نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و سوم شماره 9 (پیاپی 112، آذر 1400)

Oil technology startups are a new form of start-up or entrepreneurial company that seeks to help the economy grow and sustain through research and development. These startups are based on the infrastructure they have technology-driven software for exploration; Extraction and production are considered to be able to develop knowledge capacities in the field of oil. The purpose of this study is to interpret the functions of the university entrepreneurship ecosystem to develop the infrastructure of oil technology startups.Material and

In this research, in order to identify the components (dimensions of infrastructure development of technological startups in the oil field) and research propositions (propositional themes of the functions of the university entrepreneurship ecosystem), combined analysis was used with the participation of 16 entrepreneurship experts at the university level. In the quantitative part, the identified components and propositions in the form of matrix questionnaires were interpreted by 20 managers and deputies at different university levels in Golestan province.

The results showed that the proposition of human resource function as the most effective themes of the university entrepreneurship ecosystem that develops the capacity of oil technology knowledge management as a component of oil technology startups.Discussion and

This result shows that under the most influential proposition of the university entrepreneurship ecosystem, namely, human resource function, the most likely scalable dimension of the infrastructure of oil technology startups is the capacity to manage oil technological knowledge.

According to increase in copper demand and reduce high-grade resources, in this research, copper recovery from flotation tailings have been studied in a laboratory mixing tank experimentally. Flotation tailing should be reused judiciously because of its negative effects on the environment caused by building up of these industrial wastes in surroundings.
Material and

The leaching experiments have been carried out in a stirred stainless-steel tank, at a constant temperature of 25oC. Sulfuric acid with 98% purity was used as a solvent in the leaching process. The weight of flotation tailings used in experiments was 18 kg. Using various amount of water, different pulp density was achieved. The experiments were done with solid weight percentages of 30%, 35%, 40% and 45% in water.

The results of this study revealed that suddenly addition of acid to the tank due to sudden change of acid concentration caused to increase the efficiency of the leaching process. When acid was added to pulp suddenly, dissolution of iron from tailings was lower than that in gradual addition of acid condition. Solid particles residence time are less due to sudden addition of acid condition.
Discussion and

The amount of consumed acid in the experiments varied from 31 to 54 kg/t with respect to pulp density. According to experimental conditions, sample contained 40% solid, as appropriate feed for recovery of copper from flotation tailing was recommended. For a solid percent of 40wt% and residence time 15 minutes, copper recovery reached 92.67%.

Gilan province is one of the northern provinces of Iran, which due to its unique geographical position, hosts many tourists per annum. The main purpose of the present research is to assess potential areas of ecotourism through a case study in the northern freeway of Iran, between Emamzadeh Hashem and Rudbar.
Material and

In this research, ArcGIS 10 was performed to assess potential areas of ecotourism through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and index of potential spatial techniques. Furthermore, thematic maps with specific scales in relation to the ecological resources of the study area were prepared to create a spatial database. Afterward the data were analyzed by a systematic method.

Findings indicated that the best score is assigned to the situation with the lowest risk of floods and landslides, the least difficulty and cost of access to the road, the optimal earth slope, the maximum average rainfall, adjacency with freshwater availability such as rivers and lakes as well as access to the potable water, ease of access to the surrounding villages, and has the highest equilibrium temperature and the lowest evapotranspiration.
Discussion and

Based on the classification and network magnification of images, index values were calculated for each cell, so that those cells with a cultivar above 0.1115 were extracted. These cells are located at the top of the study area which is situated adjacent to the Emamzadeh Hashem included the Ghazian, Liafo, Sheikh Ali Toseh, Mirza Golband, and Radar Pashteh villages.

The current study is applied to assess structural elements of landscape mosaic of Chehelsetoon garden to identify whether ecological design criteria have influenced on Chehelsetoon garden design or not.
Material and

Descriptive- analytical has been used in three steps. Firstly, design criteria of Persian gardens have been studied. Secondly, design features of Chehelsetoon garden have been analyzed and compared with Persian garden criteria. Then adaption degree of design features of Chehelsetoon with Persian garden criteria has been determined.

The results of the current research indicate that rectangular shapes are the main pattern of the landscape of studied area. In addition, continuous mass and rectangular shapes are recognized as the pattern of surrounding green spaces of the Chehelsetoon garden. It should be noted that green space of the main axis of garden is continuous strip patterns.
Discussion and

Using water in contrast with high humidity of the environment, land morphology intervention, incompatibility with vernacular landscape and using Persian garden pattern and planting non-native trees and flowers (evergreen trees) in the main axis of garden show that designer concentrate on developing Persian garden patters instead of ecological design criteria.

Nowadays, cities are growing at an unprecedented rate which has caused significant challenges. Among these turbulences, we must seek a comprehensive and fundamental solution to improve the quality of life. The city prosperity model presented by the United Nations Human Settlements Program in 2012 offers a new approach to urban prosperity and sustainability. This paper while discovering and studying the relationship between city and prosperity indicators, develops the most commonly used model in the world and creates a native model for measuring, identifying opportunities and promoting cities with an emphasis on the quality of life component in urban prosperity approach.

In the theoretical part, this research has been conducted based on descriptive and analytical methods; and by conducting library studies and analyzing the attitudes associated with the city prosperity model and the concept of quality of life, it attempts to document and extract the components, dimensions and indicators of these two categories. These indicators were tested through 380 questionnaires in neighborhoods of Tehran metropolitan and then, using factor analysis statistical method, significant factors were selected.

Using factor analysis, the 22 main factors of urban prosperity were identified based on the data of the neighborhoods of Tehran. Each of these factors, which have a more semantic and functional relationship, were expressed in the 6 main dimensions of urban prosperity in the proposed model. Finally, the developed and localized model of urban prosperity was presented emphasized on the quality of life component.

The proposed model can be very effective in achieving sustainable urban development, improving the quality of life and measuring the prosperity status in cities of Iran, It can be presented as a Localized and developed example of the global city prosperity model, which is a reliable measure for reviewing, analyzing and prioritizing urban actions.

Fresh and processed vegetables, in particular leafy vegetables are main sources of nitrate in the diet. The growth level and absence of contamination matters of these vegetables, particularly their cultivation in farm lands, in the suburb which may using sewage, is so critical. The primary target of this research is to determine nitrate concentration in the edible parts of radish, mint and parsley, and compare them with allowance limits and then introducing the most nitrate intaking herbs of the southern region of Tehran , in 2015.

Demanded products have been collected during three times sampling from Ahmadieh agricultural complex located in south of Tehran, in August and September of 2015, and the examinations have been repeated in three times for each sample. Eventually 90 samples were tested. The examinations carried out based on instruction provided by Iranian National Standard Organization

The results showed that mean concentration of nitrate in radish, radish leaves, mint leaves, mint roots, shoot mint, parsley leaf and parsley stem are respectively 19.02 ±1.342, 11.00±0.895, 17.70±1.369, 26.69±1.936, 20.82±1.261, 22.43±1.00 mg/kg, and also is indicative of the highest nitrate concentration is related to the mint and the lowest concentration in the radish, among all tested samples.
Discussion and

By considering vegetables watering with sewages in this region which could increase nitrate concentration in the products, Then it is necessary to check nitrate concentration of more samples to achieve an accurate result.

Due to limited water resources and increasing water needs, the potentials of water resource allocation using the traditional methods are decreased and the use of new allocation strategies and managing water resources in choosing projects and making correct decisions in allocating and managing water resources is more important than ever. The main purpose of the present study is comprehensive management and planning in order to use the existing water resources of Yamchi dam network located in Ardabil province and meet the demand in the drinking, agriculture, industry and environment sectors, taking into account their future needs. Accordingly, Yamchi dam and its downstream areas are simulated in the WEAP model environment and the model is implemented for current conditions and future development projects in ten different scenarios. The proposed scenarios included examining the impact of allocation, industry needs, increasing irrigation efficiency, removing groundwater resources, changing cropping patterns, single cropping, and combined scenarios. The entries included information on the Yamchi dam and reservoir, groundwater resources, and the parameters needed to calculate the nodes for drinking, agricultural, industrial and environmental needs in the period 2008 to 2018.

The results showed that among the proposed scenarios for the areas under study, the scenario of simultaneous change of cropping pattern and 65% increase in irrigation efficiency is the most suitable option among the studied scenarios, which meets time and volume reliability of drinking and agricultural needs by 100% and will reduce the needs of the current situation by 44%.

It is worth noting that if the groundwater source is eliminated for any reason, none of the solutions of changing the cropping pattern, increasing efficiency, etc. can fulfill the shortage and it is necessary to treat urban, agricultural and industrial wastewaters and reuse one of them. The results show that urban wastewater treatment and reuse can provide about 60 percent of the shortage of groundwater resources.

The Purpose of this research is The Model of Interactive/Qualitative Analysis (IQA) of Perceptual themes on the base of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Support of Green Products about of Knowledge-Based Companies in the Field of Food.

In this study, which was conducted in two qualitative and interactive sections, 15 specialists and experts in the field of marketing at the university level and 20 managers in knowledge-based companies participated in these two sections.

Results in the qualitative part of the existence of three main.

The results in the qualitative section also showed that the main driver of perceptual approaches in the aesthetics of green products is the proposition of using material design as an aesthetic ecosystem in capturing the minds of customers, which will have consequences such as brand identity of green products.It was also found that the main stimulus for perceptual approaches to green product health was the use of international logos and the insertion of special codes (USDA) into green product health, which led to the stimulation of customers' perceptions of the organic nature of green food products.

The Green Curriculum is a practical program for sustainable learning, sustainable and systematic and interdependent education. The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating the optimal model of green curriculum in order to promote the environmental culture of elementary school students in 2020using a mixed exploratory research design.

In the qualitative part, the thematic analysis method was used with inductive approach and in the quantitative part; the descriptive survey method was used. Based on the obtained components, a 73-item questionnaire was constructed. In order to validate the questionnaire, face validity, content validity and construct validity were used. The statistical sample in the quantitative section included 395 specialists in the field of curriculum, professors of educational sciences, deputies and directors of education in Khorasan Razavi province. In order to analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis method and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach were used.

Findings showed that the measurement tool had factor validity. Also, the values ​​related to estimating Cronbach's alpha coefficient in order to measure the internal correlation of basic themes were higher than 0.7, so the measuring tool related to these concepts had sufficient measurement accuracy.

The findings of the content analysis led to the design of a green curriculum model with 4 organizing themes and 20 basic themes.

Due to the high productivity of tomato in three districts of Shiraz, Marvdasht and Kazeroun, the development of processing industries is necessary to prevent waste and market balance. Suitability analysis for processing industries leads to establishment based on ecological criteria.

To evaluate the ecological capabilityfor sustainable development a special model for assessing ecological capabilities was prepared. After collecting economic and social criteria and weighting the criteria using ENTROPY, prioritization and ranking of cities was done with VIKOR. Then, by overlapping the appropriate economic, social and ecological suitable areas for industrial development, the final suitable was identified.

Marvdasht and Shiraz are in the first and second priority of the development of tomato processing industries. In prioritizing between sectors, Zarghan and Seydan districts and the central part of Marvdasht city are in the priority of developing processing industries. The results showed that is Kazeroon district doesn’t have overall capabilities for development of tomato processing industries.

Entropy weighting showed that among economic and social parameters, industrial proximity is the most important. The results show the efficiency of multi-criteria decision models in evaluating economic and social indicators along with evaluating ecological capabilites. The use of specific models suitable for each region that assess ecological capability along with economic and social characteristics can reduce the risks of long-term management and decision-making.

Economic valuation by quantifying the benefits is an effective step towards improving environmental policies to sustain and develop the ecotourism industry. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the tourists’ willingness of to pay to visit Mianjangal ecotourism area in Fasa County.

The required data were collected by single-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method through completing questionnaires from a random sample of 542 tourists in April 2019. The censored normal regression model was used to estimate the visitors' willingness to pay and identify the factors affecting it.

The results showed that willingness to pay to visit this ecotourism area is negatively affected both by the age of household head and by the household size. Also, the effect of educational level of head of household, household income and annual recreational trips to natural areas on tourists’ willingness to pay was estimated to be significantly positive. Based on the effect of gender variable, female- headed households are more willing to pay than male-headed households. The average tourists’ willingness to pay for a one-day staying at Mianjangal ecotourism site was estimated at 205205 Rial.
Discussion and

Based on the results of this study, government supportive policies are proposed to increase the purchasing power of low-income and crowded household; and furthermore, increasing household ecotourism information can lead to the spread of tourism culture and to rise the number of recreational trips to the study area.

We investigated the produced wheat of Iran in terms of heavy metal cadmium and lead, and also to measure the extent of zinc.

The amount of the mentioned metals in 419 wheat samples, after preparation and extraction, was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry.

The amount of cadmium in the 8.59 percent of wheat was higher than permissible limit in national standard index of Iran (0.03 mg/kg). In all provinces, the average amount of cadmium was less that the permissible limit, except Gilan. The findings showed that the amount of lead in 0.72 percent of analyzed samples was higher than permissible limit in the national index (0.15 mg/kg). In all provinces, the average amount of lead was less than national index of Iran. Analysis of concentration of zinc, a useful element, showed that in much of samples (about 79 percent), the concentration of this element less than acceptable level (30 mg/kg).

The analysis of frequency distribution of heavy metals in different provinces of Iran showed that in Gilan province, the concentration of cadmium is more than permissible limit. Since that the permissible concentration of cadmium in the national standard of Iran is unreasonably exigent. It is suggested that the maximum tolerance limit for cadmium in wheat grain should be reviewed. If the Codex standard is considered as an indicator of the pollution of heavy wheat production in Iran, in relation to cadmium, none of the analyzed samples cadmium concentration has not exceeded the Codex limit. In addition, the results of zinc measurement in wheat samples indicate zinc deficiency in most of the samples. Therefore, regarding the share of bread in the food basket of Iranian society, increasing the concentration of zinc in the wheat of Iran should be taken into consideration.

Heavy metal pollution of airborne particles is a serious problem in the urban environment and has been considered by many researchers. Among heavy metals, lead is an element that enters suspended particles from various sources. In this research, the amount of lead in suspended particles indoor and outdoor the building of Karaj metropolis has been investigated.
Material and

Sampling of suspended particles was performed in December 2019 from 23 stations indoor and outdoor the building in Karaj metropolis. In order to measure the amount of lead in the collected samples, wet chemical digestion method was used by nitric acid/perchloric acid combination. Finally, the concentration of lead metal was measured using ICP-MS.

Based on the findings of this study, the highest levels of lead indoor and outdoor the buildings were measured as 858.73 and 446.28 μg/g, respectively. Also, a significant difference was observed between the amount of lead indoor and outdoor the building and in addition between different stations, in some stations the amount of lead indoor and in some stations outdoor the building the amount of this element was measured more.
Discussion and

Lead analysis in indoor and outdoor dust samples in Karaj metropolis shows the spatial distribution of this pollutant in different stations based on pollutant sources. Examination of the results of one-way analysis of variance test showed that in areas with higher traffic load, the amount of lead in dust samples collected inside and outside the building was higher than other stations.