پژوهشنامه اقتصادی
پیاپی 82 (پاییز 1400)

Value-added tax is levied at various stages of the import, production, distribution, and consumption chain based on a percentage of the value of goods sold or services provided at each stage and ultimately paid by the final consumer. Structural transformation is considered as one of the variables affecting the efficiency of VAT collection often has led to an increase in the share of services in the total value added of the economy. In this study, the effect of structural transformation on the efficiency of VAT collection in provinces of Iran during 2008-2016. The results indicate that the ratio of value added of the service sector to total value added has a negative and significant effect on the efficiency of VAT collection. The value-added ratio of the services sector to the value added of the industrial sector has a negative and significant effect on the efficiency of VAT collection. Also, GDP growth per capita, Gini coefficient and the interval of value-added ratio of the agricultural sector of total value added has a negative effect on the efficiency of VAT collection. The rate of urbanization and the ratio of construction expenditures to total government expenditures have a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of VAT collection in the provinces.

This paper aims to study the relationship between financialization and the variables of income distribution and economic growth in Iran during 1988:q1 -2019:q4. To analyze the relationship, the continuous wavelet transform approach and to explain the results with empirical facts, the regression approach with Mixed Data Sampling (MIDAS) have been used. Results of the wavelet transform show that, in the short-run, there is a positive coherency between financialization and income inequality; so that during 1989-2007 and 2014-2019, financialization is the leading and cause of income inequality. Also, in the short run, there is a negative coherency between financialization and economic growth; in a way that during 1989-2019 financialization is the leading and cause of economic growth. The results of the MIDAS approach also show that in addition to financialization, the variables of government expenditures, economic growth, inflation, and sanctions have a positive and significant effect, and the policy of targeted subsidies has a negative and significant impact on income inequality. Also, financialization, government expenditures, income inequality, inflation, and economic sanctions have a negative and significant effect, and physical capital, employment, and degree of trade openness have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. As a result, the phenomenon of financialization accompanied by the imposition of economic sanctions and government policies, on the one hand, leads to an increase in the wage and income gap between the real sector and the financial sector, and, on the other hand, their effects leave a negative impact on economic growth by the diversion investment to unproductive activities.

The government expenditure in economic affairs can act as a tool for creating and sustaining development by improving income distribution. Therefore, prioritization and optimal allocation of economic expenditures of governments will be so important. In this regard, the present study has investigated the impact of government expenditure on economic sector and related sub-sectors (agriculture, industry and mining, trade, information technology, energy, housing, transportation, environment, cooperatives affairs, and water resources) on income distribution in Iran's economy during business cycles. In this study, Markov Switching Auto Regressive model (MSAR) has been used to estimate time-series data during the time period between 1973 to 2019. The result of the study indicates that economic sector and agricultural, water resources and transportation subsectors during business cycles, “housing, trade, and cooperative affairs” subsectors during the boom periods, and the environment subsector during the recession periods have reduced income inequality significantly. Also, the government expenditure in industrial, mining, and energy subsectors during business cycles and information technology subsector during the boom periods have increased income inequality significantly. Finally, the subsectors of agricultural, water, industry and mining, commerce and cooperation, transportation have been more stable in the recession regime. Meanwhile, the economic sector and subsectors of information technology, housing and development, environment and energy have been more stable in the boom regime. Therefore, the components of government expenditure on income distribution have asymmetric behavior.

The purpose of this study is to determine banking crisis dates in four different groups of countries and also to calculate four alternative measures of real output losses in the year of the banking crisis and three years later, over the period 1980-2019. In the first step, we used the money market pressure index approach to determine the date of the banking crisis. In the second step, we used the Hodrick-Prescott filter to extract different trends from countries' GDPs to calculate four alternative measures of real output losses, three of which are based on the loss in GDP with respect to its trend and the fourth measure is the loss in the trend itself. We also graphically analyzed the number of banking crises in different groups of countries and output losses following crises. In this study, 122 banking crises were identified in four groups of countries. The results of graph analysis of the crises showed that the highest number of banking crises (14 crises) occurred in 2008. Also, about 22 Percentage of the total banking crises (28 crises) occurred in the period 2008-2012, in which the share of high-income countries was higher than other country groups. Then, four alternative measures of real output losses following the banking crisis, the statistics related to the maximum and minimum losses, and graphical analysis were presented.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the emergence of a new and different field for economic action. This new field is called the world economy, which is beyond the international economy, and its nature and the fundamental forces affecting it differ from those affecting the international economy. Due to this new environment, phenomena such as global capital and the global value chain have emerged, without which it is impossible to obtain a correct picture of the construction of economics, both within countries and globally. Policy-making will also be different in this new environment. This article is meant to demonstrate how the development of new global phenomena contributed to the emergence of a new global economic climate that has transformed the behavior and position of nations within the new global order. Despite the many differences between theories, in the first part of this article, we will try to highlight the fact that they agree on the formation of the world economy and the world entering a new stage. Based on the data gathered from sources such as the annual reports of the World Trade Organization, the UNDP, and the International Monetary Fund, we present in the second section that the change has actually occurred and the world has entered a new space.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of trade and foreign direct investment on economic growth of OPEC members using the convergence and gravitation model. The model is estimated by the spatial Durbin regression model (SDM) using spatial panel data for the period 2010-2020. Convergence is estimated using cross-sectional data method and gravitation model using panel data method. The results show that foreign direct investment affects economic growth inside and in neighbor countries through spillovers, increasing trade and technology imports in the countries. Also the size of government has no effect on trade and economic growth. The results of convergence and gravitation model show that there is convergence between the target countries and gross domestic product has a positive effect on bilateral trade, but the Linder variable has a negative effect on mutual trade, consistent with the theory.