فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 85، بهار 1400)

An Example of sustainable conservation is energy management in the reuse of the architectural heritage. Reuse of historical building by an energy efficient approach is found to play a prominent role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and as consequence, yields a dynamic balance between natural and human environments. However, the main challenge is defining the measures improving the energy efficiency, while the reliable performance and controlled destructive interventions are achieved simultaneously. Thinking about how to conservation and reuse historic buildings and how to control climate change makes energy efficiency improvements an inevitable necessity. While an extensive research has been devoted on this topic in the developed countries, the current study is among the first steps in Iran. In this research, it is aimed at obtaining a systematic process and framework of measures conserving the historic buildings and optimizing the energy consumption. In addition to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and climate change control, the anticipated measures for improving the energy efficiency will lead a sustainable conservation of architectural heritage. Accordingly, in this research, a thorough review and detailed analysis was performed on the processes and measures reported in the literature. In this article, library research method is utilized for data collection and the data are analyzed qualitatively with content analysis strategy. As it is shown in this study, the first steps toward improving the energy efficiency in historic buildings are non-intervention measure, including: A) Increasing user awareness and modifying user energy behavior, which is a qualitative and time-consuming measure. B) Implementing measures benefiting from the principles of climate-compatible architecture; Such as adapting the physical quality, spatial quality, quality of architectural elements and components in the historical buildings at the time of reuse, with the climatic principles used by traditional architects at the time of the construction of the historical buildings. According to the assessments, in the case of required intervention measures in historic buildings, the flowchart of measures to improve energy efficiency should be in the form of a recurring flow, making it possible to review a variety of measures with minimum intervention measures priority. The intervention measures are implemented in the second step which include: A) At first, minimal intervention measures will be taken in the building envelop. Such as: Airtightness windows, installing curtains and awnings and shading to reduce solar gains, Solar Window Films to reduce solar gain and, if the results of the evaluations are not appropriate, in the next step, the envelope is optimized by thermal insulation of the walls, ceiling and floor. B) Evaluation and optimization of the lighting system, which may be limited to minor modifications of the lighting system in the current situation or require the installation or replacement of lighting systems and special lighting with intervention measures. C) If the measures are perceived insufficient by the assessment, it is necessary to conduct the last part of the intervention measures which is dedicated to the installation or optimization of cooling, heating and air conditioning systems compatible with historical buildings.

Accentuating the role of semi-public spaces (such as cafes, theatres, galleries) and the desire to create communities different from formal discourse in the hidden layers of society, can be a response to the weakness of the public realm in entirely public spaces of the city. The point that is overlooked in many urban studies is the seemingly small, simple and different utopian spaces that in the concepts of this research are examples of other spaces which had a less seen function in a city like Tehran, but have their own particular sets of fans amongst the people. Spaces that, apart from the leisure application for some, are not considered in the planning and design of the city. In such circumstances, presenting a new reading of them and identifying their features and types helps to present an appropriate theory to introduce different spaces in Tehran. The main purpose of this study is to identify the essence of these different spaces (other space) in Tehran (the central district) with emphasis on their cultural context. To achieve this goal, in the methodological process, a qualitative approach with Strategic basic objective and an interpretative/constructivist paradigm was employed. To carry out this process, abductive logic was used and the method of this research is a link between ethnographic methods and grounded theory which is presented as the “grounded theory ethnography” method.  Regarding to ethnography, its later approaches and the method of grounded theory refer to its constructivist type. In the process of applying the method in the cultural context of the central area of Tehran, in addition to the researcher's observations, 24 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. After employing the initial data coding process and generating 1610 codes in combination with the interview notes, with the help of memo writing, focused coding process was performed to create subcategories. In this path, 15 subcategories were identified which, by raising the level of abstraction, result in 6 main categories, which are: Cultural-artistic theme, being different, the existence of critical thinking in users, the importance of the concept of space, the place of contemplation and the meaningfulness of space. Finally, the concept of " contemplative - imaginative other space" as a core category was presented in detail and an ethnographic text, which is the consequence of an ethnographic research, was written. This is influenced by the cultural context that shapes these spaces which led to the development of a subculture with its own characteristics among the users of these spaces that has been increasing during the last decade. The result of this research is a micro-theory to introduce the essence of the spaces that were questioned for the researcher from the beginning. Despite the resemblance to similar terms in theoretical texts (third space and heterotopia), these other spaces do not fully conform to any of these concepts and have their own unique attributes (6 main categories). It should be noted that the findings of this study are appropriate to the context and existing conditions and more extensive research is required in order to expand it.

Tehran’s urban development plans are based on the understanding of Tehran, which represents the evolution of knowledge and experience of urban planning as well as the structure of the urban decision-making system during the 40-year period of urban planning in Tehran between 1967 to 2007. The reason for such a claim is that understanding of Tehran in these plans is the same as that of the plan's developers and the people involved in reviewing and approving it. Therefore, it is traceable and not an illusion. If we believe that the first determining factor in how to deal with a phenomenon is how to understand it, there is a significant gap in the theoretical and experimental literature of urban planning in Tehran over the last 40 years, which the current study aims to address and answer. Grasping and analyzing such understanding, including pre-conceptions and the mechanism of understanding formation, will play an important role in the birth of a kind of critical thinking to urban planning in Tehran. In this research, by content analyzing of Tehran urban development plans (1967, 1991 and 2007) through a coding process; the components of "Understanding of Tehran" are extracted and then, by analyzing the relations between them, a narrative of these understandings is presented. In order to analyze the compatibility and validity of the research, the second researcher has been employed in the research process. The evolution of understanding of Tehran within its urban development plans has shown that these understandings are entirely dependent on the authors, time and context, and despite extensive advances in planning theory over the last fifty years, there hasn’t been considerable change in how Tehran is understood. Therefore, it is still understood as determined, as an object, controllable and reduced. The findings, although verifying and agreeing with Gadamer's hermeneutic philosophy, remind us that no phenomenon, including the city, has a single essence, and its meaning is as many interpretations as possible. As a result, any encounter with the phenomena of the city that is based on a single understanding of it is considered a form of reductionism. Consequently, any phenomenon's understanding evolves with time and will not remain constant. Of course, given that the producers of the three Tehran development plans' understanding were primarily focused on the visible layer of needs and desires, what has changed in their understanding is primarily related to the superficial issues rather than the roots and foundations; and as a result, their basic understandings of Tehran have not changed over time significantly. In terms of approach and method, this research has a significant contribution, and it may be used not only to examine the planning process in other cities, but also for other ill-conceived concepts of urban planning. In other words, this study opens a new chapter in the evaluation of urban development plans and, more broadly, the evaluation of the application of urban planning concepts, which can bring numerous issues from urban planners' collective subconscious into their sphere of consciousness.

Currently, in urban studies, space has got other definition than that of geographical, Euclidean, mathematical and scientific aspects and is considered not as a mere void, physical object, depleted of any meaning, but as an identity encompassing all aspects of human existence. Power has dominated space during the process of urbanization, and the answer to this problem requires finding a creative solution that comes from the heart of society paying attention to the necessities of the context. The study area in this paper is Kamal-ol-Molk Square in the city of Kashan, which is one of the most important urban spaces in this city and has long witnessed the authoritative processes of production and reproduction of space. Groups of people, on the other hand, offer creative answers in their ways of consuming space. The purpose of this study is to explore how to use Rhythmanalysis as a way to better organize urban space consumption in order to findings lead to moderate the view of professionalism and pay attention to people's creative resistance in space consumption and their own order which voluntarily is in proportion to daily life. The research method is referring to the conceptual structure of spatial Trialectics to investigate the effect of the three components of climate-culture-power on the rhythms of conceived-perceived-lived space, based on the progressive-regressive method and including two directions, namely the vertical complexity of the space and the horizontal complexity of the space. To study the vertical complexity, we referred to the history of urban space in Kashan and used the method of documentary studies and analysis in the form of document selection, document analysis and scrutiny. In the study of horizontal complexity, different rhythms of the studied area were studied in a certain period of time and an attempt was made to study the activities of different groups of space consumers through field research (observation with simple and non-interfering method) and descriptive study method. Then, using a combined approach and alignment scheme, the results of the study of each level were integrated into a general interpretation. The findings of Rhythmanalysis in the research area showed that in contrast to the conceived space, the lived space of Kashan city is in line with climate and culture and also has several rhythms that are in conflict with each other. The power of the dominant rhythms has caused to the superiority of conceived space in relation to the lived space. The findings also show that considering the historical importance of lunar cyclic time in Kashan, one should be aware of the importance of the relationship between space and time in urban plans. In the study area, with the implementation of an authoritative plan, the connection between space and time has not been established. This, along with the historical way of consuming space, has caused the space to receive multiple rhythms of the presence of people in it, and in return, groups of people do not accept the space for their presence and occurrence of rhythms of their activities.

Architectural education is a key factor that affects the architectural procedures and products in every society. The goal of this research is to analyze the roots and criticizing the second era of architectural education from 1968 to 1980 in the faculty of fine arts. This research believes that such studying can help to recognize the current situation and programming for promoting architectural education. The main questions of this research are: What were the roots of evaluations and aims in the second era of education in the faculty of fine arts? What were the positive and negative effects of such an evaluation on architectural education? The research method is based on an interpretive-historical approach. The process of the research is based on three main steps. The first step includes the primary recognition of the first era of education and introducing the main positive and negative aspects in this regard. The second step introduces the characteristics of the new educational program. The third step analyses the positive and negative effects of this evaluation in the architectural education of the faculty of fine arts.This study shows that factors such as world social, cultural, and economic evaluations, the country's social, cultural, and economic evaluations, and changes in the educational system of the University of Tehran were effective as external factors. The contextual conditions of the faculty of fine arts were also effective in this relationship as the internal factor. The main positive points of this evaluation were the attention toward theoretical discussions of architecture, scientific evolutions in the world, traditional and vernacular architecture in Iran, social and urban problems, using new education methods, prefabrication methods, publishing research books and papers and restoration and revitalizing historical buildings. The external damages were mainly from the government's will and political pressures and failure to fully implement the term-unit system at the University of Tehran. The main negative points of this evolution were lack of realization of an organized system, the domination of theoretical discussions on practical programs, lack of enough attention toward technical and executive problems, weakness in the supply of executive staff, multiplicity in educational procedures, lack of sufficient emphasis on indigenous identity and architecture, the qualitative decline in final projects and weakening of the studio education system.The main results of the research show that the evolution of the system was inevitable according to the global changes. But it was necessary to consider a mechanism to adapt the system with the contextual situation. It seems that the shortness of this period was effective in the lack of realization of an organized system. So if the evolutions have happened in a more gradual process, it may maintain more success. As the current system is strongly affected by these evolutions, it seems that paying attention to deepening the excellent aims of the evolution as well as considering the world developments and the evolving needs of country society are effective in empowering the strong points and eliminating of weak points.

Indeed, every architectural design idea comes from somewhere or is inspired from some points. Thus, there is a source for ideation. Architectural designers are constantly faced with ambiguous and complex situations. Therefore, their minds usually fly to a given point after encountering design problems, and the preparations and requirements of the ideation appear as a function in the design process. Ideation can be involved in all stages in a thinking cycle, including innovation, development, and the realization of an idea. Although there are some essential notions in the architectural design process that are not easily distinguished separately, each of them has its exclusive meaning. Some of these seemingly similar definitions including, an idea, a concept, a primary generator, or an initial generator; and, architectural contributors such as designers, professors, instructors, and the students who are under the education of architecture in an academic institution or university use them a lot. This mentioned issue illuminates the importance of the vital role of ideation in the architectural design process. Besides, providing a worldwide cognition of ideation and its crucial role in the architectural design process can lead researchers to accomplish a variety of comprehensive investigations. After introducing the ideation as an essential activity in the design process, some questions should be answered. For Example, what are the sources of architectural design ideation, and what are their contributions to the process of ideas’ forming? Responding to these mentioned questions, an article entitled “the sources of architectural ideation, focusing on the professional architects’ ideation processes” has already been pursued. The present research, has made an effort to answer the above questions by focusing on the architecture students' ideation process in different academic degrees and years. In this way, a more realistic view of the ideation sources comes in to picture, and it becomes possible to compare the expert and novice designers' performance. For the field studies of this present essay, the ideation of architectural design processes of 121 architecture students of Shahid Beheshti University was examined as the case studies. As the subjects of this statistical analysis, these selected students consisted of the first-year undergraduates to the four-year undergraduates studying in their bachelor’s at that time, and the first-year and the second-year students of master’s degree. After completing the data gatherings, categorizing, and analyzing, the primary sources of ideation among the architectural students were appraised based on the influential factors in idea production. These are the factors assigned to the design problem, and the factors assigned to designers. In other words, it turned out that their ideation sources were divided into two categories of “design problem-oriented factors” and “designer-oriented factors”. Furthermore, their shares were defined after the descriptive and extrapolative statistical analysis of gained data. It showed that the design problems factors have a higher contribution to the idea formation of the students. Although this finding corresponds with the research of the professional architects, among the students, the ratio of the "design problem-oriented factors" to the "designer-oriented-factors" is impressively higher than the expert designers.