فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 39 (بهار 1401)

Arrays have been a definite part of Islamic architecture, like Islamic tombs whose array is part of their architecture. On the other hand, in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces, Islamic tombs have their own shape in terms of architecture-related layout, and from one part to another in these two provinces, there are differences in the layout of Islamic tombs, so the main purpose of this study Cognition and analysis of the array of Islamic tombs in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran is due to the impact of cultural factors and these questions are raised that the array of tombs in the provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran have what characteristics and what cultural factors are effective in their formation ? The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and data evaluation has been done through comparative comparison. The selection of samples is based on the common shape of tombs from the west of Gilan to the east of Mazandaran and in general based on historical and geographical records and the selection of samples in these two provinces in this study is divided into four sections. It should be noted that in terms of antiquity, the samples have a long history, most of which were rebuilt in the old form in the Qajar period, and in fact a continuation of a form from the past, and this is due to moisture and consequently high erosion in this area. In this regard, the common examples of West Gilan belong to the Qajar period and the common examples of East Gilan belong to the Safavid period and most of the Qajar, and the common examples in the west and east of Mazandaran belong to the Timurid and Qajar periods. The results show that the cultural factors that are the religious and customary customs and beliefs of the society here have caused differences in the array of Islamic tombs in these two provinces, so that in western Gilan due to Sunni religion and pastoral livelihood simple tombs with walls Mesh and sloping ceilings are popular and their main array is related to knotting wooden lattice walls and carving on the capitals of small porches of the building period and burial box. While in East Gilan, due to the spread of Shiite religion and was of great importance, religious figures and religious ceremonies, tombs with closed burial chambers and large porches on one to four sides, as well as more details and arrays are common, and the main array These tombs can be seen in wood carvings on the body of columns, capitals and lintels, as well as doors and chests, which shows the public belief in these elements in the tombs. Also, wooden knot arrays with regular geometric designs can be seen in elements such as shrines and skylights. In addition, due to Shiite culture and religious beliefs, murals with religious themes are other arrays of tombs in East Gilan. In the western part of Mazandaran, the tombs with porches related to the Qajar period are similar to the tombs of East Gilan in terms of array and the factors of formation of arrays, with the difference that there is no mural array in them; In addition, due to the direct connection of Mazandaran with the center of Iran and also the custom of the community, tower tombs, which were mostly related to the Timurid period, were common in Mazandaran, but in western Mazandaran due to its distance from the center of Marashian Shiite rule Rarely seen in the architecture and array of tower tombs; But in the east of Mazandaran, the tower tombs are more majestic and luxurious, and in general, most of their arrays can be seen structurally and in the transition to the dome. They are porches and are similar to the west of Mazandaran in terms of array and the impact of culture on them.

In Islamic thought, there is a necessary connection between art and wisdom. This wisdom is based on knowledge that has an equal and spiritual nature. Therefore, for the Islamic architect and Islamic art in general, the most important issue is monotheism and unity. But the divine attributes have appeared in the world as in the field of Islamic art has followed that art of turmoil because Iran throughout the history of Islam has always been one of the centers of Islamic art and Iranian architecture, including the richest fields of manifestation and the Safavid period. It is a time of revenge for Iranian wisdom, identity and man with lasting concepts in the Islamic period. The religious buildings of this period were the most important manifestation of Shiite art in the Safavid era; Because schools, as the most important ideological centers of the Safavid era; have three basic elements: religion, tendencies and beliefs of the masses and their authorities and leaders, which have been formed together with Majid in such a way that through code, with stunning light, manifest the divine names and attributes, so the purpose of shin research is the place of wisdom in the body of Iranian architecture using the combination of the symbolic beauty of “glorious purification in the Safavid period. Chaharbagh School Mosque is selected as a case study. The type of research is qualitative and fundamental and relies on descriptive-analytical method that date collection has been done through documentary and work studies and also in the analysis section of the article according to the more foundation of research based on the system of wisdom it is Islamic. The combined method is used, which consists of qualitative content analysis and stables reasoning argument in the field of beauty.The results of the research show that in all the physical organs of the architecture of Chaharbagh School Mosque, its modes and bodies, as well as the collective dormitory between Jamal Tashbihi and Jalal Tanzieh, light and geometry are semantic complements in the field of metaphorical beauty. Shows the unity in plurality with the components of transparency and torality, the color of the fluidity of continuity and complexity, and shows the sphere of glorious Tanvini with its static elegance, symmetry, simplicity and empty space.

Although there is a belief in the interaction of context and architecture, recognizing, defining, and managing this issue faces fundamental challenges that reveal the need for a deeper understanding of the concept of contextual and architectural interaction. Context features, regardless of the subject, have a direct impact on the nature of an architectural work. These characteristics are related to the spatial and temporal position of the project and its cultural and social conditions and can be examined in the form of natural, geographical, historical and cultural factors of the project. Although there is a belief in the interaction of context and architecture, understanding, defining and managing this issue faces fundamental challenges, and this indicates the need for a deeper understanding of the concept of textual and architectural interaction. This article describes the developments that have taken place in the contemporary era on the concept of home in the city of Shiraz due to the developments in the past. The house, which in Iranian culture once had a concept beyond the body, found new rules in modern times. Laws that, with a closer look, result from changes in the underlying factors and changes in both dimensions of the home and the way residents live. In this structure, to better understand these changes, after addressing the concept of context and the underlying factors influencing the concept of home, a qualitative method is examined through content analysis and as a case study with a combined strategy. This research is an empirical search that examines a contemporary phenomenon in the context of real life, especially when the boundary between the phenomenon and its context is not entirely clear. In this study, by examining the two types of house typology, common in the first Pahlavi period and the adaptation of house characteristics to the principles of contextualism, it can be said that the changes in the form, spatial structure and decoration of Shiraz houses In the middle fabric of the city, despite the fact that it has changed the form of the building, but in many cases such as harmony in material and color of materials, height and volume proportions, symmetry and spatial geometry, relationship with nature, multiple openings, centralism, the existence of porches, the emphasis on the simplicity of form, physically follow the principles of interconnection with the context.

Colors are one of the elements whose symbolic meaning must be considered in such a way that the inner meaning of Islamic architecture and art can be understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the components affecting the mystical reading of the colors used in Nasir al-Molk Mosque and to investigate the effect of each of them on the spiritual and mystical states of the worshiper.

Using descriptive-survey research method, first the concept of color and its place in mosques is defined. Then the physical characteristics of color in Nasir Al-Molk Mosque in Shiraz have been studied. In the second step, by examining the theoretical foundations and reviewing the research backgrounds, the variables affecting the mystical reading of color in this mosque were identified and selected by a group of experts using the Delphi technique. Then, the questionnaire based on research variables was distributed among 250 architecture students and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Finally, the colors of each part of the mosque and the mystical states affected by the colors are examined and matched, according to the different movement patterns of the worshiper.

The color palette of Nasir Al-Molk Mosque tiles is very diverse and warm colors are more visible. According to the path coefficients of each of the indicators, the "kinetic hierarchy" has a greater impact on the mystical reading of color.

The Muslim architect has reduced the color and variety of colors in the construction of this mosque, wherever there is a need to stop and think and monitor her condition (such as the entrance space and the eastern porch).  Where the believer must find the freshness and freshness necessary to be present before God (such as the porch and the nave), she has used various and happy colors. Therefore, by using color in the prayer path of the worshiper, the architect connects the two spaces "material and noisy outside" and the space "spiritual and spiritual inside the mosque" and promotes spirituality in the worshiper.

What is neglected by designers and even users in today's housing, especially apartment housing in Iranian cities, are various aspects of physical comfort, including sound comfort. Noise is defined as unwanted noise, in other words, extra noise is an annoyance in the living and working environment. This ambient noise should be controlled as much as possible and reduced to an acceptable level because high noise levels being annoying and annoying also has countless harmful effects.

For this purpose, the present article, with emphasis on the field method, tries to investigate the pathology of spatial arrangement and its effect on the category of acoustic comfort. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The tools and methods used in this research have been both library and field research. The field studies section was carried out by the 2260 device manufactured by the Danish company B&K, which also used the booklets published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For this purpose, 9 case samples from different areas of Tabriz have been selected as case studies. Selection criteria were selected according to the appropriate distribution of case studies in the urban context. It should also be noted that in the city of Tabriz in the northern areas and overlooking the Pasdaran Highway due to the worn texture and the emergence of marginalization, apartment units are rarely seen. In each case, point’s related to spatial arrangement and zoning were classified into separate categories.

Findings show that according to the background sound diagrams, the average background sound status taken from the bedrooms is better than the average background sound level in the living room and dining room. It is considered that this issue indicates the correctness of space deployments relative to each other in the face of external nuisance noise.

The outputs from the graphs of the average sound pressure level in the first category (location of the service area next to the bedrooms) are in a completely chaotic state compared to the second category, where the toilets and kitchens are farther away from the bedrooms. The conclusion section is discussed in detail. The reason for this is that the disturbing noise produced in the field of services is not only during the day but also around the clock and is of the type of excretion that the residents do not expect or accept such noise at all. Also in terms of annoyance index, it can be said that the noise from the toilets and kitchens, because it is also connected to the riser or utility pipes and is transmitted through them, has been significantly affected in other neighborhood units. And it disturbs the sound comfort of the residents at night when the background noise is generally low.

The new style of urban life has turned public spaces into an arena for the widespread and continuous presence of citizens, so that these spaces can significantly weaken or improve the mental-functional health of citizens in a two-way communication. According to the approach of restorative environments, the existence of a set of environmental indicators can lead to the restoration of psychological-functional resources of individuals. Since individual-cultural characteristics can greatly affect how citizens perceive and evaluate the quality of retrieval and their interest in urban spaces,The aim of this study to identify the indicators of quality of restoration in urban spaces from the perspective of Mashhad citizens who have the greatest impact on reducing stress and interest in urban spaces, For the first time, it seeks to provide indigenous knowledge of the factors influencing this quality, in order to provide a practical platform for designers and planners. this paper, based on survey strategy, after conducting basic library studies and gathering the necessary theoretical foundations, data have been collected through specialized photography methods and a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software and Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression tests. The results showed that the more citizens' interest in urban space increases, the stronger the quality of recovery is evaluated and Indices of attractiveness, being away, legibility in a significant relationship between the degree of interest of citizens in urban spaces with the quality of restoration are more effective than other indicators in reducing stress.

Artificial intelligence has been trying for decades to create systems with human capabilities, including human-like learning; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discover how to use this field in the process of learning facade design, specifically learning the rules and standards and national regulations related to the design of facades of residential buildings by machine with a machine learning approach under supervision. In this regard, using quantitative and qualitative methods using new tools common in 21st century research, including artificial intelligence based on mathematical and data mining formulas and libraries in artificial intelligence, we answer the question that the theoretical model and How is the process of drawing a facade automatically using machine learning algorithms? The results show that the automatic design intelligence of the facade can read the arrangement of the main elements of the facade from the architectural plans with the help of machine learning algorithm (KNN-K-means) and layout and drawing of the facades of residential buildings based on architectural plans and rules and regulations. Melli should also apply the building related to facade design in the drawing process using expert systems and change and match the dimensions of the windows based on the evolutionary algorithm (genetics) based on the amount of light required for each space.

Due to the challenges that have arisen today, including the violation of citizenship rights, discrimination, moral, social, and administrative corruption, a great deal of attention has been paid to sustainable urban development. This type of development requires planning. Moreover, people must learn to be more aware of this issue and participate actively in solving the problems hindering sustainable urban development. Despite profound changes in the country's economic, social, and environmental indicators in recent decades, many issues still hinder sustainable urban development in many urban areas of our country.

This study aimed to investigate the implementation status of sustainable development strategies and explain the role of citizenship rights in Shiraz. This research was correlational and applied in terms of purpose. Moreover, the data was collected using desk and field study methods. The study's statistical population included 59 professors and university experts in the field of urban management, urban planning, and citizenship rights, as well as experts and managers of different departments of Shiraz Municipality. The study used a questionnaire to collect research data. Also, it uses descriptive and inferential statistics, the structural equation modeling method, and Smasrt_PLS software to analyze the research data.

For overcoming the obstacles and challenges of sustainable urban development, several strategies could be used by researchers and professors of economics and urban management to overcome. One of these strategies is the status of citizenship rights which was neglected in some previous research. To prove this strategy, the statistical indicators of the characteristics of research experts were analyzed. This analysis showed that the knowledge of about 87% of the statistical population is at average, high, and very high levels, indicating many experts are aware of citizenship rights. Moreover, this shows the importance of this concept to the experts as some citizens. Furthermore, the skewness and elongation tests, which were performed to test the normality of the studied data, proved the hypothesis that suggested the information is usually distributed. Of course, sustainable urban development in a metropolis like Shiraz still faces various challenges.

Since the path coefficient of the fitted research model was about 26.4%, about 26.4% of the changes in the implementation status of sustainable urban development strategies are affected by the variable of citizens' awareness of citizenship rights. Moreover, the final results of this study were consistent with this result, indicating one of the strategies to overcome the obstacles and challenges of sustainable development is the status of citizenship rights. Therefore, one of the essential strategies for increasing sustainable development is to improve the level of citizenship rights. If citizenship rights are included in urban development plans, it will be easier to achieve sustainable development.