نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال دوم شماره 8 (زمستان 1400)

Purposeful and environmentally friendly development paves the way for the development of society by proper use of natural resources and resources such as mines, forests and seas and is also effective in preserving and protecting the environment. Today, land management by registration and maintenance Its information is possible in the cadastral system. The cadastre includes all information in various fields of water, agriculture, property, politics, geography, mines and natural resources. Preparation of cadastre in different and comprehensive sections, in addition to the development of society, can support the individual and social rights of individuals.

New remote sensing technology and GIS can be used to prepare cadastral maps. The use of UAV technology and satellite images with high resolution is very effective. In this article, using the Modis satellite images, the water area of ​​Shadegan wetland in the last few years has been studied

In different countries such as Switzerland, Denmark and Poland, by creating thematic and comprehensive cadastres in the fields of agriculture and animal husbandry, the economy and real estate have achieved good results in economic, cultural and social development.

The protection of natural resources is an important principle along with the development of society. In Iran, too, the country's economy, development and prosperity can be helped by creating thematic cadastres, especially in the environmental sector.

Nitrate contamination in groundwater resources and crops is increasing due to human activities and urban development. This study has aimed to investigate on nitrate contamination in groundwater, soil, and some crops of Fasa plain.

After sampling of groundwater, soil, and some crops, the nitrate content and the other quality parameters were measured. T-tests and a data correlation test were performed using SPSS and Excell software to investigate on nitrate contamination and its origin. Spatial zoning of nitrate also performed using ArcGIS.

The statistical test indicated the presence of nitrate contamination in the groundwater of the region; however, the soil did not show nitrate contamination in the area. Nitrate level in four types of crops, lettuce, beans, onions, and spinach, was within the allowable range, and in beans, it is close to the allowable limit. At the same time, among the leafy plants, the concentration of nitrate in lettuce was higher than in spinach, and it was lower in onions than in the others.

The lack of significant correlation between nitrate ions and the other ions of lithological origin suggests the anthropogenic origin of nitrate in the groundwater in the region. The high ratio of nitrate to chloride also indicates the significant impact of chemical fertilizers and the less important role of domestic wastewater, especially in the outlet of the plain. The amount of nitrate in some of the studied crops is close to the permissible level, shows the need to pay attention to their consumption and continuous monitoring of water, soil, and plants in terms of the pollution.

Coronavirus is one of the most contagious and infectious diseases of the 21st century, which has spread from China to the rest of the world since late December 2019 and has had many effects on the social, economic and environmental structures of various regions, including rural areas. Rural areas, especially in developing countries, are less prepared to deal with the direct and indirect impact of this crisis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of corona virus on the livelihood of rural households in Zahedan.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work, which is done in two ways: library study and field survey. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in Zahedan city. Due to the dispersion of villages and their large number, 20 villages were randomly selected as the sample village.

According to the 2016 census, these villages have a total of 4456 households equal to It had a population of 18,365, of which 354 were selected using the Cochran's formula. Multivariate regression analysis and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that the livability indices of rural households with an average of 2.763 were lower than the desired situation. The study of the effects of coronavirus epidemic on indicators and variables of viability of rural households showed that the coronavirus epidemic had the greatest effect with a beta coefficient of -0.398 on economic viability and the least effect with a beta coefficient of -0.147 on the variable It has environmental viability.

Corona virus has affected the viability of rural areas

This study has been done in order to investigate the effects of household economic characteristics on energy consumption (case study, households living in Yazd).

383 households were selected as a sample by simple random sampling and the required information was collected through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficients.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between education, income, job and type of home and energy consumption. In general, the economic situation of the family has a great impact on household energy consumption.

According to the results, there is a significant relationship between education and energy consumption, and with increasing education, energy consumption has increased. Also, employees consume more energy compared to people with freelance jobs, and retirees and workers consume less energy. Households with incomes above 9 million Tomans per month have consumed much more energy than households with incomes between one and three million Tomans per month, households living in affluent areas consume more energy and people who live in the suburbs and deprived areas consume less energy.h 383 households were selected as a sample by simple random sampling and the required information was collected through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficients. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between education, income, job and type of home and energy consumption. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between education and energy consumption, and with increasing education, energy consumption has increased. Also, employees consume more energy compared to people with freelance jobs, and retirees and workers consume less energy. Households with incomes above 9 million Tomans per month have consumed much more energy than households with incomes between one and three million Tomans per month, households living in affluent areas consume more energy And people who live in the suburbs and deprived areas consume less energy, in general, the economic situation of the family has a great impact on household energy consumption.

Although international law mostly composed of identical norms, it contains some hierarchical elements. At the top of this hierarchy are the Jus Cogens norms, which have a higher legal quality than other norms. On the other hand, customary rules of international law also have a special place among legal norms, because customary rules of international law are generally binding on all states and have erga omnes effect and consequently limit the sovereignty of states. Accordingly, the international community is transitioning from state-centered community to human-centered community in which the element of the will of states as the factor in shaping the rules of international law is modified and international principles and values, including the protection of the global environment, play a greater role in gradual development of international law.

This research is based on analytical-descriptive legal inductive method.

The present study seeks to develop a normative hierarchical theory in the realm of international environmental law in order to provide a solution to address the shortcomings of the international environmental law system. The findings of this study show that the normative hierarchy in international environmental law, through the fundamental values of the international community, which appear in the form of customary rules and Jus Cogens norms of international law, provide a framework for environmental protection and resolving normative conflicts in international litigation. 

The conclusion of the present article is that some principles of international environmental law, such as the principle of no-harm, which requires due diligence, have been recognized as a customary rule in the realm of international environmental law. On the other hand, it seems that despite the fact that some environmental norms have the capacity to become Jus Cogens norms, they have not yet been able to achieve that status.

In this study, a model for measuring the effects and the physical-economic consequences of air pollutants emitted from Power Plants on urban buildings facades was developed. For the case study, the effect of SO2 pollutant emitted from Rajaee Combined-cycle Power Plant on Qazvin’s buildings’ facades was studied.

To develop this model, the Gaussian plume method was used to estimate the air pollution dispersion and impact pathway assessment (IPA) to calculate the air pollutant external costs. The damage costs of SO2 due to the corrosion of building materials, soiling, and consequently an increase in cleaning expenses of each square meter of urban buildings’ facades were localized. After the validation of the output results of the developed model, the external costs based on the wind speed and different atmospheric stability classification were estimated. Different atmospheric stability classes were examined using the Pasquil-Gifford (P-G) classification.

Based on the facade’s material, the highest external costs were related to the white cement with 36575 dollars (849 million Rials). For the thatch façade, which is the local material of the region, the external cost was estimated to be 5376 dollars (1247 million Rials). Based on the wind speed, the highest external cost was obtained for the wind 1m/s with 139026 dollars (3254 million Rials) and the lowest cost was 352 dollars (82 million Rials) for the wind speed of 20 m/s. For the atmospheric stability classification, the lowest external cost in extremely unstable class (A) and the highest external cost in neutral class (D) have been measured. The external cost due to the SO2 pollutants for the city of Qazvin was 0.009 dollars (2162 Rials) For each megawatt-hour generated electricity.

The results showed that the materials compatible with the local region can have lower external costs compared with the new materials used in the buildings.