فصلنامه روانشناسی تربیتی
سال هفدهم شماره 60 (تابستان 1400)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of geographical clustering on the estimation of ability parameter (before ranking) as well as the ranking of examinees in large-scale tests (such as national university entrance examination). The design of this study can be considered as survey and because of analyzing the data previously collected by the National Organization Educational Testing (NOET), this project can also be considered as a secondary data analysis. The statistical population of this project includes all the candidates of the Mathematics group who have participated in the national exam of 2013-2014. The sample used in this study includes data on 3,000 examinees in the mathematics group from regions (quota) one, two and three, that have been provided to researchers by the NOET. The main data used in this study are the examinees’ scored responses to test items (1 for a correct answer and 0 for an incorrect answer) and the code related to the selected quota. In summary, it can be concluded that differences between the three regions, or any type of clustering, is considerable when the level of analysis is the overall sample and beyond clusters. In such a situation, it is possible to observe a significant difference between rankings using different methods, even when the value of intra-class correlation (ICC) is very low (like this study).

This study executed for the development of thinking instructional design models based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. The research was a mixed-method and Research design was exploratory design. The design consists of two consecutive qualitative and quantitative parts. In the qualitative section, by using the thematic analysis method, the scientific texts selected by purposeful method, consisted of 18 books and 40 articles, study and analysis. Also interviewed with 6 people of instructional design and educational psychology experts by focus group method and model developed. In the quantitative part, the developed model was validated. For internal validation, a developed model associated with the Researcher made a questionnaire with the determination of validity and Reliability coefficient 0/72 in the Cronbach alpha method, for 15 experts for judgment send and data analyzed. From the extracted themes, experts selected 3 global themes and 15 organizing themes and presented a model after determining the interaction between them. Analysis of the data obtained from the implementation of a researcher-made questionnaire for model internal validation by one-sample t-test showed that the mean of the respondents' responses to each question was significantly higher than the average of the scores in each question and as a result, the model had appropriate internal validity.

The present study aimed to compare the religious attitudes, self-efficacy and academic adjustment among undergraduated students based on sex, as well as the power of each variable in predicting academic achievement. The study population included all students of faculty of literature and humanity in Islamic Azad university, Izeh branch; during the academic year of 2015-16. This was correlational and comparative study. The research sample consisted of 274 students (130 male and 144 female), who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Religious Attitude Questionnaire (Golriz & Braheni, 1975), Self-efficacy Scale (Sherer & etal, 1982), Academic adjustment Questionnaire (baker & siryk, 1986) have been used for data collection. also student's average scores were used to measure academic achievement. The data was analyzed by ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The result showed that there was significant difference between two groups of students in terms of academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment but there was no significant difference in their religious attitudes. The result of pearson correlation analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between religious attitudes and academic achievement but there was significant relationship between self-efficacy, academic adjustment and academic achievement. stepwise regression analysis results also suggested that self efficacy and academic adjustment in female students and academic adjustment in male students are the most powerful predictors of academic achievement.

This study was aimed to examine effectiveness Mindfulness training on planning and cognitive flexibility of students with Learning Disability. This study was semi-experimental pre-test, post-test and follow-up with control and experimental group. The statistical population consisted of 202 third- to fifth-grade primary students with all kinds of learning disabilities who had been referred by the schools to the Center for Learning Disabilities of Bushehr province’s Department of Education. Of these, using convenience sampling and considering the requirements of the research project, 52 students were short-listed in the first stage, and of these, 40 students were selected and assigned to an experimental group and a control group (each group 20 students). The measurement tools consisted of Tower of London Test and The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The experimental group experienced the Mindfulness training group therapy in 8 sessions of 60 minutes once week and the control group did not receive any treatment. For statistical data analysis, variance analysis with repeated measures was used. Findings showed that Mindfulness training has a significant effect on planning and flexibility of students with Learning Disability and this effect remains unchanged in the two-month follow-up phase. Finally, we may conclude that Mindfulness training, as an effective and functional intervention, could be used to improve planning and flexibility of students with Learning Disability.

This study aimed to comparison of the effectiveness of spiritual skills training and cognitive-social skills on school orientation in elementary school students. The method of the present study was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all fifth and sixth-grade female students of an elementary school in District 2 of Tehran who were studying in the academic year of 2019-2020 with a total of 234,356. Fifty-one students based on the proposal of Delavar (2011) were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to 3 groups. The research instrument included Positive Orientation toward School Questionnaire by Ahmadi (2017). In the present study, the first experimental group underwent 12 sessions of 90 minutes of cognitive-social skills training; The second experimental group underwent 12 sessions of 90 minutes of spiritual skills training and the control group did not receive any intervention. The Analysis of variance with repeated measures with mixed method was used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that the difference between the effect of spiritual skills training and cognitive-social skills training was significant only in the component of the sense of belonging to school (P<0.01, F=8.51) of orientation to school at the level of 0.01. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that students be taught cognitive-social skills and spiritual therapy as a course during the school year.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between moral identity and cognitive styles with individual and social adjustment in female high school students in Abadeh Tashk. The statistical population of this study included all female high school students in Abadeh Tashk (150) per year in 2020. In this study, according to the framework of the statistical population, 108 students were selected. Moral identity, cognitive styles and individual and social adjustment questionnaires were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed and confirmed using content validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation statistics and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that, among the components of cognitive styles, between the components of the learning method through watching and individual-social adaptation and between the components of the learning method through thinking and individual-social adaptation and between the components of the learning method through I did and individual-social adaptation established a positive relationship, among the components of moral identity, a positive relationship was established between the component of internalization and individual-social adaptation and between the components of symbolism and individual-social adaptation. The variables of cognitive styles in terms of components (the method of learning through thinking and the method of learning through doing) were able to positively predict the variable of individual-social adjustment. The variable of moral identity in terms of components (internalization and symbolization), Were able to positively predict the variable of individual-social adjustment.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the language learning strategies of undergraduate foreign language students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Also, this study examines variables such as age, grade average, field of study and monolingual / familiar with two or more languages.

This study’s participants included second-year undergraduate students of foreign languages. Group interview and a questionnaire (Oxford, 1990) were the research instruments of the study. Correlation and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.

The results revealed that most of the learners used metacognitive strategies. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between all learning strategies (except for compensatory strategies) and GPA. There was a significant difference among various fields of studies in usage of five strategies of cognitive, compensatory, metacognitive, emotional and social. There was no significant difference between monolingual / familiar with two or more languages students regarding memory, compensatory, meta-cognitive and emotional strategies, but in cognitive and social strategies, there was a significant difference among monolingual / familiar with two or more languages students.

By examining learning strategies in different fields, this study emphasized on the impact of education and the application of strategies on language development of students. Learners' knowledge of learning strategies was very significant in using those learning strategies. Conducting such research studies on learning strategies can provide an opportunity for language learners and even teachers to become familiar with different learning strategies.

The aim of this study was to construct and validate a scale for measuring the dimensions of Bullying in adolescents. The method used in the preliminary construction of the items was based on a library study of theoretical concepts and validation by experts using the content validity ratio coefficient CVR (Lawshe, 1975) and content validity index CVI (Waltz & Bausell, 1981). Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the validity and factor analysis of the scale by using the Partial Least Squares Method. In the content validity phase, 40 items were prepared and 35 items were approved by experts. In the initial study with a sample size of 48 people, 3 items were removed and 32 items remained, which formed the initial scale. The study population was Iranian adolescents that Their age was 12 to 19. Sampling was done by available method and the sample size was 639 people. Examination of the data in exploratory factor analysis showed that 29 items had acceptable factor load and the other 3 items that did not have acceptable factor load were removed. Examination of the data showed that the 3-factor structure has the best fit in the structural model and explains 53.99% of the variance in total. Confirmatory factor analysis and validation of the remaining items showed that the scale of measuring bullying in adolescents is a reliable self-report scale for use in research related to measuring the prevalence and tendency to bullying and superiority seeking.

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of social cognition in the relationship between intelligence believes and academic engagement. The method of present study was descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population comprised all students in Shiraz city in the 95-96 school year, of which, 300 (174 girls and 126 boys) samples were selected by cluster sampling. Data were gathered by social cognition questionnaire, academic engagement questionnaire and intelligence believe questionnaire. The methods used for analyzing was Pearson correlation and path analysis. The results of the correlation matrix showed that there is a significant correlation between all variables of this study, which includes of social cognition, academic engagement and intelligence believe in the p < .0/01.increase intelligence had a direct influence on The vigor and dedication dimensions. Inherent intelligences had no significant relationship whit research’s variables. Following analysis revealed the significant mediating role of social cognition in the relationship between intelligence believe and academic engagement. In general, it can be concluded that the social cognition and intelligence believe are two of the most important factors for investigating the academic engagement.

A sense of school belonging is an important psychological trait that affects on other components of schooling. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on the sense of school belonging in tenth grade students in District 4 of Tehran. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with control group and follow-up test. The statistical population included 10th grade male students in Tehran's 4th district in 2018-19. The final subjects(n=17) were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 9) and control (n = 8) groups. The experimental group underwent 8 sessins of group gestalt therapy and the control group did not receive any intervention. Then, after the test and also after 3 months, follow-up test was received from both groups and the results were compared with each other. The results of analysis of covariance showed that in general, the sense of scjool belonging in the experimental group is more than the control group (P = 0.001 and F = 19.08). Also, the effectiveness of the intervention was stable after 3 months (P = 0.001 and F = 46.72). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that group gestalt therapy is effective in increasing the sense of school belonging of tenth grade male students and this effect has a significant stability; Therefore, this intervention method can be used to improve the sense of school belonging in tenth grade students.

Given the theoretical and practical shift of orientation, mostly in mainstream education, towards acknowledging the teachers as the key elements of any pedagogical program, a growing research base has increasingly substantiated that teachers are among the most significant players affecting student achievement in the world of classroom. As a result, teacher-related variables have enjoyed much popularity over the recent decades in both mainstream education and English Language Teaching (ELT). As an attempt to shed more light on teacher-related variables in EFL context, this study examined the role of collective teacher efficacy and self-efficacy as predictors of job satisfaction among Iranian EFL teachers. In so doing, a sample of 179 Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers were selected using convenience sampling to complete three surveys measuring these constructs. The findings revealed that collective teacher efficacy accounted for 16.8 % of the variance in job satisfaction, and teacher self-efficacy accounted for 24 % of the variance. Although each of them had a unique impact on teacher job satisfaction, teacher self-efficacy outweighs collective teacher efficacy as a predictor of teacher job satisfaction. Finally, the theoretical and pedagogical implications were discussed.

The present study is aimed towards identification the indices of desirable teaching and learning activities in regard with the Humanity Courses for universities and the extent to which these indices are attention. In the present study, exploratory mixed-methods research was used. For the qualitative section, we underwent quasi-structured interviews with 20 distinguished and qualified experts and faculty members of universities having their expertise in teaching and learning activities design. Also, 360 of the students of universities comprised the quantitative statistical population. In the quantitative section, a descriptive-survey method was employed. This number of participants was selected using multistage cluster sampling method. To examine the reliability of interview questions and questionnaires, we recruited formal and content reliability. And, we used Cronbach's alpha coefficients to evaluate the validity of our questionnaires. We also employed descriptive and inferential statistics to wage on analyzing the data. The results indicated that the interviewees outlined 10 indices as the salient indices of teaching and learning activities. The quantitative data also indicated that the range and degree of implementing and corresponding to the indices of teaching and learning activities seem to be less than desirable. Therefore, it necessarily requires far more significant attention.