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سال نوزدهم شماره 107 (اردیبهشت 1401)

The frequency and plurality of ideas and approaches on the subject of “urban spaces,” as well as the variety of definitions, characteristics, opinions, and methods of dealing with this topic, has led to various and sometimes contradicting perceptions among academics in this field. Furthermore, because urban spaces theories are not limited to a single field of study and have been explored in philosophical, sociological, psychological, political, and economic contexts, research in this topic has clear complexities and requires more investigation. Typifying theoretical ideas is one of the most common techniques to simplify and handle such challenges. This article seeks to provide a typology and, more clearly, a kind of stream of theories and perspectives related to the subject of urban spaces.

This stream study organizes and categorizes the frequency of approaches in the field of “urban spaces”, making it easier to comprehend and analyze what different urban spaces theorists have proposed. Using this stream study, it is possible to discern what type of approach has been adopted, and what definition of “space and urban space” each theorist and theorist in each stream of thought has articulated. Furthermore, by identifying and framing streams of thought, it is possible to understand which stream of thought(s) each theorist belongs to, and then his/her views can be better understood. In addition, any researcher can use one or more streams in the future to conduct research. Additionally, each researcher can employ one or more streams for future study on the subject of urban spaces and better explain and explore his preferred urban space within the framework of that stream of thought.

To achieve the goal of this study, the “two-dimensional typology” method was used. This method consists of two steps. According to the purpose of the article, the first step was to “choose a typology strategy.” “Empirical strategy” was selected as one of the common strategies at this stage. The second step was to “build a typology”, which was completed by describing the “ Constructs “, “Bounds”, and “Representative types” and using them to fulfill the typology. The analysis section of the article explains how to use this method and how to create types.

The stream study of theoretical approaches to urban spaces is divided into three main streams and eight streams of thought: 1) empirical macro-stream  including a) empirical-cultural stream, b) empirical-behavioral stream, c) empirical-critical stream, and d) empirical-perceptual stream; 2) Theoretical macro-stream  includes: a) theoretical-psychological stream, b) theoretical-critical stream, c) theoretical-political economy stream, and d) theoretical-sociological stream; and 3) empirical-theoretical stream

In the pilgrimage hierarchy to the holy shrines, pilgrims are objectively and subjectively influenced by the environment-behavior system when passing through behavior circuits and this overshadows their behavioral patterns. The principle of synomorphy and congruence of physical structures with behavioral patterns in the milieu-behavior form or behavior settings, which play a key role in enhancing the quality of spiritual territories with the role of pilgrimage, has been less discussed.

This present study aims to identify and measure the synomorphy of behavior settings in the territory of sacred places by examining the areas specified for the pedestrianized pilgrimage to Hazrat Masoumeh’s holy shrine as a case study.

The present study is the mixed-method research (quantitative-qualitative) carried out using a descriptive-analytical research method. For data collection, library and field methods were used at five intervals in six months. The data were collected through direct observations by a trained observer, behavioral mapping and tracking, photography, and questionnaires. Then the data were analyzed using deductive-inductive reasoning.

The research findings indicate that the behavior settings of this territory with various programs and functions present a range of both compatible and incompatible behaviors with the context. In recent years, the policy of creating pedestrianized areas has promoted the synomorphy of the fabric by establishing religious rituals in this territory as the most important standing pattern of behaviors in this religious setting. However, the weakness of the physical structure in responding to some static behavioral patterns in usual and specific days, indicates that the physical structure of these behavior settings is not sufficiently compatible with all the needs and activities of the pilgrims. So, the redefinition of these behavior settings as pilgrimage areas requires more design considerations according to the principle of milieu-behavior synomorphy and considering the pilgrimage culture of this territory.

Accepting architectural aesthetics, especially people’s in-depth experiences of buildings, is of considerable importance. Few attempts have been made to recognise it as scientific content. There is still some confusion about which architectural theoretical model of aesthetics is more comprehensive and complete. In fact, this concept appears to be an ambiguous quality that requires cohesive data for more accurate research. The aesthetic experience of architecture has always been a complicated topic affected by different factors; therefore, knowing the raison d'être and quality of this experience as a qualitative necessity can affect the design process and principle of architecture. Hence, what kind of quality is the aesthetic experience of architecture? What components does it depend on?

This study aims to provide a full description and develop a cohesive framework of the aesthetic experience of architecture in a bid to perceive its innate structure by proposing a conceptual model.

This descriptive-analytical qualitative study reviewed the theoretical literature on the findings of cognitive sciences from an interpretative perspective to present the research results as a conceptual model.

The aesthetic experience of architecture refers to the emotional evaluation of spatial perception experience based on a direct approach through perceptive, motivational, sensorimotor, cognitive, and behavioural components emerging as a combination of different emotional imaginations (e.g., joy and pleasure). Hence, according to the theories of cognitive sciences, it can be stated that the intrusion of unclear body reactions in the architectural experience indicates that perceptive and motivational components lead to behavioural reactions. This shows the relationships between emotional dimensions and the involvement of sensorimotor components through the body with the space. In fact, interaction with an architectural space through its resultant capabilities can involve motivational components. Therefore, the perception of architectural aesthetics depends on the intrinsically stimulated activities including emotional processing and cognitive factors of an individual’s background. In this regard, behavioral components can draw the individual's attention and trigger his motivation and enable him, the experiencing subject, to gain a conscious experience and also enjoy the aesthetic experience through the phenomenon of architectural work.

Architecture has been recognized as one of the most social arts due to its ‘social’, ‘functional’, ‘media’-driven characteristics, and its ability in symbolizing concepts. This has given a rise to an instrumental view of architecture in political relations and power management of ruling systems. This research employs a critical approach to examine the sociology of architecture as an art.  In this research, the case study includes governmental buildings and the urban space of Tehran city in the first Pahlavi era, which is one of the most significant and influential periods in social and political studies and architecture and urbanism in Iran.

  The main purpose of research is to identify and discover the most hidden factors in creating space and architecture that are directly related to the power structure. This aim will be fulfilled by answering these questions:1- What political and social reasons are behind the structural and spatial changes of architecture during the first Pahlavi era? 2. Is there any connection between the power structure and the creation of space during this time?

This study is fundamental research in terms of purpose, and is based on the data in qualitative research. The data were analyzed based on the critical method and in an interpretive-explanatory format in which artworks, elements, and space creators, were evaluated as data, based on the power relations, apart from their physical characteristics and descriptions.

The research findings indicate a purposeful use of architecture and space production during the first Pahlavi era to reinforce the ideology of ruling power and to establish the related discourse. The space production during this time is the consequence of power relations, and the will of the ruling system to secure its legitimacy and hegemony through a militaristic and authoritarian attitude, besides using a smooth power, controlling the spatial representations, and connecting the architecture to the major discourse of regime to be able to reproduce its power and authority by the mediation of space and architecture.

Climate change, especially the heating trend in recent decades, has increasingly affected human health and increased heat-related mortality and morbidity, mainly in cities. Implementing mitigation and adaptation strategies to climate change by managing blue-green infrastructure (BGI) can reduce the consequences of these changes. The research hypothesis is that increasing the BGI per capita in different city districts will reduce the temperature and the number of heat-related patients.

This paper aims to compare the effect of two indicators of BGI to decrease temperature and health risks.

We chose Qazvin city as the case study, and selected heat-related diseases, heatstroke, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and respiratory (dependent variables). After that, the numbers of monthly ambulance calls for the four mentioned diseases (April 2018 to August 2020) were analyzed in all six Qazvin districts. Next, MODIS data were used to conduct Qazvin's surface UHI  map during the mentioned period and show the BGI distribution on the city map, NDVI, as well as calculate the per capita and the percentage of the area of BGI (independent variables) in each city district by GIS. Then, We conducted a linear correlation analysis with the dependent and independent variables and employed Spearman's Rho as the correlation measure.

The results show an inverse correlation between BGI per capita and the number of ambulance calls for cardiovascular, stroke, and respiratory diseases. Molavi and Ferdowsi districts with the lowest BGI per capita and highest land surface temperature (LST) have the most patients, and Pardi's district with the highest BGI per capita and lowest LST have minimum patients. Such correlation is not valid for the percentage of the area of BGI. Therefore, urban landscape planning should pay more attention to the most densely populated districts to reduce health inequality due to climate change.

Today, the facades of new buildings are among the most important issues in the urban context and especially the historical-cultural context of any city. Historic houses are one of the valuable architectural treasures that can provide experience for the facades of new buildings. Despite the importance of this issue and the need to achieve the architectural patterns of historic houses, today there are scattered and few studies are available in this field. The present study seeks to answer how to use the facades of historic houses in designing the facades of new buildings, by recognizing the pattern of historic houses in Tabriz.

In this research, an attempt has been made to raise the awareness of the elements and architectural details of the facades of historic houses to extract the patterns and methods used in their facades and to provide new patterns for new buildings by taking advantage of the current condition of historic facades; At the same time, it aims to destroy the field of improper exploitation of the physical capabilities of historic facades in today’s conventional facades.

In this regard, using a descriptive-analytical method, the situation and elements in the facade of the research’s selected historic houses were described and interpreted. After gathering the required data from both library and field methods, the components and elements of the historic houses’ facades were analyzed.

The method of applying the patterns and elements obtained from the analysis of the facades of the new buildings is the result of this study.

Numerous, various, and sometimes conflicting definitions of Islamic city by Iranian and non-Iranian researchers have resulted in confusion about its concept as far as physical views are concerned. The challenge arises from the combination of two complex and wide-ranging categories: ‘city’ and ‘Islam.’  It is not easy to establish a connection between these two broad multi-layered (from surface to internal layers) concepts since it requires a deep theoretical and practical foundation.

This paper aims to examine the concept of city in authentic religious texts. The best source which helps to understand the truth of the Islamic city and its meaning is the Quran.

This research draws on an exegetical-analytic method. About the Quran as the main source of the research, it deploys an exegetical-interpretive method, and for this purpose, we have relied on the well-known Quranic exegesis, al-Mīzān. Moreover, to compare the Islamic theory of city and that of Orientalists about an Islamic city, the advantage is taken of the analytic-comparative method.

Given the results of this Quranic research, we conclude that the concept of an Islamic city goes beyond forms and physical bodies, amounting to a cultural (doctrinal-behavioral) aspect. The theory of Quranic city highlights three main ingredients of the conceptual structure of a city—that is, people, law, and urban government—and stands against the predominant physical approach in mainstream research. The Quranic utopia is an axiological-normative concept constituted by human relations. In this Islamic-Quranic utopia, a city consists of a combination of one’s relation with God, oneself, others, and nature in terms of different political, economic, cultural, and physical systems.

The actor-network theory offers a new approach to solving a variety of problems such as social participation. This new approach sets a good platform to track the trajectory of human (people and the element of power) and inhuman (space) actors. In this model, to create social participation, it is necessary to establish a kind of power relations in which space also acts alongside the people and the institution of power.

The current study aims to analyze the process of interactions among the three elements of people, the institution of power and space, and explains its effect on social participation in the historic bazaar of Tabriz.

This research draws upon actor-network theory to examine human and nonhuman actors in the network using the qualitative method. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. To this end, the grounded theory method was used and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted (Data-driven methods). The data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 45 marketeers in the grand bazaar of Tabriz, experts, and authorities (city managers) as knowledgeable in this field.

Many problems associated with urban systems, including the structure of historic markets in Iran, arise from non-democratic actors such as lack of participation, violation of civil rights, lack of awareness, inflexibility in government decisions, and the decline in pluralism. The results of the research based on the evidence and interviews indicate that the improvement of the spatial component of Tabriz historic bazaar depends on raising the awareness of marketeers and creating a positive role for them in various decisions. This process needs to create equal opportunities to raise the awareness of the citizens and respect the position of the people, not as a problem but as a solution. However, in parallel with this, strengthening both economic structures and the sense of belonging play a double role.