فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 44 (زمستان 1400)

Payments out- of- pocket is one the major sources of financing health services in the most developing countries, including Iran. These payments be caused households confront with catastrophic healthcare expenditure if it would be more than 40% of households’ ability to pay.The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical zoning of Iran’s provinces based on the proportion of urban households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditure, using the income-expenditure data of urban households of the Iranian Statistical Center during 2010-2016. The results indicate that the proportion of urban households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures with a relatively constant trend is 10.3% in average for entire country during the mentioned period. Also, by comparing the provinces’ proportion of urban households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures can figure out that in spite of its more or less pendulous trend, increased for 63.3% of provinces and decreased in 23.3% of provinces, during that period. Therefore, it can be declared that the health system cannot achieve the goal of reduceing the proportion of households facing catastrophic healthcare expenditure based on Article 78 of the Law of the sixth five year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Program.

Social security is one of the most important concepts in today's world and in many political, social and economic issues. This concept is one of the most basic needs of any society and needs social security in order for human beings to grow and prosper, and consequently to have a dynamic and lively society, as well as to be in the path of development of that society. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the level of social security indicators in different provinces of the country. The research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. Raw data related to the Social Security Index have been extracted from the Statistical Yearbook (1394) of the Statistics Center of Iran. Social security indicators were evaluated with the help of 12 experts by hierarchical analysis (AHP) method and then prioritized using Expert Choice software and finally the results were shown spatially and in the form of a map in Arc GIS software. The results show that Qazvin, Kurdistan and Alborz provinces have the highest level of social security, respectively, while Semnan, Qom and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces have the lowest level of social security. This result indicates that the level of social security indicators in different provinces of the country is different, which can be a good guide for more appropriate planning for managers and decision makers to improve the level of social security and reduce the level of social harm indicators.

The Confluence of destiny and the path of collectively movement is the reason of a new approach that called regional competitiveness in order to achieve social and economic prosperity. This approach is a very effective tool that can be specified the regional Development Strategies by studying in depth the various regional aspects it is reason of identify the root causes affecting the development of an area and estimating their effectiveness. Accordingly, the present study, with the aim of explaining the Regional Competitiveness of Kermanshah Province has tried to examine the possible situations in the field of competitiveness in the region to make the best program to facilitate the competitiveness of the region. For this purpose 64 indices were collected in 27 sub-components and 5 components and the MicMac software is used to study and evaluate the relationship between them and extract key factors in the field of regional competitiveness and ScenarioWizard software is used to analyze and extract scenarios. It should be noted that the evaluation of indicators in this study has been done by expert experts in the field of economically and regionally and in the form of a snowball sample of 50 people and using the Cochran's formula. For this purpose 64 indices were collected in 27 sub-components and 5 components and the MicMac software is used to study and evaluate the relationship between them and extract key factors in the field of regional competitiveness and ScenarioWizard software is used to analyze and extract scenarios. Research results have shown that of the 64 indices, 9 indices have been identified (government support for knowledge - based businesses, specialized research institutes, foreign Direct Investment, geographic focus of complementary activities, Investment security, Private Sector Investment, Free and fair competition levels, quality of workforce, meritocracy) as Key Factors in Competitiveness in Kermanshah Province. And the likely future situations of competitiveness resulting from key factors it represented 7 strong scenarios, 167 weak scenarios, and 31 probable (adaptive) scenarios. The Possible scenarios have 279 probable situations in three desirable situations with a probability factor of %14, % 32 stagnant and %53 critical. 

Cities can thrive on their economy among other cities with the competition. Understanding and paying attention to current and world-class indicators of competition one of the most important areas of urban creation is competitiveness able to compete with other cities internationally, The most is knowing and paying attention to the competition among the world's most popular and up-to-date indicators. Right now, all over the world competitiveness is a central issue and means of achieving good economic growth and sustainable development. City competitiveness is the potential or capacity of a city to exploit or create competitive advantage that can lead to high and sustainable economic growth of the city compared to other cities. And the issue of regional competitiveness is important because of that generally in terms of economic performance can be seen significant differences between regions of a country. On the other hand many important competitiveness levers are applicable only at the regional level.

Due to the nature of the present study and a vision that is intended for planning (Perspective 1404), the purpose of this study is practical; it is also among qualitative research, in terms of the nature of the data. The research method is based on future study approach. The present research is a part of documentary-survey research, based on the method of data collection and information. Because the scenario approach is in line with the expert opinion and by using the differential Snowballing method, 15 experts in the field of competitiveness have been identified with the aim of editing competitiveness model scenarios of the kermanshah province their views on indicators have been analyzed and key factors are extracted in MICMAC software and these factors are classified into hypotheses and have been re-evaluated by experts and are classified in the wizard scenario to three floors; desirable, static and critical.

In this research, the variables used in the MICMAC software were in dimensions 64 * 64 matrix and matrix filling rate was %54 that shows more than % 54of the factors were influenced by each other. Of the 1891 possible relationships in this matrix; 2205 has zero relation that is to say the factors did not or did not influence each other, 474 was the number one, 962 was the number two and 406 was the number three. That's according to the results of the MICMAC software that of the 64 indices, 9 indices have been identified as Key Factors in Competitiveness in Kermanshah Province. The key factors are classified under the hypothesis of desirable, static and critical spectra to elucidate possible situations of competitiveness of Kermanshah province and extracted in the Scenario Wizards by measuring the effect from 3 to -3 by experts; 7 strong scenarios, 167 weak scenarios, and 31 probable scenarios. The Possible scenarios have 279 probable situations in three desirable situations with a probability factor of %14, % 32 stagnant and %53 critical.

The results of the expert evaluation were most likely for critical situations with the features (regardless of the qualifications of the institutions, increasing the quantity of labor rather than quality, functional monopoly without any competitors, increasing government influence and performance in various dimensions, The prevalence of Border provinces for investment, exit Foreign Institution from Iran and the fear of investing in friendly and partner countries, the closure of knowledge-based businesses due to lack of government support, Performing purely research functions without functional aspects). It is therefore necessary to consider the following three conditions to prevent this scenario from happening and to get into the desirable situation. These should be considered for reduce economic activity; (governmental Bank financial support for businesses, especially knowledge based, near collaboration between industry and academia). These should be considered for investment security; (Private Sector Investment, foreign investment, minimizing the government, considering the potential of the border region more than possible risks ). These should be considered for meritocracy ;( Creating competitiveness of domestic products with foreign samples and to prevent the monopoly of the market in the hands of some, pay attention to the quality and efficiency of the workforce, pay attention to the criterion rather than the relationship in the jurisdiction of the institutions)

Information and communication technology (ICT) is the most important technology that is the basis of change in human life nowadays. On the other hand, accurate and efficient planning is one of the basic foundations in achieving macroeconomic goals. Careful planning is currently heavily dependent on the development of information and communication technology. According to this in the 6th Development Plan, the ICT growth rate is targeted at 19.4 percent and is set to increase to more than 5 percent of GDP by the end of the program. Therefore the aim of this research is to investigate the level of accomplishment of the goals of The 6th Development Plan regarding the growth rate of 9 economic activities emphasizing ICT, and studying the effects of ICT on the output of the other economic activities in Iran. Input-Output Analysis Approach combined with goal Programming Model was used for data analysis. Data was extracted by input-output tables of 9 economic activities of 2011 from Iran Statistics Center and then it was updated for 2016 by RAS method. The results show that the targeted growth rates in The 6th Development Plan were not accomplished in construction, transportation, storage, electricity, water, gas, and ICT fields. For ICT a growth of 2.6 present was achieved, and accomplishment of such growth in ICT will have a little positive effect on the growth of output of other economic activities.Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Major Economic Activities, Input-Output Analysis, Goal Programming Model. 

Undoubtedly, achieving sustainable economic growth is one of the important goals and priorities of any country. Therefore, several studies have been conducted on the economic growth of countries and the reasons for differences in their economic growth. Over time, with the expansion and generalization of economic growth models, the role of information and communication technology (ICT) as a symbol of technology in the economic growth process became apparent, and emprical studies conducted in the 1990s and beyond confirmed this (Sharif Azadeh & Jamshidi, 2011: 124-147).Economic planning, by providing an analytical framework for economic structure, allows policymakers to provide an economic perspective taking into account existing constraints and problems. Nowadays, information and communication technology is one of the basic requirements in forecasting and planning.Today, almost all scientists, experts and politicians agree on the important role of ICT and its high importance in the economy. Using ICT to reduce costs and increase the speed of supply of production factors, it is possible to increase production without the need to increase costs. Having such a feature has led to its significant expansion in all economic sectors such as industry and mining, services, agriculture and other economic sectors. Given the importance of this issue, experts have always tried to consider the impact of this technology on various aspects of the economy in developed and developing countries. In most of these studies, the impact of ICT on production, employment, productivity, and other important economic variables has been confirmed (Emami, 2018: 45-74).Although studies have focused on the positive impact of ICT on economic growth and productivity, no studies have been conducted at the national or sectorial level of economic activity. Macro-level studies have an aggregation error and the results cannot be generalized to the whole field of economic activity, because the application and use of ICT in the field of different activities is different. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which the growth of the ICT sector in the Sixth Plan and its impact on the growth of other major economic activities specified in the Sixth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan.

The present study is of applied-developmental type and in terms of data collection method is based on library-documentary data which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner. The method used in this study is a combination of input-output analysis and Goal programming model. The specified model is estimated by using the Lingo software package V.12.The year 2016 has been selected as the base year for the Sixth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Program, which started in 2017. In the Sixth Plan, the Average Annual Economic Growth Goals are set for 9 areas of activity, with a total average of 8% annual economic growth targets.Input-output table 2011 The Statistics Center of Iran was aggregated based on 9 fields of activity and then updated by RAS method for 2016.

Data was analyzed by two scenarios. The first scenario studies the level of accomplishment of economic growth goals, and the second scenario studies the effect of accomplishment of goals on growth of the other economic activities.The results for the first scenario imply that the outputs of 4 fields of agriculture, crude oil and natural gas, mine and industry are higher than the anticipated goals in The Sixth Development Plan, and it is negative for the other 5 fields. The highest negative deviation belongs to building. The aimed goal for ITC was 19.4% in The Sixth Development Plan, while the accomplished growth rate for this field is 2.6% according to the ideal planning model. Industry is another field out of 9 which has been goaled in The Sixth Development Plan, which its aimed growth rate is 9.3%, however the analytical results show that it can be increased up to 15.3% regarding to the restrictions and assuming fixed technology.The results of the second scenario indicate that if the desired growth for the field of ICT activity is achieved, the growth of all fields of activity will improve. In fact, a comparison of the results of the second scenario with the first scenario shows that the growth of all sectors of economic activity has improved somewhat. For example, the growth of other services has increased from 4.4 to 4.8 and the growth of electricity, water and gas supply has increased from 5.2 to 6 percent.

This research studies accomplishment level of ITC growth in The 6thDevelopment Plan and its effects on the output of other economic activities by input-output method and math programming method (Goal programming model). As mentioned above, the aimed annual growth rate of 19.4% is anticipated for ITC. The results of solving the model under the first scenario indicate that the accomplished growth rate for ITC will be 2.6% regarding to the restrictions and assuming fixed technology.In addition, the results indicate the share of 2.9% of ITC in country economy in 2016. The results of solving the model indicate that the output of all economic fields will improve in case of accomplishment of ITC growth. This situation indicates the productive and applied effects of ITC. Also, ITC can affect production of economic sectors through promotion of productivity. This result is compatible with those of Naibel (2018), Latif et al. (2018), Moshiri (2017), and Emami (2018). Perhaps the main reason of lower relationship of ITC with the other sectors is that a significant share of economy of country obeys the traditional structure based on production and export of agricultural products, and ITC share is low in the other sectors. Another reason is low penetration rate of computer and internet, low internet speed, and high internet costs in Iran. Furthermore, lack of enough training and skillful human force produce problems for ITC perception and application, which weaken the effect of ITC on economic growth.

Branding is one of the strategic tools to differentiate a product in a competitive market. The aim of present study is to the Model Design Sports Tourism Destinations Branding in North area of Alborz province. Population of study consists of all domestic and foreign sport tourists in North area of Alborz province, The sample size is 384 and using Cochran formulae To obtain sample size. This study, in terms of target, applicable and based on collection data, descriptive survey. As well as, from the Spss 16 and Lisrel 8.5 software’s different methods of descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze data and test hypotheses have been used.The required data for this study with available random sampling method from Sports tourists in North area of Alborz province and is collected by questionnaire instrument. The results indicate that the tourism services quality on brand image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction, tourist loyalty and brand equity has a significant and positive impact. brand image on perceived value and brand equity has a significant and positive impact. perceived value on tourist satisfaction and brand equity has a significant and positive impact. the impact of tourist satisfaction on brand equity is positive and significant. Based on findings, except for eighth hypothesis(impact of satisfaction on tourist loyalty) and Twelfth hypothesis(impact of tourist loyalty on brand equity), other hypothesises were confirmed. It was determined that the relevant variables play an important role in sports tourism destination brand equity of North area of Alborz province. As well, except the mediating role of tourist loyalty in the between tourism services quality and brand equity, the mediating role of brand image ,perceived value and tourist satisfaction in the between tourism services quality and brand equity was confirmed. According to the analysis, the results and suggestions were presented. Keywords: Branding, Tourism, Tourism Destination, Sports Tourism, Alborz Province.

         Today, tourism is one of the most important and effective economic issues and is one of the prominent factors of communication, social and cultural in the world.  So that the number of international incoming tourists in the world was 1.235 million, the industry accounts for 7% of global exports worth $ 1.4 billion, directly or indirectly accounting for about 10 percent of the world's gross domestic product. It accounts for one in 10 tourism industries, supporting approximately 227 million jobs worldwide (UNWTO,2017:3). Today, tourism, as a dynamic economic approach with unique features, has become one of the largest and most profitable industries in the world economy and is known as a platform for social and economic change in many developing countries (Ahmadi,2018:80). Given the growing importance of tourism in today's world and the competitiveness of the tourism market around the world, tourism destinations are increasingly competing with each other to attract tourists (Ghaffari and Mam Ramezani,2019:102). Bran and branding for tourism destinations is a factor that can be used to differentiate destinations as well as achieve competitive advantage (Ghaffari et al,2018:98). One of the most important and important sectors that has the potential to become a cross-cutting sector in the tourism industry is sports, which is called sports tourism (Mirabadi et al,2019:66). Today, the tourism industry is considered a sport, including high-paying industries, and at the same time it is considered healthy and clean for the economy of any country (Pashaie et al,2019:57). In addition, given that sports tourism is a service industry and is mainly influenced by the quality of services provided, the quality of service delivery is also considered as a key concept in tourism organizations (Kozechian et al,2012:20). Therefore, quality management is one of the important issues in tourism policy, which can be addressed in the development of tourism and sports tourism and benefit from its benefits (Andam et al,2014:17). Due to the importance of the brand in tourism destination, and that Alborz province is one of the powerful destinations in the field of tourism and sports tourism, It is possible to develop all kinds of sports tourism, including mountain-water sports, skiing, etc., and according to the presence of federations and sports delegations and the facilities available in the province, can become a major hub for sports tourism. Also, measures should be taken to obtain the satisfaction of tourists who travel to this province and they will remember this province with lasting and desirable memories, and this will be achieved through the provision of high quality services, standard facilities and infrastructure. According to what has been said, this research seeks to answer the question of what is the appropriate model for branding sports tourism destinations in the northern region of Alborz province?

       This study, in terms of target, applicable and based on collection data, descriptive  correlational and is specifically based on structural equation modeling. In this research, using from the Spss 16 and Lisrel 8.5 software’s different methods of descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze data and test hypotheses have been used. The statistical population of the study is all domestic and foreign sports tourists who traveled to the northern region of Alborz as a destination for sports tourism. Since the present study is a survey type, standard questionnaires have been used to test the initial data to test the hypotheses. This questionnaire has 42 questions and the research questionnaire has been compiled in the form of a 5-point Likert scale. To validate the validity of the present questionnaire, the content validity and structure were examined. In order to investigate and validate the content narrative, the questionnaire was first given to a number of professors and researchers in marketing and tourism, and they were asked to apply their corrective comments. With the implementation of these amendments, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared and thus its content validity was confirmed. Then, in order to investigate the construct validity of the present questionnaire, the factor load related to the questionnaire questions was calculated to remove the questions whose factor load was less than 0.5 from the final analysis. Fortunately, factor load all questionnaires questions were more than 0.5, so none of the questions in the questionnaire were removed and all the questions in the final analysis were used. 

          In order to use LISREL software, it should be noted that path analysis in this software produces adaptive indicators that are acceptable in a certain range and its results can be cited. The first indicator of the Normed Chi-square Index is obtained by dividing X2/df. Values less than three are considered very desirable for this criterion. High values of 0.9 for indicators (GFI, CFI, IFI, NNFI) indicate that the model has a good fit, and if the P-Value is less than 0.05, it is considered acceptable. In addition, the RMSEA index is less than 0.1. Also, the RMR index is 0.032, which is smaller than the critical value of 0.05, so the research model has a good fit.

          As stated in the first to fifth hypotheses tourism services quality on brand image, perceived value, brand equity, satisfaction and tourist loyalty has a significant and positive impact. Therefore, it is recommended that: 1- Immediate service delivery, speeding up the provision of services as well as timely and appropriate response to tourists are other strategies that will improve the mental image of tourists.2- In order to increase the perceived value of tourists, other promotional tools such as advertising and news interviews should be of special importance to the general public and tourism destination managers and try to implement them more vigorously. In other hypotheses, it was found that brand image, perceived value and tourist satisfaction on Tourism destination brand equity has a significant and positive impact. Therefore, it is recommended: 1- To increase the credibility of the tourism destination, to create a brand, One way to increase the credibility of a tourist destination before dealing with tourists is through television advertising (branding). 2- Provide sufficient funding to provide appropriate facilities and equipment for the tourist destination, as well as coherent planning for the development of guidelines and standards required for the proper implementation of plans to create an appropriate mindset in the minds of tourists.

The increase in changes and rapid global reformations have boosted uncertainty toward the future and thus complexity of problems and difficulty in decision-making and planning in the fields of environment preservation and ecology sustainability. Regional foresight, as a brand new approach, plays an important role in ecological issues which can provide a sound understanding of what might happen in the future based on various human and technology measures. Based on these facts, the present study aims at the formulation of spatial scenarios based on ecologic sustainability in Mashhad metropolitan region through the regional foresight approach. This research is an applied one and it is descriptive-analytic in nature and method. The data and information required for the research are a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collected through documentary and survey studies (interviewing experts). Fuzzy Linguistic Mic Mac by FL MicMac software was used to analyze data and identifying key factors and Morphological analysis and Morphol software were used to analyze and formulate the scenarios. The results of the study indicate the impact of 11 key factors: "academic defects in the long-term planning of the region", "legal drawbacks, inattention to regulation and law enforcement by the relevant authorities", lack of policy integration in planning”, "Over-Establishment of Industries in the Mashhad Plain (Axar-Quchan-Mashhad)", "Migration", "Expansion of Transport Lines (Roads and Transportation)", "Unstable income of regional municipalities", "Irregular cultivation and irrigation of agricultural products", "Unauthorized exploitation of mines", "Technology" and "Insufficient trust in public participation and ignoring the role of NGOs" on ecological development of Mashhad metropolitan region. Also, according to the research findings, Mashhad metropolitan region will be faced with five possible scenarios with a significant probability of 4.1 in spatial development. Each of these scenarios is compared using components such as "probability percentage", "inertia value" and "degree of utility of each scenario", and finally the third scenario (Ecotopia) is selected as the optimal scenario of the region. This scenario was growing and more favourable than other scenarios, and its assumptions indicate the gradual movement of key factors of spatial development in the region based on ecological principles.

Nowadays, weakness of economical, social, political and management structures cause to eminence of many challenges in cities and different regions and this case is main and effective stimulant in lack of accessibility to sustainable development. So, using modern surveys to recognize many challenges and their future trending and guideline of strategic planning to reach sustainability and sustainable development is inevitable necessity. The aim of current study is investigation of ARAS Free region future trending challenges along reaching to sustainable development and presenting guidelines to it’s position improvement and future situation. Methodology is applied and applicable form with future trending and cross – sections effects analysis technique was used to data analysis with MICMAC Software. Current study data and information were gathered by using elites and urban managers Delphi’s method. Results showed that future challenges for ARAS Free region sustainable development were under severe effect of management weakness and lack of certain plan to develop, lack of using management modern patterns such as governance and knowledge-based management; financial-monetary weakness and existence of legal restrictions with framework case in industry par by regarding high and extensive area in issued region and suitable of lands for agriculture. Also, evaluation of mentioned region stability/instability based on investigated challenges showed that; challenges are instable and strategic planning, real and innovative development according to future trending paradigm, role redefinition and ARAS Free region position in national and international arenas will recognize with roles/actions enhancing by regarding sustainable development.

Applying climatic indices introduced by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices is one of the most widely used methods to detect climate change. In present research, daily temperature and precipitation data of Zabol, Zahedan and Iranshahr synoptic stations were applied during the period 1966-2015 to detect the occurrence or absence of climate change. To this end, 8 precipitation and 2 temperature related indices were used, Mann-Kendall and slope estimator methods were applied to determine trend and magnitude of trend, respectively. Results suggested non-significant increasing trend in monthly maximum value of daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature. The studied indices related to precipitation are also decreasing without trend significant in all over the province. Consecutive dry days index of is decreasing without specific trend at Iranshahr station, but it increasing without specific trend at other two stations. In addition, Consecutive wet days index has a significant decreasing trend at Iranshahr station while it has non-significant decreasing trend at Zabol and Zahedan stations. The 1-day and 5-day maximum precipitation amount indices are decreased that is no trend observed for the 5-day maximum precipitation at Zahedan station. It can be stated that the climatic indices related to temperature and precipitation are increasing and decreasing, respectively in the study area. Overall, it can be concluded that the happened changes and fluctuations in the study area are not related to climate change phenomena due to the lack of significant trends in the majority of used indices. However, understanding these changes can greatly help decision makers and urban and regional planners, especially in matters related to metropolitan development and agriculture, and so on.Extended AbstractIntroductionRegarding the detection of climate change, the long-term series trend of climate parameters such as precipitation and temperature need to be studied. A major part of climate change studies has been conducted through analysis of precipitation, temperature, pressure, humidity time series and their positive or negative trends. Researches indicated that, atmospheric parameters are strongly influenced by the global warming, greenhouse gases, surface phenomena (ocean and land temperature increase), urbanization and urban heat island (Ben.Gai et al., 2001; You et al. 2011). Analysis of time series is an appropriate method used for mathematical modeling, prediction of future events, trend detection of climatic data and missing data reconstruction. Generally, it is said that the trend in the climate indices time series may result from a normal gradual change, climate change or human activities effects (Brooks and Carruthers, 1953). It should be noted that, confirming the existence of a significant trend in time series related to the precipitation or temperature (for example extreme climate indices) cannot be solely a decisive reason for the existence and occurrence of climate change in a region, but it reinforces the assumption of the event, because there are many parameters associated with the control and operation of atmospheric systems (Serrano et al. 1999: 2894). The Mann-Kendall test is one of the most common and widely used nonparametric methods for time series analysis, and it is used to identify the trend changes. This method is widely used to analyze hydrological and meteorological time series trend. The Mann–Kendall test is used for trend analysis in ETCCDI workshops.MethodologyExpert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) introduced 27 climate indices to study the climatic parameters (Peterson et al. 2001), consisting of 16 indices for temperature and 11 indices for precipitation. In the present study, climate indices including RX1day, RX5day, PRCPTOT, CWD, CDD, R20, R10, and R95p were used for precipitation, and TXx, TNn were used for temperature, according to the objective of this research. All of these indices were calculated by the RClimDex software package. The indices were calculated for three synoptic station in the area, and then the time series was attained associated with each index.  The Mann-Kendall test was used at 90, 95, and 99 ⁒of confidence level for time series indices at 10, 5, and 1 ⁒level of significance, respectively, and according to the Mann-Kendall test Z-statistic, the ascending and descending trend of each index were determined over time. Subsequently, the gradient of trend line was determined by Sen’s slope estimator. Also, the graph of climatic anomalies of indices was drawn compared to the long -term average for these synoptic stations over the time. The Sistan and Baluchestan province is licated in Southeast of Iran, between 25° 04ʹ to 31° 29ʹ north latitude and 58° 55ʹ to 63° 20ʹ east longitude with 178431 KM2 area. In this study, to achieve precise results, daily data on temperature and precipitation collected from three synoptic stations including Zabol, Zahedan and Iranshahr in Sistan and Baluchestan was used during a 50-year period (1966 -2015).Result and DiscusionThe results indicate that the indices refer to the precipitation including PRCPTOT and R95p have a decrease trend during statistical period and the largest positive and negative anomaly the PRCPTOT index were in 1982 and 2001, respectively, compared to the long-term average, also about R95p occurs in 2007 and 2001. The anomalies related to rainfall intensity including RX1day, RX5day, R10 and R20 also have a decreasing trend. Regarding the temperature indices, it should be noted that temperature has been increasing over the years studied. The TNn anomaly is increasing with a relatively steep incline. This means that the cold days are decreasing during the desired years and generally the minimum temperatures have been followed by an increasing trend. In contrast, the anomaly of TXx has been almost constant trend and does not show much variation. The trend of PRCPTOT, RX1day, R10 and R95p are non-significant decreasing trend at all three stations. Regarding the CWD index, the results showed a decrease in all station, with a significant decrease at 95% confidence level at Iranshahr station and non-significant at the other two stations. In addition, the CDD index increased in Zabol and Zahedan and showed a non-significant decrease in Iranshahr. About the trend of temperature indices, it was found that the trend of TNn was non-significant increasing in Zahedan and Iranshar and there was no trend in Zabol. Also, the TXx index increased without trend in Zabol and Zahedan stations and there is a decrease trend at the 90% significant level in Iranshahr.ConclusionThe present study investigated the occurrence of climate change in Sistan and Baluchestan province using daily temperature and precipitation. For this purpose, was used of 8 indices for precipitation and 2 indices for temperature from ETCCDI. The result showed that the indices under study have changes and fluctuations, but in the vast majority of cases the changes were short-term climate fluctuations and trends are not significant during the time. The study indicates that overall the amount of rainfall decreased in the whole region, especially in the northern part of the province, but the intensity of precipitation decreased in the central and southern regions more than in other areas. As for the temperature the whole region shows an increase in temperature. Occurrence of changes in the region causes dramatic changes in increasing energy and water demand as well as changes in the region’s water resources. Therefore, the results of this study and research like this can provide valuable help and guidance for planners, decision makers and policy makers in adopting strategies to cope with these changes, both in term of risk management and access to renewable and low-cost energy.

The Geographical location pattern of industries is the title of spatial planning. Industrial location based on planning to manage systematic space and in format of industrial towns provides the possibility to performance the supportive policies from fragile ecosystems. The purpose of current research is to investigate the distribution pattern of the Alborz province industrial workshops in association with the role of industrial towns. that studying this topic become possible by using library resources and documents related to the topic of the research. The statistical Society of Research is the workshops with over 10 people employees and more in the Alborz province that matching with workshop census statistics in the year 201, is about 2944 item workshop. Current research in terms of goal is practical and methodological, is a type of descriptive and analytical research. Quantitative models such as entropy coefficient and qualitative data analysis were used in the analysis of workshop distribution. According to the research findings, the distance between the entropy coefficient obtained and the number 1 is very high and shows the unbalanced distribution of industrial workshops in Alborz province. A triple pattern was identified in the establishment of the province's industrial workshops.Two-thirds of the province’s workshops formed individually. From 15 industrial town’s province, 12 towns formed spontaneous and then have been approved as industrial towns. The unplanned formation of industrial towns and the dispersal of workshops in the residential and agricultural areas of the province, it has caused many environmental problems for the region.

Too much extraction from natural resources, such as extraction of surface water and groundwater, means the loss of a country's natural capital. Fars province is facing the effects of the water crisis, such as the drying up of lakes (Lake Parishan, Bakhtegan and Tashk), land subsidence and the deficit of groundwater reservoirs. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question of what is the relationship between electricity tariffs in agriculture and the formation of the water crisis? The goals of the development programs in the agricultural sector have been to achieve self-sufficiency in agricultural products, to rely on the export of agricultural products and to ensure the country's food security. On the other hand, one of the effective variables in increasing or decreasing the amount of abstraction from groundwater is the tariffs related to electricity consumption as one of the production inputs in the agricultural sector. Relying on statistical data on electricity consumption in the agricultural sector, first the prices of electricity consumed in agriculture were adjusted based on the consumer index to eliminate the effects of inflation on electricity prices. Then it was observed that with the decrease of groundwater level in different plains of Fars province, electricity prices or in other words the costs of groundwater extraction have sharply decreased. In other words, one of the most important factors in the uncontrolled extraction of groundwater and reducing the level of these waters has been the reduction of electricity prices and other energies required for water extraction. Because groundwater extraction is inversely related to extraction costs, and in order to achieve sustainable development goals, realizing tariffs on production inputs can be effective in reducing groundwater abstraction.

Rural women are more likely than men to poverty and gender discrimination and most of them are marginalized and controlled by men. The involvement of rural women in home-based economic activities can be an important contribution to rural development. Furthermore, personality type of rural women can be effective relationship in establishment of home-based economic activities successfully or unsuccessfully. Accordingly, this study aimed to understand the personality type of rural women in home-based economic activities using behavioral model of DISK. 1542 participated rural women in home-based economic activities of Kermanshah Province were considered as research population. The research sample was estimated by multi-stage random cluster sampling approach (n = 325). Data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The results showed that most successful and unsuccessful women have influence and steadiness personality types, respectively. Also, the results of logistic regression revealed that the extent of experience, assigned time to activities, income and the use of social networks can explain 28% of success of rural women in home-based economic activities. The present study can better understand the behavioral model of disk and develop theoretical foundations of rural entrepreneurship. Also, the results of the research can be used to recognize rural women's personality in formulating educational-extension programs and public policy in order to stimulate rural women for development of home-based economic activities.

Tourism development is considered as an essential element and one of the ways of villages salvation from poverty, migration, social problems, creating welfare, preserve of traditional culture characteristics, preserve of traditional texture of villages, cultural relations, and, preserve of natural sources. The purpose of this study is the analysis of the role of tourism in social development of Roudsar county's villages in last two decades. The present study was an applied research that has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The variables of this study were extracted through ingenious bases, discoveries of internal and external researchers, and also, primary field studies from studied areas. For collecting data, the documental sources and field studies were used in form of observation, interview, and questionnaire. The population of this study consisted of 27 villages of Rudsar county with tourism themes using Cochran method, and out of 4354 households, 384 rural households and 63 local managers were selected studied as the sample size. The face validity of the questionnaire was evaluated from the experts' point of view and the reliability of the variables was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient that was 0.82. The Spearman correlation coefficient test was used for quantitative data analysis. The results of the analysis in correlation coefficient test showed moderate limit that proved a positive effect of tourism development on economic indices, while the impact of tourism on occupation components, increasing income of rural households, second home construction, and decreasing unemployment with means 3.83, 3.61, 3.54 and 3.45 indicated the positive effects of tourism, respectively. Thus, creating occupation themes, increasing rural household income, preventing youth migration and differentiating economic activity in the region were among of the most important effects of tourism that were studied in economic development in the studied area. Introduction Tourism in rural economic areas can have an effective role in sustainable tourism development and sustainability of rural communities, as tourism is one of the most effective areas in rural development that can provide opportunities and facilities for employment and income, and it plays an important role in raising the level of rural development. Therefore, it is essential to examine the economic development of rural areas and tourism, which can be a major step in the direction of rural development. Tourism target villages of Rudsar County like the general conditions of rural areas of the country, have many potential tourism opportunities in the natural, economic, social, and cultural areas. These attractions can provide the grounds for the expansion of various types of rural tourism. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of tourism in the economic development of the studied villages of this County. And, the question raised in this article is to what extent has tourism in the villages of Rudsar been able to contribute to the economic development of rural areas? Method The present paper is a descriptive-analytical one and has applied purposes. Documentary (library) and survey methods have been used in gathering the data. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as correlation coefficient of SPSS software were used to analyze the data, to draw tables from Excel software and to draw GIS software map. To determine the sample of statistics among the villages of Rudsar, 27 villages with tourism grounds were selected and the sample size was determined using Cochran method. Out of 4354 households, 384 rural households and 63 local managers (Dehyaran, Shura Council, and related experts) for knowing the study area were selected and questioned. Findings Tourism and rise in employment In the villages of Rudsar during the last decade, tourism has increased employment. According to the statistics, employment in tourism sector in Rudsar, there are 438 people out of which 392 are men and 46 are women. In addition, there are 1245 employees in the handicrafts sector. Most of them are active in the Oshian village (Rudsar Governorate, 2019). Due to the boom in tourism and demand from tourists for home and land in the countryside, price has had a dramatic rise in recent years in all rural areas. According to field studies, the highest increase in land prices in the two decades (1996-2016) between the villages under study were in the villages of Javaherdasht (600,000 Tomans, in the first decade and 1 million Tomans, in the second decade), Lele-Rud (200,000 Tomans, in the first decade, and one million five hundred thousand tomans, in the second decade), Sefidab (800 thousand tomans, in the first decade and one million tomans, in the second decade), Hassanaksara (400 thousand tomans,  in the first decade and 700 thousand tomans, in the first decade), and the coastal margin of the villages of Oshian (100 thousand tomans, in the first decade and one million tomans, in the second decade), Qasim Abad Sofla (80 thousand toman, in the first decade and one million tomans, in the second decade), Qasim Abad Olia (700 thousands, in the first decade and one million tomans, in the second decade). According to field visits, the average land price in the villages studied in the second decade has grown significantly compared to the first decade. Most of the increase in land prices is related to the villages of Hasankasra, Javaherdasht, Sajiran, Bazneshin Olia, Sarvelat, Jangsara, and Oshiyan. According to the results of quantitative statistics, 44.4% of local managers and rural people (45.8%), with an average of 3.84% and 3.94%, considered the impact of tourism on the increase in land and housing prices, respectively. Tourism and construction of second homes Due to the development of rural tourism and the increase in the number of second homes, land prices have risen sharply in the second decade, with Oshian, Qasim Abad Sofla, Qasim Abad Olia, and Jangsara experiencing the highest increase in land prices. Villagers and local managers believe that the expansion of rural tourism in the villages under study has led to increased land sales and housing and consequently increased land and housing prices from the second decade (2006-2016). The construction of jobs in the rural areas under study created through tourism that build and utilize indigenous forces in occupations such as construction, carpentry, stone work, gardening, carpentry and purchasing materials from the area. . Villages such as Javaherdasht, Sajiran, Sarvelat, Bazneshin olia, Oshyan, Qasem Abad Sofla had the most construction among the sample villages. Regarding the impact of second homes on income growth, 41.2%, compared to the results of the survey from the viewpoint of rural people was 45.8%. From the point of view of local managers and rural people, the impact of second homes construction was an average of 3.01% and the average of 3.45%, respectively, which shows the role of tourism in the construction of second homes and increasing the income of the villagers. Tourism and boom in local products and handicrafts Increasing employment and motivation for economic activities, creating more and more jobs for rural residents alongside agricultural work, reducing rural migration to urban areas and rural women employment in handicrafts have been the signs of increased employment in rural tourism. The boom in sales of agricultural products and handicrafts with an average of (3.69) and (3.54), respectively and rental villas and sanitation projects in coastal villages and foothills have had a significant impact on the villagers’ income and economy. Conclusion and suggestions Investigating the role of tourism in the economic development of rural areas of Rudsar County showed that Rudsar has many potentials that could contribute to the economic development of rural areas. In all the villages under study, employment has grown in the tourism sector, with most of the occupations in such areas as (real estate consultants, renting villas, workshops and small-scale industries, housing complexes, grocery stores, handicrafts stores, rural visiting units, etc.) Based on the results of the present study, the effects of rural tourism have been able to improve rural environment, economic prosperity of rural people, which serve as an effective strategy to promote job diversification and increase their welfare level. To achieve better results, the following suggestions are given: Planning for adhering to the principles of rural construction in the area under the study and to prevent unauthorized constructions. Introducing and selling agricultural and livestock products and handicrafts and establishing local markets to sell the products Supporting the employment of rural youths, especially in tourism-related services.

One of the most important challenges facing watershed management is the conflict between economic benefit of stakeholders and environmental protection in watersheds that in turn causes many problems such as land use change by stakeholders to increase profit, regardless of watersheds health problems. In this study, a multi-objective game theory (MOGT) model was developed as an alternative tool for resolving strategic conflicts, namely economic development (development and land use) and environmental protection (water quality preservation and reduction of pollutants) that was developed to decision making and balance the economic-environmental challenges of the Marivan Zrebar Lake watershed in Kurdistan province. Geographic information system (GIS) has been used to calculate and display different types of land uses. In this study, the environmentalists (player 1) and Zrebar basin users (player 2) were selected as environmental and economical players, respectively. The results of multi-objective game-theory model indicated that Nash equilibrium was established after seven rounds of bargaining and moderating the objectives between players and the balance between environmental and economic concerns in watershed management was established. Nash equilibrium varies for environmental actor ranges from 25365 to 25366 kg/ha and income for economic actor from 420 to 421 million Rials per year. The results also indicated that solving the multi-objective decision making model for the lake watershed does not result in a Pareto optimal, but rather a range of solutions. By comparing the results of the classical multi-objective planning model and the game theory based on rounds of bargaining, the MOGT model is superior to the clasical multi-objective model and can provide more satisfactory solutions based on decision makers' preferences. Findings of this research can be useful for land use change management in the watershed where there is conflict between economic and environmental concerns.     Extended Abstract

       Decision makers often have difficulty adopting the appropriate choice from among sundry uses of a watershed (Madani, 2010). Decision making is highly controversial due to conflicting criteria (Lee & Chang, 2005); in view of the fact that each user's behavior with different views, values, and interests also affects the choice and interests of others (Shields et al, 1999). Of discussions related to watershed management, there has been dispute concerning economic revenues from land development (deforestation, agriculture and recreational activities), environmental objectives (pollution reduction) and socio-economic plans (soil and water conservation) (Lund & Palmer, 1997). Looking at it from a scientific point of view, most of this controversy has focused on finding the pareto optimal solution (Madani, 2010). In other words, there must be a balance between increasing economic profits and reducing negative environmental impacts. In situations where objectives contradict each other, improvement regarding one goal is achieved at the cost of overlooking another goal or reducing the likelihood of achieving it (Raquel et al, 2007). Among methods aim at tackling such issues in conflict situations is the multi-objective model of game theory.

   In this study, as the first step, a linear optimization model with two economic and environmental objectives was developed to maximize the profit of the users living next to the Zrebar Lake basin and to minimize the environmental pollution of the lands around (conventional model). The optimal solution of the pareto is obtained via employing this model. From an economic point of view, in order for the lands in a watershed to generate maximum income, they must be allocated to different uses. On the other hand, from an environmental point of view, watershed lands should not be exploited more than their respective capacity range. At this stage, the contradiction between economic and environmental objectives is clearly visible; because the nature of Pareto's optimal solution is such that any improvement with respect to one objective is achieved simply by degrading one other objective. As the second step, in order to resolve the conflict between economic and environmental objectives, they confront one another, and Nash equilibrium will be established through the bargaining process (game model). The Nash equilibrium feature attained from the algorithmic bargaining process ensures that each player has made the best decision against the constraints imposed by the second player. The essential data were collected by segregation of the region based on different uses of the land of the watershed, using the Geographic Information System (GIS), and the plans made in the Zrebar watershed during 2015-2016. In order to solve the multi-objective decision problem, the ArcGis Desktop 9.0 software package was used to extract accurate data.

        In the present study, for the economic player, the goal was to maximize income, which includes agricultural, horticultural, tourism-recreational, industrial and animal husbandry activities. For the second player, the minimum concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen was considered as the environmental objective. First, each player identifies the maximum and minimum values by analyzing the single-objective function. The primary objective for the first player (environmental player) equals the lowest possible pollution level of EnvPmin = 19840 kg per hectare per year, while the primary objective for the second player (economic player) is to earn the highest possible income, ie EcoDmax =56500000  Rials per hectare per year. Since the initial results of the simulation of the multi-objective model are not satisfactory with respect to each player, both entered the first round of negotiations. During the bargaining process, players moderate their objectives. The strategy of the first player was set to increase from 20,000 to 25,365 kilograms per hectare, and the strategy of the second player was set to decrease from 54 to 42.1 million rials per hectare. The greater the difference between the values shown and the values obtained from the optimization process, the closer to the real equilibrium point. After the seventh round of bargaining, the value of EnvP = 25365 obtained by solving the mathematical programming model is approximately equal to the value determined by the environmental player, and the EcoD value is approximately equal to the value determined by the economic player. The results at this stage are satisfactory for both players and therefore they reached the Nash equilibrium point.

          The current study aimed at evaluating the feasibility of using the multi-objective Game Theory (MOGM) model to fashion a balance between economic and environmental challenges in optimizing land use in the watershed of Zrebar Lake in Marivan and to help ease the decision-making process. Supporters and advocates for environment and forests protection were selected as the first player (environmental player) and users of the Zrebar Lake watershed as the second player (economic player). The results indicated that:Using the multi-objective decision-making model for the lake's watershed has not led to an optimal solution of the Pareto, but to a range of solutions.In the game model, each player takes actions for his personal interests, but in the conventional multi-objective model, players take initiative to improve the interests of the whole system. What is more likely to happen in the real world is that people prefer personal interests to collective ones. Overfishing, poaching, excessive water pumping, illegal well drilling, etc. are all considered reasons for the benefit of individualism in the real world. Nash equilibrium will scientifically describe such behavior.In balance mode, the level of cultivation of crops like wheat and barley was constant, but garden products, summer crops, vegetables and straw-covered fields have been removed from the model. This indicates that these kinds of activity have not been compatible with environmental objectives.By comparing the results of the conventional multi-objective programming model and the game model based on bargaining rounds, the superiority of the MOGT model was confirmed over the conventional multi-objective programming model. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the best measures affecting water quality and increasing income, such as replacing the new source of livelihood, reducing the use of fertilizers, replacing vegetable and fruit cultivation instead of wheat.

During the last two decades, rural housing reinforcement and rehabilitation policy has been implemented to improve its quality throughout the country. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes that have occurred as a result of the use of housing reinforcement credits on the economic, social, physical and environmental dimensions of the houses. Nessassary data were collected through both library and field methods within a quantitative approach and using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study is 528 households whome received the credits in 23 villages of Taraznahid and Kouhpaye sub-districts of Saveh County during 2005-2016. Sample size was 196 households –based on Cochran formula. Data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample T-test). Weighting of the components of the housing sustainability and leveling the villages were performed using the Shannon Entropy and Vikor Techniques. The results showed that rural housing rehabilitation policy has the most impact on physical aspect of housing (with 2.91 Mean) and then on environmental (with 2.65 Mean) and social (with 2.53 Mean) aspects. The least impact of this policy has been on the economic aspects (with 2.24 Mean). The results obtained by using Vicor Techniqe show that 11 villages are in sustainable category (level), 7 villages in relative sustainable, 2 villages in low sustainable and 3 villages in unsustainable category. Moreover, the impact of this policy on the villages was not the same, but it had more impact on the larger and the nearer ones to the cities.

Due to the negative effects of landslides on rural and urban settlements and natural resources, identifying areas prone to landslides is very important to prevent such damage. In the northern part of Darab city, shale formations are exposed to severe erosion and have caused previous landslides in the area. has done. 21 villages of rural settlements are located in the same area. Therefore, it seeks to identify endangered rural settlements by preparing a landslide zoning map. To prepare the zoning map, a combination of effective information layers in landslides including layers of distance from the fault, slope, precipitation, slope direction, lithology, land use, distance from the waterway, height in the GIS environment has been used. Then the weight of layers has been obtained by the ANP method. Finally, the zoning map in 5 classes with very high, high, medium, low, and very low landslide risk potential was prepared based on the rural settlements of the city. Findings show that high-risk areas are consistent with areas without cover or low vegetation, proximity to waterways and faults, and slopes between 20 to 30 degrees. The results also show that about 16% of the area, which is mostly north and northeast. And are in the northwest and are at high risk, which includes 101 villages. Almost all previous landslides have occurred in high-risk and very high areas, which indicates the accuracy of the ANP model in preparing the zoning map. Also, based on the area under the rocking curve (AUC = / 834), the accuracy of the results was confirmed.

In recent years, rural areas affected by internal and external factors have undergone many structural and functional changes. Consequently, understanding these changes and the factors affecting them is one of the essentials of rural planning in order to provide a new definition of the role of the village and its functions. In this regard, peri-urban Villages have undergone more functional changes than others. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the economic, productive and industrial change of these villages. The purpose of this research is "applied" and the scientific method used is "analytical-descriptive". Data gathering tools are expert questionnaires and interviews using field and documentary studies. Accordingly, a number of professors were consulted to ensure the validity of the questionnaire. Its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.748 and factor analysis above 0.5. The study population consisted of households living in peri-urban Villages of Langrood and local village managers. The sample size was obtained using Cochran formula of 375 households and the questionnaires were distributed among the inhabitants of the villages. Also, the opinion of 22 local village managers was used to evaluate the criteria in the TOPSIS Expert Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software and TOPSIS model analysis. The findings of this study showed that there is a relationship between physical development of Langrood city and changes in economic, production and industrial performance of the villages with mean of 4.16 and numerical utility of 3 at the significant level of 0.001.

Growth is the dynamism and evolution of the general characteristics of urban systems. The rapid growth of urbanization or the physical development of cities is causing the city to spread to rural areas. Continuation of this process expands the activities and influence of the city in rural areas and causes rural activities to be strongly influenced by urban needs. The main consequence of this will be the change in the relationship between the city and the village over time (Lynch, 1965: 49). Among the important changes that are mainly affected by cities and have been observed in some rural areas of Iran in recent decades, are functional changes (Zaheri & Rahimipoor, 2013: 122). Thus, housing, activity and employment, communication with others, collective life, education, rest and tranquility are the functions of rural settlements (Shamsoddini & Rahimi, 2013: 98). The acceleration of internal and external factors in recent decades has more or less changed these functions in different regions (Mohammadzade, 2010: 10). Deep and extensive developments that have led to the formation of new constructions (Woodz, 2013: 2) that will bring problems. Therefore, one of the first requirements for sustainable development and integrated urban and rural management is to identify the factors which affecting the functional changes of rural areas (Ahmadi et al, 2013: 183). Among these factors are population growth, expansion of human activities in nature, inappropriate land use, etc., which have exposed large areas of destruction (Makhdoom, 2014: 116). In this regard peri-urban villages have undergone many changes in terms of economic, production and industrial functions. Therefore, this question arises that what changes have taken place in the rural functions of the peri-urban districts of Langrood, and what factors have influenced these changes? And it is hypothesized that the physical development of the city of Langrood has influenced the functional changes of the villages in the study area. It can be guessed that these villages, due to their special geographical location and being located on the edge of the city, are more exposed to economic, social and other currents between the city and the village than other villages, and as a result, have faced changes in their functions.

In terms of purpose, this research is "applied" and the scientific method used in is "descriptive-analytical". The required information was obtained through both documentary (library) and field methods. The data measurement tool in this study is a researcher-made questionnaire that includes 10 items related to economic, production and industrial performance in the form of a 5-point Likert scale. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, were used from the views of professors and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.748 and factor analysis above 0.5. The statistical population of the study includes all households living in peri-urban villages of Langrood and local managers, which according to the results of the last population and housing census of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016 was equal to 5974 households. The sample size was 375 using Cochran's formula and was distributed among the residents by quota sampling method according to the number of households living in each village. In the present study, the information and data obtained from the distribution of the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS, AMOS software and TOPSIS model.

The results obtained from the mean analysis and t-statistic as well as the effect path of the variables show that the physical development and expansion of Langrood city had the greatest effect with the effect coefficient of 0.678 on increasing the investment of non-natives in rural industrial activities. In this regard, the least impact is on increasing job opportunities in rural areas with a coefficient of effect of 0.510. This suggests that despite the expansion of investment in rural areas, job opportunities have not been provided to local forces, thus not increasing income for the villagers. After normalizing the matrix and weighting the criteria by Shannon entropy method, it was found that among the studied villages, Nalkiasher village with a weight score of 0.936 had the most changes in industrial performance. The reason for this is the creation of Nalkiasher industrial town in this village. In the next step, the leveling of options in terms of changes in economic, production and industrial performance based on CL (proximity coefficient) and relative proximity to the ideal situation in five floors (very weak from zero to 0.2, weak from 0.2 to 0.4, average 0.4 to 0.6, good 0.6 to 0.8 and very good 0.8 to 1). Based on the results obtained from the Topsis model, it was found that the village of Nalkiasher with a coefficient of proximity of 0.9351 had very large changes in economic-production and industrial performance. The rate of change in the villages of Lilakooh, Abchalaki, Divshal, Salkouyeh, Klidbar and Daryasar has been high and in other villages it has covered a range from medium to low.

The expansion of cities to their surrounding areas has different results in different areas. The physical development of the city of Langrood towards the surrounding villages has also changed the economic function of these villages. This is especially true in the villages closest to Langrood. In order to investigate the effect of physical development of Langrood city on functional changes of peri-urban villages, a single sample t test was used and the results showed that the mean values were higher than the mean (numerical desirability of 3) at a significance level of 0.001. Therefore, it can be stated that the physical development of Langrood city has an effect on changes in the economic, production and industrial performance of the study area and the hypothesis of this research is confirmed. Finally, the results of quantitative studies also showed that the physical development of the city of Langrood has increased investment in the villages under study, especially in non-agricultural sectors, and thus increased employment and income.

Development of ecotourism and tourism progression is an important factor in rural employment creation and sustainability , especially in areas with limited livelihood options. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ecotourism development on the stability of rural settlements in Sarbaz city. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of its purpose, its application and its method. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population includes households in villages of Sarbaz city.Two hundred families were selected by using Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method. For data analysis, ANOVA, Fisher statistics and multiple regression were used. The findings of this research demostrated  that there is a significant linear relationship between ecotourism development and the stability of rural settlements, and the most significant effect of ecotourism development on the stability of rural settlements is related to physical dimension and the least significant effect . It has environmental sustainability.Therefore, it can be said that the development of ecotourism in the city of Sarbaz and the attention to the tourism of this region can lead to the stability of rural settlements in this region, which are faced with a lack of livelihood options.

Nowadays tourism should be one of vival stable of development industry in each society that have improvement of economic politic urban and environment .focus on aspects of different tourist industry with international and local planning of management of each community play important role in international and national activities .Urban tourist is part of globe trophy developed and stable industry .it’s sort of new subject and history of propounding it in scientific  circles is less than more decades .Urban tourist is one of the most important and the most complex  human’s space and place activities .in the idea of experts ,urban tourist creates a big cultural ,social and economical occasions for cities .This occasion have a high effect on improvement of life quality indifferent aspects. For this purpose, data were collected through field and library methods. According to existing standards the statistical sample size was 9 persons, consist of tourism experts and urban experts who were selected based on Delphi method. Hereby, the effect of urban tourism on improving and remanufacturing old districts and central core of Zanjan city using Friedman test, the effect of urban tourism on improving and remanufacturing old districts and central core of Zanjan city using Kramer statistical test, investigating the impact of urban tourism on the components of renovation and remodeling of the central core and neighborhoods of Zanjan city using one-way chi-square test, measuring the impact of urban tourism on creating income and attention of authorities in maintenance, restoration and improvement and recreation of Zanjan neighborhoods using Friedman Test, impact of urban tourism on creating income and attention of authorities in maintenance, restoration and improvement and recreation of Zanjan neighborhoods using One-Way Chi-square Test, has been analyzed using Spearman which its general description will be discussed in the analysis sectionKeywords: Urban tourist, Recreation, Delphi metod, Zanjan City Extended Abstract:

Postmodern citizens often spend their free time touring the city to find entertainment. The before-mentioned type of activity is called city/urban tourism. This industry involves filling your free time at home or going outside the city or village. City tourism happens when people spend their free time touring in urban areas or wandering in city infrastructures such as parks, amusement parks, shopping malls, cultural and historical centers, and forth. This industry, which has been able to satisfy some of the citizens' needs and answer their calling for regular recreational activities, is developing and growing in various parts of the world, including Iran (Especially in the large metropolises of our country). Based on mentioned particularities, now days providing open space areas and modern recreation centers has become one of the primary goals for Iranian metropolitan executives. The extension of such modern tourism, at the level of sustainable local development and ultimately national development, can: improve the economy and the environment, balance people's leisure time, and enhance their physical and mental health. Besides, it plays a significant role in attracting foreign and domestic tourists to visit a well-managed city.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical; we used the survey method and Delphi technique to collect data. To gather information, first, the documents stored in the library of offices and organizations such as the Cultural Heritage-Tourism Organization, the Deputy of Planning of the Governorate, the Governor's Office have been studied and used. In this research, the main instrument for data collection is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study is the existing policies in the field of city tourism and recreation, 30 expert professors, city managers, and the municipality. In this study, we used Kai-Square, Friedman, Kramer, and Spearman tests to analyze the whole statistical population. Accordingly, to statistically analyze data, we used the Friedman test to measure the effectiveness of urban tourism in favor of improving and renovating the context of both old regions and the central core of Zanjan - to measure the impact of urban tourism on improving and renewing both old areas and the central core of Zanjan city, we used the Kramer statistical test.Results and discussionsThe results show that the increase in urban tourism has led to renovating historical sites and helped build their identity. Amelioration resulting from the presence of tourists, along with increasing revenue, have led to prosperity in the tourism industry. Also, it has risen the attention of city managers to renovate the valuable historical context of Zanjan in recent years. Finally, while creating job opportunities, these actions paved the way for urban instauration.  By studying and examining the current situation of Zanjan city and observing the improved, restored, and recreated places, we can conclude that: because the augmentation of city tourism results in revenue growth, the importance of this matter, is maturing clear day by day to city officials. This encourages all the officials, including the governorate, the municipality's cultural heritage, and the city council, to take the lead and pave the way for planning and designing areas so that both tourists and the people of the city can use.

Finally, by studying the information obtained from the presence of tourists and examining the process of renovating the valuable and historical regions of Zanjan, which is happening recently, we can state that: city tourism in historical and recreational areas of Zanjan has increased in a manner that it is already presenting job opportunities and financial profits. So this makes officials support the renovation of the areas in such a way that not only won't they face any problem with executing the projects but also carry the plan faster by having people's support. The implementation of the Historic Square Green Square (also called Sabze Meydan) project is a real example of the cooperation of people, officials, business owners, and shopkeepers. The best way to make profits from the tourism industry is by attracting tourists, and that would not be possible unless we renovate city regions and value them. By reviving the identity of cities, we can increase the opportunity of attracting tourists and develop city tourism. Besides, with the income gained from this, we can help to improve the city as much as possible. According to field studies and data collection from the Delphi technique and interviews that we had with tourism experts, tourism professors, and municipal officials involved in the field of tourism and questions raised in the presence of the experts, all realized the effects of tourism on urban restoration and reconstruction. They acknowledged that developing city tourism can directly result in revenue growth. This will also persuade city officials, such as the cultural heritage and the municipality administrators, to use existing potentials to the best of their ability to improve Zanjan's tourism, and this will indirectly revitalize citizens' sense of identity, pride, and sense of belonging.

According to the climate change and the water crisis on the one hand and population growth and crop demand on the other, land allocation for agricultural activities is the most important issue. Understanding the quantity, quality, type, distribution and allocation of land based on demand and supply are important requirements. The growing global population, coupled with demand for new products such as biofuels, and pressure on agricultural land. Managers decisions and goals. Multipurpose hybrid optimization is one of the most important factors in land allocation that makes land allocation difficult. The goal of research identified prioritize and recognize land allocation scenarios for strategic products for food security based on natural capacities and socio-economic and social conditions in Urmia city. The method of in this research is descriptive-analytic and information collecting is documentary and field. Research indicators include population growth, national and global per capita, national and global efficiency .The results show, the worst scenarios for land allocation (scenarios one, two, five and six) are because of food security issues in the country, critical water conditions, and high per capita consumption, per capita scenarios and national efficiencies. The third, fourth, seventh and eighth scenarios of the optimal scenario, and the ninth and tenth scenarios of the medium scenario and the eleventh and twelfth scenarios to be the most desirable scenarios are considered. The decline in growth rates in the last few years has led to the region's best growth due to population growth problems, so the eleventh scenario will be the best scenario according to the short-term growth rate and per capita and global efficiency. This research for responding to agrarian issues, water and population of the region is unmatched by using a combination of indicators and compiling land allocation scenarios.Extended AbstractIntroductionLand use allocation is a competitive process by managers and decision makers for achieving the goals set. The growing global population, coupled with demand for new crops such as biofuels and the push to farmland by managers' decisions and goals, are multi-tasking hybrid optimizers that are important factors in land allocation. Therefore, proper decision making in the process of user allocation in the agricultural sector is very important. There are various methods to solve this complex optimization problem, including mathematical programming and heuristic optimization methods. Urmia city is one of the cities in the country that has good climatic and natural conditions for agricultural activities and also the border city has doubled its benefits. Therefore, with proper land allocation, conditions can be provided for exporting the product. Meanwhile, some crops are strategic because of the increasing importance in the country and even the world. According to the region's agricultural conditions, such strategic products such as grapes, apples, potatoes, tomatoes, wheat, barley, peas and beans, can be to prioritize. Therefore, the present study seeks to prioritize land allocation for strategic crops to provide food security based on the natural capacities and economic and social conditions of this city in order to identify the main priorities and amount of cultivation of each strategic crop. Various global, national, and local indicators are considered for this process. MethodologyThe research method in this study is descriptive-analytical. The data collection was based on documentary data. GIS software was used to measure land capacity and Excel was used for scenario building. Scenarios used were national, global, per capita consumption indices, regional and national production efficiency, and population growth index (50-year growth rate from 1967 to 2017 and 10-year rate from 2006 to 2016).In the scenario, if (Pn) is the end-of-period population and (Pa) is the beginning of the period and (n) is the forecast year, then the population growth rate (r) will be: The population prediction for a specific time horizon based on the growth rate is obtained from the following relationship:   Where r is the population growth rate and t is the period of time (here ten years). And if the value of the land is (Lh) and the population is represented by (p) then the per capita land (LP) will be:  And if the production value of (P) is obtained from the value of (Lh) then the production efficiency (PE) will be: And if the population in the coming years (Pt) is specified and the per capita consumption over a year is determined for national products (PcNC) in kilograms, the national per capita consumption for that year (PCt) for different products with The tone scale will be equal to: 5)          PC  =     Pt* PcNC / 1000And according to the per capita consumption and global consumption (PcGC) the amount of consumption will be equal to:* PcGC / 1000Then, the scenario building relationship will be equal to: Results and discussion,  In this regard: LASP: Allocation Scenario, Pt: Crop Value per Year, Pn: Population Year n based on Long and Short Term Population Growth r, PcCn (g) per capita global and national consumption (calculated separately), and PEn (g) National and global production efficiency for each product (calculated separately). Results and discussionBased on the studied indices, 12 scenarios were obtained for land allocation to different crops. A comparative comparison of the 12 scenarios shows that the current situation (water crisis, climate change, soil and water pollution) and its continuation do not seem to be favorable for the region. This is due to the high per capita consumption of crops such as grapes and wheat and the low efficiency of horticultural products on the one hand and population growth and increasing demand on the other. Therefore, given the country's food security, dire water conditions, and high per capita consumption, scenarios related to per capita and national and local efficiencies are the worst-case scenario (scenarios one, two, five, and six). Scenarios three, four, seven and eight are considered for global consumption, but low national and local efficiency has made the scenario moderate. And, alternatively, scenarios nine and ten are considered to be the average scenario (despite global efficiency) due to the high national per capita consumption. Scenarios eleven and twelve are the most desirable scenarios because of the global average.  Conclusion In this research, the importance of land allocation for agricultural activities has been identified, but no research has been conducted on crops and their allocation. But the present study, in addition to explaining the importance of land allocation, has determined how much land is allocated to each crop. scenarios one, two, five, and six  are the worst possible scenarios according to given the country's food security issues, dire water conditions, and high per capita consumption, scenarios related to per capita and national and local efficiencies. Scenarios eleven and twelve are the most desirable scenarios because of the global average. Given that the growth rate of the country has been very volatile in the last 50 years, so it is a bit high and low (probability scenario).  The slowdown in growth over the last few years due to population growth problems has made the region's growth rate at its best, so the eleven-scenario scenario with short-term growth rates and per capita global yield will be the best-case scenario. With this scenario will yield world-class crop yields, and in some cases, such as wheat, given the high potential of the region, even higher global yields can be achieved. Given these interpretations, research into this scenario will meet both regional needs and export surpluses to neighboring countries such as Turkey.

Today, one of the attractive destinations for tourists are small towns, which are taking the form of tourism development in various dimensions in such cities. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of attracting tourists to tourism destinations in small cities, examining the quality of environmental services is of great importance in the process of attracting tourists. The quality of provided services has a direct impact on attracting tourists.Strengthening infrastructure, preserving landscapes and the environment, and framework reconstruction improve the appearance and small towns’ image from the perspective of tourists and strengthen the quality of the environment to attract tourists.

This research’s approach is descriptive-analytical. Library method and field studies have been used to collect information. The main data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The tools for measuring and analyzing the data are statistical methods (parametric and non-parametric) and SPSS software. Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of samples and 200 people were interviewed as statistical samples. The variables used in this research are: environmental quality components (independent variable) which include physical-environmental, socio-cultural, structural-functional, managerial components and the dependent variable of this research is tourist attraction.     

Since the attraction and loyalty of tourists to the tourism destinations is highly dependent on their satisfaction with environmental conditions and quality, through the T test, we examine the extent and intensity of the impact of the four components of environmental quality on tourist attraction. According to the average of numerical desirability in the studied components (number 3), the majority of the studied items have an average higher than the desirability. Due to the significant level at the alpha level of 0.05, all indicators have direct effects on tourist attraction and this point also has an effect on tourist satisfaction. Data analysis of Table shows that the physical-environmental component (with an average of 4.14) has the highest average percentage among the four components and social, cultural and managerial, functional-structural components are in the next ranks.The greatest impact on the rate of tourist attraction in the study area is in the physical-environmental dimension, the second rank belongs to the socio-cultural component and the least impact on the tourist attraction belongs to the components of urban management.The greatest impact on the rate of tourist attraction in the study area is in the physical-environmental dimension and the second rank belongs to the socio-cultural component and the lowest impact on the tourist attraction belongs to the components of urban management.In order to measure the importance of dimensions and components of environmental quality, stepwise regression was used. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that the physical-environmental component with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.848 has the greatest impact on tourist attraction in the area.

The choice of urban tourism destinations by tourists is influenced by various factors, one of the most important of which is the role of environmental quality factors that guide tourists in choosing a tourist destination to small towns.In this study, an attempt was made to explain the role of environmental quality in attracting tourism to tourism destinations in the small town of Color in Ardabil province.According to the obtained results, it can be said that the components of environmental quality are effective in introducing and attracting tourists, and the set of components of environmental quality provide the basis for tourists' satisfactionThe results showed that tourists in the level of alpha 0.05 have been satisfied with the environmental quality of tourism in the city in all areas and most of it is related to the physical-environmental component with an average of 4.14 and socio-cultural, managerial and functional-structural components are in the next ranks, Therefore, it can be said that the physical and environmental factors of the tourist destination, which have the components of quality of space and tourism facilities, weather conditions, green space, visual beauty, have had a significant impact on attracting tourists in the small town of Color. The physical components of the environment can provide a competitive environment for choosing a tourist destination in this city. Significant regression results also showed that the physical-environmental component with a beta coefficient of 0.183 is more effective in attracting tourists than other components. As a result, it has the necessary explanatory power over other variables.percentage among the four components and social, cultural and managerial, functional-structural components are in the next ranks.The greatest impact on the rate of tourist attraction in the study area is in the physical-environmental dimension, the second rank belongs to the socio-cultural component and the least impact on the tourist attraction belongs to the components of urban management.The physical-environmental component has a significant effect on tourist attraction. This effect is also evi In order to measure the importance of dimensions and components of environmental quality, stepwise regression was used. The results of stepwise regression analysis show that the physical-environmental component with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.848 has the greatest impact on tourist attraction in the area. Has been studied. Dent in the value of the standardized beta coefficient.