and promotion of their rights can be considered as one of the most important points of connection between urban management and citizens. The main elements of urban management in the light of urban laws and regulations, while defining the role for themselves and other members, can involve citizens in the management of affairs and realize the concept of citizenship. Green space is one of the important pillars of beautifying the city and the cost of beautifying the urban environment that is created with trees is much cheaper than beautifying the urban environment with inanimate elements such as stone, cement and iron. Cities, as the focal points of human activity and life, have no choice but to accept the structure and function of natural systems in order to regulate their sustainability. Meanwhile, urban green spaces as an essential component and lifeblood of the unique body of cities in their metabolism has a major defect that their lack can cause serious disruptions in urban life. In this research, the required information and data have been collected through library and field methods. In this research, SPSS software has been used for the study area.

Delinquency is one of the most important social problems in most cities of the world that has a negative impact on people's lives, mental, physical and financial. In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest and attention in analyzing the relationship between place and crime and studying the interaction between humans and the environment and the conditions and contexts in the formation of spatial patterns of crime. Identifying environmental and spatial factors of crime and trying to eliminate these factors or reduce its effects is known as the most important way to prevent the occurrence of anomalies. This article has been done with the aim of spatial analysis of crime in Chalous city. The research method in the present study is analytical and comparative and to identify and understand the spatial patterns of delinquency, the global Moran model has been used in the GIS system, where the required information on the amount and type of crime has been obtained as a library. Findings of the present study show that crime hotspots in Chalous city are clustered.

In today's world, the process of tourism has been massively transformed into individualistic patterns, and tourists are increasingly giving preference to flexibility and meaningful experiences. Fundamental changes in demand and supply side of tourism, as well as create patterns and knowledge-based economy experience economy, in the macro-economic development, tourism direction into Pyshbrdh creativity is so, joins experts believe the Tourism sustainability in tourism is ethical. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of creative tourism components in Chabahar city and its role in sustainable urban development. The present study is of applied purpose and of descriptive-analytical method. The population of the study consisted of all citizens of Chabahar city based on the general housing census of 1395, 106739 persons, using the Cochran formula, 384 persons were selected as the sample size. The research data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinions of professors and experts. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine its reliability. The obtained Cronbach's alpha value was 0.80 which indicates that the questionnaire has validity for measuring research variables and is a desirable number. One sample t-test, multivariate regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the findings. Results of single sample t-test showed that financial index with average of 3.78 is higher than average and tourism indexes with mean 2.73, business index with mean 2.66 and learning and growth index with mean of 67. 2 are lower than desired. Multivariate regression results showed that financial variable had the most impact with 0.371 beta value on sustainable urban development and tourism variable with 0.132 beta value had the least effect.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the expectations of customers in terms of safety and health of sports venues in order to increase loyalty and re-presence.The statistical population of this study consists of customers of sports venues in Neishabour. According to the Morgan 384 table, multi-purpose sports venues were randomly selected as customers. The sampling method of the present study was random and clustered, in which one hall was randomly selected from each area and the questionnaire was distributed in that hall. The research instruments included the Customer Lyme Return Questionnaire (2006), the Allen Customer Loyalty Questionnaire (1990), and the Research Questionnaire for Recognizing Sports Customer Expectations. Descriptive statistical indicators (frequency, mean, standard deviation, graph diagram). The Clomogrov-Smirnov test was used to investigate data distribution. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to test the hypotheses, considering the natural distribution of the data. For regression hypotheses, a simple regression test was used. The level of significance in this study was determined as P 0 0.05. Statistical calculations were performed by SPSS statistical software (version 22). The results showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between customer expectations in the two dimensions of safety and health with loyalty and the intention to reappear statistically. The results also showed that the mixed expectation of customers predicts 20.8% of the customer loyalty variable in sports venues and also the mixed customer expectations predict 24.4% of the customer re-presence variable in sports venues. It does.

The emergence of women entrepreneurship opportunities is a complex process in which various individual and environmental factors are influential. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the effective factors in the emergence of women entrepreneurship opportunities in the municipality of District 3 of Tehran. The research method was descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The method of collecting field information was using a questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the research instrument were confirmed by the content and face validity approach and the incompatibility rate index. The statistical population was women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship experts in Tehran Municipality, District 3. The data of this study were analyzed by fuzzy Delphi, Dimtel and fuzzy ANP and gray GRA and MOORA approaches. According to the findings of the Delphi fuzzy approach, 13 sub-factors in 5 main factors: individual, micro-environment, macro-environment, communication and organizational networks, affect the incidence of women entrepreneurship opportunities in Tehran Municipality, District 3. According to the findings of fuzzy dimtel, macro-environmental factors have the greatest impact on other factors affecting the incidence of women's entrepreneurial opportunities and the factor of individual characteristics has the least impact. On the other hand, according to the fuzzy ANP technique, individual characteristics factors have a higher priority in the factors affecting the occurrence of entrepreneurial opportunity. The solution is to create a new market.

Having adequate housing or shelter, which is now defined in the context of citizenship, is one of the fundamental rights of the citizens of any land. Such a right is recognized in the constitutions of the nations of the world, including Iran, and governments are required to provide the conditions for families to have access to conventional housing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social order on social identity in informal settlements of Ardabil. The research method is descriptive correlation according to its subject. The statistical population of this study is the residents of informal settlements in Ardabil, which according to the 2016 census, their number is equal to 60125 people and the sample size is equal to 385 people. SPSS statistical software was used for data analysis and regression coefficient and t-test with two independent groups were used to analyze the hypotheses. The results showed that social order has a significant positive effect on social identity in informal settlements of Ardabil and there is a significant difference between the average social identity of immigrants and non-immigrants and the social identity of immigrants is less than non-immigrants

The quality of urban life has been explicitly and significantly studied in social studies since the 1970s and has a broad meaning in relation to happiness in communities, and its purpose is to enable people to achieve their goals and achieve an ideal life. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the status of urban quality of life indicators from the perspective of citizens in Garmi city using an objective indicator evaluated. has taken. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was randomly distributed among 250 people in all neighborhoods of Garmi city. Finally, SPSS software was used to analyze the data of the questionnaire. The results indicate that the studied indicators in terms of citizens' satisfaction with the components affecting the improvement of quality of life, quality of health index, quality of correlation interaction and quality of transportation can be accepted that in terms of other selected indicators From the citizens' point of view, they have the highest level of significance

The goal of this research is identifying rural managers’ strategies for environmental protection at rural areas of Dashtestan city from Bushehr province. this research was a qualitative research in terms of paradigm and research data was processed in two steps, open coding and radial coding. The Statistical Society of this research is rural managers of Dashtestan city. sampling was performed purposefully and it continues until saturation of data. The data was collected by deep semi-structured interviews in person and virtual. The results were obtained by extracting 68 strategies from rural manages for environment protection. Infrastructure of public places in the village for asphalt, arboriculture at the rural area, install recycle bin in rural area, encourage households to separate trash, cleaning the passages, collecting animal manure and collecting and transporting household trash outside the village was one of the important strategies of rural managers. These strategies were collected and analyzed in 10 steps include strategies of vitality and social vitality, human welfare, residence stability, conservative, environmental resilience, variety, defensive, development, dynamics and compatibility and environment identity.

The modern world today has increased pollution and environmental problems and thus increased the concern of governments and organizations regarding the environment. As the issue of environmental pollution is one of the most important and acute problems of human civilization. Jobs, on the other hand, are responsible for many environmental challenges (pollution and high consumption of materials, water and energy). In response to these challenges, entrepreneurs sought to innovate to produce more sustainable products and services, and the groundwork was laid for environmental protection and sustainable entrepreneurship. Inevitably, today, green innovation and green entrepreneurship with the aim of producing environmentally friendly products have been given serious attention during the production processes. Green entrepreneurship is a type of technological innovation that reduces the negative impact of human activities on the environment. Innovation as a central element of entrepreneurship can be done in response to environmental problems and challenges, for example by creating a new technology to reduce pollution or produce environmentally friendly products. In fact, green innovation is considered as a new perspective, idea, product, service or process that seeks to reduce the negative effects of the environment. The purpose of this study is to review the phenomenon of green entrepreneurship and its relationship with green innovation. To this end, this study examines issues such as the history of green entrepreneurship and innovation, the concept of green entrepreneurship, green entrepreneurship and its characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and opportunities and threats to green entrepreneurship development, the purpose of green innovation and its concept, the relationship between green entrepreneurship and innovators Green is discussed and at the end, while summarizing, the necessary practical suggestions are also presented.

Iranian-Islamic urban planning as a rich model of urban planning, with Iranian and Islamic intellectual and cultural foundations, today by emphasizing the principles of Islam in terms of concept and emphasizing the sustainable values of Iranian mysticism in terms of meaning seeks to organize and recreate urban spaces. With the rapid advancement of technology and the more complexity of urban life, the lack of attention to the logical relationship between visual and functional elements in architecture and urban planning, leads to visual confusion, de-identification of space, disconnection of human emotional connection with space and impaired perception of space Finally, there is a decrease in mental health indicators and an increase in mental stress, anxiety and depression. This is while the correct knowledge of mental and psychological characteristics of human beings in different age groups, gender and different physical conditions and responding to them correctly and giving importance to the emotional and psychological dimension of the environment at the same time according to its functional dimension, promotes mental health quality. Citizens. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is the role of municipality in designing green architecture of urban environments with an Iranian-Islamic approach with a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research shows the revival and display of Islamic-Iranian identity in the architecture and landscape of the city, promoting the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle among citizens, یت identifying and beautifying the appearance and urban landscape, promoting the physical-spatial structure of Iranian-Islamic culture and Promoting the cultural and social capital of citizens is one of the strategic plans that the municipality can play a key role.

Climate is a complex situation and a summary of the regional climate, which is clearly related to latitude and other geographical factors. Climate change is one of the current problems of human society and is a threat and disaster for the planet Earth. Therefore, in the study of rainfall and temperature changes in Kermanshah over a period of 30 years (1991 to 2021) from the country's meteorological organization (www.irimo.ir) have been prepared the methods of Dumarten, Ambrothermic and Amberge have been used. Data is divided into 10-year and for a period of 30 years intervals and Using the clustering. The results showed that the average rainfall in Kermanshah in the long term and during three decades has changed a lot and most of the average rainfall was less than the standard. Also, the average temperature during these three decades shows an increasing trend that indicates an increase in temperature Kermanshah synchronouswith climate change and rising temperatures on Earth. The study of climate change by de martoune method does not show much change during three decades and Kermanshah is in a semi-arid climate. In the case of Embereger, a cold semi-arid climate was obtained, which was unchanged during the period, but in the case of the ambrothermic diagram, the temperature increased in the decade 90 (1991-1999) of June to October, but in the two decades (2000-2009 first decade and 2010-2021 secand decade), the dry months are in May to October Which is due to the effect of rising temperatures on the climate of Kermanshah.

In the modern world today, governments alone will not be able to respond to new needs. this requires new patterns that can be used in public, private and civil sectors to maximize the provision of public services. abstract urban sustainable development is reflected by the transition from local governments to urban management and urban management to good urban governance. the purpose of good urban governance is to improve the quality of life of citizens, which is achieving this role in order to guarantee the consensus, legitimacy and effectiveness of citizens ' decisions and participation. accordingly, the main purpose of this study is good urban governance is the necessity of achieving productivity and managing the human resources of organizations in karaj municipality with descriptive - analytical method. the results show that awareness of the current state of health in any part of the country either at the macro level or macro level can be an effective step in achieving an ideal situation in the health score and administrative corruption. therefore, good governance is considered a model for optimal use of resources and authority in order to achieve sustainable development goals and objectives. development that will ensure the realization of justice, order, security, individual health, community and optimal protection of biological resources along with well - being, progress, blossoming of talents, and capacities of community and environmental capabilities. The good governance is not only a new narrative of concepts such as democracy, human rights, accountability, participation and rule of law, while establishing a framework that all those goals and values are collected in one place and the goals of human development, including economic, political, social and cultural development with the peoples of the people.

Providing a bed and ground that people in a society can realize their activities and abilities play an important role in the development and development of society. Meanwhile, some elderly lacks physical and mental ability to attend urban spaces and carry out different activities. There are urban environments, according to the conditions of existing places where there are many problems for the elderly. Elderly people have different characteristics and needs compared to other age groups of society, which has less attention to these needs in urban spaces. Urban geometry is a factor affecting urban spaces. Also, in order to meet the needs of the elderly in urban spaces, urban geometry should be considered as urban spaces, and so far, there has been a study of the field. According to the statements, the discussion of this research with other studies is the lack of repetition of research and attention to the elderly cortex and a combination of work on all the issues of this research. This research aims at overall study of studies in the fields of the form of urban spaces and the presence of the elderly to examine past studies, and aims to investigate the work of these studies. The work of this study can be the results of this study.

In recent decades, urban management in Iran has increasingly faced many challenges due to various social, cultural, political, administrative, financial and legal factors. Rapid and accelerated growth and development of cities often Rapid urban population growth is one of the issues that has added to the dimensions of the current problems and difficulties. The country to the cities shows the position of the urban economy in Iran. From the point of view of urban economy, factors such as expanding the scope of activities of municipalities and raising the level of people's expectations from them and the problems caused by increasing urban population increase the need to expand financial resources and revenues of municipalities. Therefore, among the various sectors of urban management, the financing and revenue of municipalities is of particular importance; Because, on the one hand, the income of municipalities has a major impact on providing services to citizens, and on the other hand, the lack of sufficient income not only prevents the creation of essential services in the city but also basically makes it difficult to implement all urban plans and programs. In this research, using library resources, the methods of providing sustainable income of municipalities for urban management have been studied and finally, strategies for empowering municipal income and optimal urban management have been presented.

most water-related conflicts occur at national levels disagreements due to the higher number of inland rivers rather than international rivers. In some countries, mismanagement of water resource allocation affects the relations between communities and subnational political-spatial units leading to tension and conflicts between them. There is an increasing case of such conflicts in Iran and the world. The competition between communities and residents of upstream and downstream basins of Kashkan River is a debatable issue. The most outstanding case of this competition can be seen in the construction process of GavShomar Dam (Mashooreh) upstream of the river. Accordingly, this descriptive-analytical study was conducted by using bibliographic and online references to examine the construction process of Gavshoma Dam.This paper aimed at finding reasons for the delay in the construction process of this dam, as well as revealing subnational competitions at the basin level of the Kashkan River. In fact, the purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons for the failure to construct the Gavshoma Dam based on the concept of "subnational hydro-hegemony. Results related to the local level (intra-provincial) indicated that "security hegemony" of the downstream part (Pol Dokhtar) of River Basin has prevented the upstream part (Kuhdasht) from providing financial resources required for dam construction due to weak "economic hegemony". Regarding the regional level (interprovincial), the strategic importance of Khuzestan as a province and its economic, political, and security role in the country prevent the central government from taking the risk of dissatisfaction and protests in this province.

The strategic and communication location of Alborz city exposes the area to various currents and forces. Therefore, in order to put the city in the development circuit, it is first necessary to identify the status quo in different aspects of development and identify on the basis of such cognition the extent of inequalities and shortcomings existing and thereby determine the path for future development plans. The area cleared. So in the present study, In order to determine the level of development of Alborz city, the status of urban areas in different physical, technological, managerial, economic, social and environmental aspects were evaluated and ranked using statistical method and Electre model. This research is functional in the case of goal, It was based on a Quantitative -analytical method research and the data of the Statistical Center in 2011 and the documents related to regional development have been used. The results of 57 indices indicate that Karaj has better status in four physical, social, managerial, science and technology dimensions and the best situation for economic and environmental aspects belongs to Mohammadshahr and Asara respectively. The final results of the model indicate that Karaj and Garmdareh cities are in the first place of development and the cities of Kamalshahr and Mahdasht have the middle level of development. Subsequently, the cities of Asara and Mohammad Shahr, with the least development, are in the third position of development level.

In order to be able to make optimal use of water resources, the design of irrigation and drainage networks of Mianab plain is defined and under implementation and operation. Accordingly, the water allocated to this project should be distributed with maximum efficiency in the plain. Operation, maintenance and management services of modern irrigation and drainage networks were generally performed in water intakes under dams and areas related to concentrated wells until 1993 by the Khuzestan Water and Electricity Organization as the executive body. From that year onwards, the Ministry of Energy, pursuant to Article 88 of the Law on Part of the Government Financial Regulations and its Executive Regulations) in the performance of government social duties and in order to rationalize the size of the government and gradually reduce spending and improve services to People and attracting the participation of the non-governmental sector and the development of employment and saving the budget and public revenues)Gradually, with the establishment of companies operating the irrigation and drainage networks within the activities of these organizations, the responsibility and management of the operation and maintenance of the irrigation and drainage networks was transferred to these companies, so that these companies could lay the groundwork for the organization. Provide legal operators in water management The purpose of this article, which is prepared by descriptive-analytical method and using written documents, consulting and survey, is to study the establishment of water resources utilization organizations as a participatory management approach in water and emphasize the participation of all stakeholders, mainly farmers. At the end, the relevant solutions and suggestions are presented.

With the emergence of environmental crises, environmental quality was recognized as part of the overall concept of quality of life. This concept is assumed to be a comprehensive reflection of a person's sense of health, including all the factors that play a role in human satisfaction. The present article has been designed to evaluate the performance of quality components of urban environment and its role in promoting citizen satisfaction by presenting a model to evaluate the quality of urban environment in Yazd. Check in the city environment. This research is a survey type in terms of applied purpose, in terms of nature and method. To collect information, 400 questionnaires (based on Cochran's formula) were randomly distributed among residents. The methodology of this research is based on one and two sample t test methods, analysis of variance and confirmatory factor analysis. The basis for measuring the quality of the environment in the Yazd city is the criterion of satisfaction with the components of the quality of the urban environment from the perspective of residents. Based on the findings of the present study, the components of urban environmental quality according to the theoretical model of the research, which is classified into five levels according to standard coefficients, in the fourth level of health service characteristics (0.96), security and social relations (0.92 ), Social services (0.88) and volume with a coefficient (0.85), had the greatest impact on the quality components of the urban environment. In the third level, the most impact on the components are functional characteristics (1.08), social (0.78) and cost per unit of housing (0.74). Finally, in the second level components, which is one of the main objectives of the research, the quality of residential environment with The coefficient (0.94) had the greatest effect on the quality of Yazd urban environment.

From the second half of the twentieth century until now, many scholars have discussed Gentrification and its consequences. Despite the diversity of researchers' views and opinions, they all agree on the main feature of it which is population displacement. Although studies in this field have been extensive internationally, in Iran, studies of recent Gentrification theories have been few and their types have not been separated and classified. This paper clarifies the need to pay attention to the types and varieties of contemporary Gentrification theories and the need for gathering data and information at neighborhood levels for surveying gentrification in further studies. This research has been done with the aim of typology of Approaches proposed in contemporary Gentrification (from 1990s until now). To achieve the aim of this qualitative research, this paper has been done by typological method and classification of theories by collecting data through library methods and creating a framework of Gentrification Approaches in contemporary urban planning. According to the approaches proposed since the 1990s, the main approaches of Gentrification were focused on state-driven, demographic, cultural, transit-induced, eco-gentrification and super-gentrification approaches, each approach was explained and issues related to each were clarified. Some of the approaches, especially state-driven and demographic approach, can overlap with others. Super-gentrification is the last generation of gentrification theories and can happen at the maturity of any other approach. The need for coherent data collection and case studies on gentrification and access to recent and accurate information at the neighborhood level is one of the most important issues in this field of research, something that is less discussed in Iran. Another point that should be raised in the study of recent theories of gentrification is its relationship with theories of urban renewal and rehabilitation and contemporary urban development.

One of the effective variables in improving the performance and life of cities is the challenge of the creative city of Paveh city, its creativity for urban development. Among these factors, leadership is one of the most important. The purpose of this article is to examine the challenge of Paveh city from the perspective of creative municipality with urban creativity. This research shows that the creative city is one of the influential and important factors in the formation of cities and the use of elites in various fields and citizens towards creativity in the field of handicrafts, art, architecture and culture. In fact, the relationship between the municipality and the creative city landscape with the variables of creative thinking, creativity of urban environments, creative urban planning and support for new and creative ideas is examined and its positive role in the model of the relationship between creative city challenge and innovation and urban creativity. Discusses. Also, the importance and necessity of planning the position of creative city from the perspective of municipality and mayor of managers and from the perspective of developed societies and its importance in establishing creative city and also the role of challenges of creative urban planning and urban management and the effects of lack of dynamic policy makers and managers Innovative in organizations as well as lack of coordination and coherence in urban planning are examined and the importance of integration and coordination in the position of creative urban governance is emphasized. In this research, from the library method to descriptive-analytical collection, the challenge of Paveh creative city and the importance of municipal planning and management for the creation of a creative city in the emergence of a dynamic creative city landscape of the municipality have been studied.

The design of squares is a subject in urban planning where squares are a symbol of the culture and identity of a city. What can formally and visually prevent us from recognizing the role and importance of squares, cities according to their identity and attention to social tendencies within The city is physically that the form and Germany that are designed for the square have their own special shape. The position of urban identity has a complex and multidimensional concept that is the specific history and culture of a city and a society that governs the city. . Urban identity is the distinguishing feature of a city from another city, which causes the citizens to belong to the place and participate in the development of the city. The identity of cities is the possibility for human growth and development and the memories and symbols of a nation and culture. And humanity is one of the important issues in urban planning and urban planning by architects who can design squares based on urban identity as one of the necessities of sustainable development. Tazehabad city has four squares, one of which is Allah Akbar Square, Molavi Square. , Imam Khomeini's teacher and needs several new squares for the city is necessary The present article is analytical and descriptive based on library data has been used

The neighborhood is a large area that can be identified due to some common and special features. Pardis neighborhood, due to non-observance of hierarchy and effective and correct use of urban design patterns, suffers from a kind of traffic chaos and chaos, traffic, residential, and not very effective and useful cultural functions, and none of the residents and users of commercial places. , Residential and pedestrians do not have useful access to their basic rights and citizenship in this space. The present study is a case study of descriptive-analytical method and information in this study was collected through library and field studies. Finally, after determining the variables, 250 questionnaires using the Cochran sampling formula as the sample size. Sampling method was randomly distributed in the center of Pardis neighborhood of Ahvaz as a statistical population among citizens. Data analysis is performed using Pearson correlation test in SPSS software and finally, in order to complete the research analysis process and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the SWOT strategy technique has been used. The results show that the need for more planning and action in the development of spaces with different services by citizens is quite obvious and creates a big question mark for system administrators, so based on the findings of this study, the development of physical-functional, social- spaces. Cultural and ... is one of the serious demands of citizens

The main purpose of the study was to determine the factors affecting the attitude of members of knowledge-based companies in the Science and Technology Park of Kerman province towards the principles of Business Continuity Management. The study was done through a survey. The statistical population included all members of knowledge-based companies in Kerman Science and Technology Park (N =1630). (Agricultural and non-agricultural knowledge-based companies). The required data was collected by a questionnaire, which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability was also checked by conducting a pilot study outside the study sample and the Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated between 0.67 and 0.94. The results showed that the companies had a high entrepreneurial spirit so that members, responsibly, tend to team building activities. Findings also indicated the risk-taking of company members was at moderate level. The attitude of respondents were above average in terms of business continuity management principles. They also were in a good condition due to new product creation; but not as good in terms of product development process. The company members were moderately upward in terms of competitive intelligence. Based on the results, business environment as well as governmental supportive polisies were not very favorable for these companies. Finally, according to the results of multivariate regression, the five variables of competitive intelligence, business environment, new product creation, risk-taking and government policies, explained a total of 58% of the changes in the attitude of company members towards the principles of business continuity management.

The rational and equitable distribution of public services in rural areas has been the subject of numerous studies. A fair distribution can facilitate rural development.While not benefiting from public services or its uneven and clustered distribution in the settlements, can be considered an obstacle to rural development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the status of public service distribution in rural areas of Takab city and the factors affecting it. This research is a descriptive-analytical research and the required information has been obtained from the identity card of the city's settlements by the Statistics Center of Iran (2011). Spatial statistics and ArcGIS software have been used to analyze the data. The analyzes used included: IDW zoning method, Moran spatial autocorrelation, Hotspot analysis and Geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results showed that the distribution of public services in the settlements of the city was not the same. This non-uniformity has also been in terms of the type of public services, and for example, despite the fact that most of the settlements benefit from water, electricity and gas services, they have had very few cultural- sports services. On the other hand, there are spatial differences in the distribution of services. Public services have a spatial autocorrelation and are scattered in clusters throughout the city. In this way, clusters with high values ​​are more visible in the levels of Ahmadabad and Ansar villages and low values ​​are formed in the levels of Chaman, Karfto and Sarough villages. The results of geographically weighted regression analysis showed that the model used to explain the factors affecting the distribution of public services in the city, was able to explain 78.8% of the changes in the dependent variable.

Given that cities are home to the majority of the country's population and are often economic, political, cultural, social and governance centers in countries, their preparedness for crises (passive defense) should always be considered by relevant experts. گیرد. Informal neighborhoods and their problems, especially after the end of World War II, became more and more problematic for city managers. The important point about informal neighborhoods is that this phenomenon, while being the result of social and especially economic problems, causes other issues and problems such as delinquency. With the expansion of cities and their transformation into metropolises, the need to control the status of informal settlement and prevent its expansion is felt more than ever. The main purpose of this study is social pathology and citizen participation, the need to organize the crisis of informal neighborhoods (Case study: Oroumiye) using descriptive-analytical method and documentary study. The results show that the main reasons for the existence of informal settlements in Urmia can be rapid population growth, low income, unemployment, lack of attention to employment in rural areas and increasing migration of villagers to the city and financial inability of individuals that has caused all kinds of urban anomalies. It has adverse social and economic effects. West Azerbaijan has many problems in the field of informal settlements, which can be controlled by allocating more credit and also by developing rural areas, implementing low-cost investment and development projects in small towns and villages, as well as rural employment.

Today, with the development of urban planning, the degree of satisfaction with the quality of life in the planned spaces is one of the primary and main goals of cities. Have a body with you. Citizen participation as a phenomenon that is influenced by the policies and approaches of high-level organizational and urban managers, is one of the factors created by human resources (human capital) that plays an important role in the evolution of the management system of cities and especially promotion. The goals are based on the sustainable development of cities and improving the quality of life based on assessing the needs of citizens and in a participatory manner. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of regenerating the worn-out urban fabric in order to improve the quality of life from the perspective of citizen participation with a descriptive-analytical method in the worn-out neighborhoods of Babul. The results obtained and field information show that the current situation is not suitable for the residents of the dilapidated neighborhoods of the city and most of the residents lack access, green space, access roads to the city, lack of proper facilities and basic infrastructure such as water. Drinking, sports facilities, security are mentioned as things that cause dissatisfaction of the residents of these neighborhoods. Therefore, the participation of citizens in the management of urban affairs and in different parts of urban management will improve the quality of urban life, because it will bring planning with the people as well as justice-oriented planning for cities. In the meantime, citizen participation in decisions, planning and all stages of implementation and monitoring and control can be considered as one of the important tools to empower people to participate in social scenes.

One of the important issues of urban poverty; It is marginal. The intensity of development of suburban areas is due to the migration of villagers to cities, migration from small towns to large cities, as well as poverty, unemployment, cheap property, cheap rents and cheap land in suburban areas. Other neighborhoods have led to low-income families and young couples choosing to live in these areas. Suburban areas should not be left alone, as the release of these areas will lead to the spread of damage to other areas and urban areas. Given the expansion of marginalization, the government alone can not play a role in improving the informal contexts and organizing and assessing their needs. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data were collected through a library method consisting of articles, books and documents. The results show that components such as the formation of a strong and effective civil society, promotion of social capital in society and citizen participation in the process of public policy-making (marginalization empowerment) are the most important factors in empowering marginalized residents.

Terrorism is currently one of the most important concerns of governments, both domestically and internationally, which has posed enormous challenges to countries, especially those in the Middle East. Thinkers, researchers and experts have expressed different views about the causes of this phenomenon and have explained its roots from different perspectives and with political, psychological, economic, social, ideological and ... justifications. In the Middle East, in spite of religious, ethnic and different types of governments, the ground for the spread of terrorism has been prepared. The results show that some regional and trans-regional actors in the Middle East need to pursue their domestic, regional and international goals through violence and terror. While there are many terrorist groups in the Middle East and each of them has different natures, the role of the countries in this region in their formation and expansion is also different and each of them has somehow sought to achieve their goals in this way. Research has been done on them.

Governments are divided into three categories: centralist(Unitary), federal, and Regional. In simple, centralist governments, the central government oversees all local governments and determines their level of power. The federal model is common in many countries around the world, and the transition to it can lead to democracy, internal unity, justice and development. The model of government in Iran is centralist(Unitary). This structure is due to its large size , ethnic, linguistic, cultural and geographical diversity of Iran, this structure does not have the necessary ability to create sustainable development and social justice. At present, the centralist structure in Iran with problems such as unbalanced development, severe bureaucracy, spatial injustice and accumulation of material and human capital and having all the small and large powers in the central areas and the backwardness of the peripheral areas (economic, social, Political, cultural, biological ...) has followed. The system of federalism is a good political solution for the management of lands that have a large area, geographical diversity, and are composed of various human groups (linguistic, religious, ethnic, cultural ...). The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. This study emphasizes the need for a transition from a centralized structure and the establishment of a federal system in Iran in order to achieve justice and equal development of the territorial space in economic, political, cultural and social dimensions.

Due to its size, the city of Zabul is facing the phenomenon of marginalization. The reason for the spread of marginalization is the increase of welfare facilities in the city, the release of agricultural, livestock, drying of the Helmand River and Hamoon Wetland, the closure of the border and the lack of development of border markets in villages and their unemployment due to lack of positive economic view by policy makers. Sistan has upset the balance between the city and the countryside, which has led to migration to the city, as well as poverty, unemployment, cheap property, rent, land in the suburbs and the lack of green space in the main areas of the city has led to many problems, including informal housing. . Therefore, this study was conducted in response to the question, what are the reasons for the expansion of suburban areas of Zabol city and regional planning based on problem control? Qualitative research, based on theme analysis and information tools required for this research. Literature review and theoretical foundations of research, documents, field observations and exploratory studies of the author and semi-structured interviews with 20 elites about the comprehensiveness of the classification of indicators. After analyzing the data, economic and environmental themes and lack of proper rural development policy in Sistan region as the cause of the expansion of suburban areas of Zabol city and prevention at the origin (villages of Sistan region) and prevention at the destination (Zabol city) to The titles of regional planning based on curbing the spread of marginalization were identified and discussed

The first step in health tourism is recognizing capabilities. The aim of the present study is to assess the feasibility of Aran and Bidgol salt lake health tourism with emphasis on the construction of a salt therapy site. This research is of applied type and its method is spatial data analysis. The method of data collection is two methods of field studies and the use of basic maps and satellite images. First, the criteria and sub-criteria of the location model for the construction of a salt therapy site, including: access (access to tourist attractions), access to raw materials (salt), access to accommodation and welfare and urban planning; Landscape (land use), protection of natural resources (desert national park), restrictions (distance from salt mines and distance from swampy areas) and hazards (distance from faults and distance from aqueducts) were determined. Then, their scoring was done through hierarchical analysis model and expert opinions. After preparing the layers of the indicators and applying the points obtained from the model to them, the weighted layers of the criteria were obtained, which combined led to the preparation of a suitable layer for the salt therapy site. Finally, in order to determine the optimal proportional location, the scoring range of the proportional layers was classified into 5 priorities. The results showed that the area of floors with the potential to build a salt therapy site includes an average potential of 10973; High potential 3413; The potential is very high 1357 square kilometers. Areas located in the east of the region and areas near the access route in the central part of the region have more potential. Designed to have. Existence of natural, historical-cultural attractions and access to raw materials (salt) in the region can provide the conditions for the construction of a salt treatment site.

To measure and prioritize attractions, usually different criteria such as: economic, social, cultural, infrastructure, environmental, institutional, legal and geographical, etc. are considered so that based on them can be compared to different attractions. The purpose of this study is to prioritize the sample tourism areas of Ardabil province according to the potential of attraction with the approach of sustainable tourism development. The sample size of the second type of Cochran's formula has been used. Its validity has been confirmed by university professors and its reliability has been 0.79% according to Cronbach's results. The results indicate that the impact of investment in the study area is high. Therefore, taking into account the spectral amplitudes of the indicators used, which fluctuate between 1 and 5 based on the Likert spectrum. This rate is higher than the desired conditions for all dimensions except investment and migration indicators. Kruskal-Wallis test was also used to rank the regions. The results indicate that Sarein hot spring was in the first place, Shurabil lake was in the second place and Sheikh Safiuddin tomb was in the third place.

Power is the factor of life and survival. The national power of a country is the sum of its capabilities in imposing its will on other countries to achieve its interests. Different models have been presented by different experts and scientists about the factors and variables affecting national power. Power and politics in the field of local, national and regional management with various tools can implement their will and represent their needs in a desirable and beneficial way. One of the tools with which power and politics have always been able to implement the goals in the field of lands, is geographical maps. This article examines this important issue with a descriptive-analytical method to determine how power has been influential in mapping geographical maps. The results show that politicians and rulers of countries throughout history have always used maps in line with their goals to influence and expand their power and that of their country.

Given the importance of rural housing, identifying the factors affecting the level of residential satisfaction and dissatisfaction of residents, can be effective in analyzing the current housing situation, future decisions to improve the quality of residential areas and prevent duplication of deficiencies in other places. The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the sample size was estimated to be 180 households in 16 villages in the central part of Taybad (villages receiving housing improvement facilities, 5076 households), 180 households. In this study, the component of rural residents' satisfaction with housing was measured based on 6 indicators of health, economy, facilities and internal components of housing, physical, welfare, and safety from the determined indicators related to rural housing and in the form of 23 items. In the work process, after calculating the relative importance, the degree of preference of each index was obtained using the ahp technique, then the rural points were ranked using the Vicker model. The results show that Asadabad village with a rank (1) and a very high level of satisfaction (0), is in the highest rank and Dogharun village with a rank (16) and a very low level of satisfaction (0.628) is in the lowest rank. In fact, out of 16 villages, 4 villages have achieved the level of satisfaction (very high), 4 villages (high), 1 village (medium), 2 villages (low) and 5 villages (very low). In general, housing in half of the villages was in good condition and the other half in poor condition and low satisfaction.

The expansion of international relations, as well as the expansion of various political and social issues in the world, has led to an increase in the relations of the people of the world, followed by the entry of foreign nationals into different countries, which can in some cases lead to conflict with the interests of the host country. Various legal issues. But this entry of citizens in time of war and special conditions of war, finds its own characteristics and legal dimensions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the rights of citizens to deal with deportation and deportation during wartime in international law and its important and fundamental challenges. In time of war, the conditions and rules of deportation are different from in time of peace. Even a country that was a neighbor and ally before the war, changes the course of its relations with the onset of war, the first effects of which are seen in the expulsion and persecution of its citizens. This article seeks to study the rights of citizens to deal with deportation and deportation in international law through descriptive and analytical methods. The results show that the expulsion of aliens, even in times of armed conflict, must be based on formal and substantive deportations under peacetime international law, such as human rights restrictions.

Land reform, as one of the principles of the White Revolution during the second Pahlavi period, overshadowed the conditions of the rural economy and the structure of tribes and nomads. In the meantime, the Mamasani tribal structure underwent intra-tribal changes and the ground was paved for the role of rural production cooperatives, farmers and other social forces in the rural economy. Under these circumstances, the village of Gachgaran, located in the central part of Mamasani county and the center of first Bakhsh, experienced more and more economic transformation and expressed itself in economic developments. Therefore, the question is what effect has the land reform had on the economy of Gachgaran village in the central part of Mamasani county? The present research is of applied type and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The required data were collected through documentary and field methods (interview and observation). The results of the studies showed that land reform, while swaying in the Mamasani tribal structure, transformed the rural economy of Gachgaran (civil engineering, animal husbandry, horticulture, agriculture, handicrafts and production workshops), so that transformation the economic development of this rural settlement has accelerated with the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution and the implementation of rural development programs until 1400, and agriculture and small production units have been taken care of by the residents more than livestock.

Collusion is a crime whose material and spiritual elements are controversial and sometimes seem impossible, some thinkers even believe that collusion is an exception in which mere criminal thought is punished without a material element. While based on the research findings, it can be claimed that the material element of collusion is in fact the implementation of the agreement and its spiritual element is the intention to implement that agreement. Collusion with different titles such as committing a crime, assisting in a crime, barren and impossible crime, are different and have different effects. In the criminal law of Afghanistan and Iran, collusion has been criminalized with slight differences in different areas. Despite the similarities between the criminal laws of the two countries in the field of legislation, there are also differences in the type of crime, the conditions of its realization and the application of punishment, which are studied in this article in a descriptive-analytical manner.