فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 83 (زمستان 1400)

The development process is multidimensional and includes various dimensions. The social dimensions of the development include different indicators such as educational, health indicators and migration, which have received less attention. The first step in solving the problems arising from inequality is to recognize and level the regions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the provinces' level of development in terms of educational, health and migration indicators in which 31 provinces of the country were ranked based on 24 indicators.

The data of 24 educational, health and migration indicators were acquired through the results of general population and housing census as well as statistical yearbooks in 2018. SPSS, Excel and Arc GIS software were used to analyze the data. Williamson coefficient was applied to evaluate spatial inequality; principal component analysis method to weight indicators and TOPSIS method to construct a composite indicator of provincial development were applied. Finally, the development level of the provinces was classified by GIS method as well as hierarchical cluster analysis.

The results showed that there was the highest inequality in the indicators of the "dropout rate in elementary school" and "ratio of rehabilitation centers to population", and lowest inequality in "junior high school passing rate" and "male literacy rate", respectively. The results of ranking the provinces revealed that the provinces of Charmahal and Bakhtiari, South Khorasan, Semnan, Ilam and Yazd were in the best situation whereas the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Alborz, Tehran, West Azerbaijan and Hormozgan had the lowest rank. This finding, together with the results of hierarchical cluster analysis and GIS maps, confirms the existence of a gap and difference among the provinces of Iran in social development in terms of educational and health indicators such as "ratio of technical and vocational centers to population", "mortality rate among children aged under five years", "net migration rate", etc.

In order to establish balanced development, it is suggested that any budget be allocated to the less-developed provinces identified in this study.

Today, quality of life as a powerful tool for monitoring community development planners and expresses the general social, economic and environmental characteristics in the regions. Due to the special place of quality of life in sustainable development and social and economic development planning, non-governmental organizations and the government at the national and local levels are working on measuring and indexing it. Benefiting from a desirable quality of life among the provinces causes the progress and development of the whole country and on the other hand prevents population density in a specific geographical area.

The purpose of this study is to spatially measure the combined quality of life index in different provinces of Iran. Using the statistical data of 2016, this research has been completed. Economic, infrastructural, educational, social and health components are included in this research, analytical-descriptive method and hierarchical-TOPSIS method have been used.

The results show that Tehran province with a weight of 0.351 is in the first place and Bushehr, Isfahan and Fars provinces with a weight of 0.097, 0.096 and 0.087 are in the second to fourth place in terms of quality of life, respectively. Kurdistan, North Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan and South Khorasan with the weights of 0.0365, 0.0319, 0.0304 and 0.0269 are in the last ranks in terms of quality of life.

Given that the quality of life in the provinces and cities is of particular importance, so far there are no specific factors to measure the quality of life. Therefore, addressing the various components for measuring it can provide appropriate and practical ways to achieve a comprehensive system for measuring quality of life. Expresses quality of life as a mental concept based on which he argues that a person's understanding of his life situation in terms of culture and value system in his life is related to his goals, expectations, standards and concerns.

Nowadays the concept of the child welfare system is defined in different countries due to the role of government and society in providing an appropriate context for the comprehensive development of children. The main role of the child welfare system is to ensure the safety and wellbeing of children and adolescents whose families do not meet or protect their needs. Also, in a more preventive and universal approach, child welfare includes the development of social facilities and contexts in which all children are given a fair and sufficient opportunity to develop their potential abilities. Given the historical trend of child welfare systems in various countries, their main mission is to respond specifically to the needs of children who have been reported as abused or neglected. In recent decades, this limited view has faced many criticisms, so as a result, more and more varied groups of at-risk children have been addressed by child welfare services in different countries. Which groups of children in what severity, need, and harm should be covered by child welfare systems, are defined specifically in each country according to its laws and policies. In Iran, there is no structured and defined child welfare system, and one of the first steps to establish the system is to identify and define its target group. Therefore, this study seeks to identify different types of at-risk or in-need children in which government and public agencies should provide them with special services rather than a general population of children.

This qualitative study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, conventional qualitative content analysis was applied to in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with child welfare experts in Iran. Purposeful and theoretical sampling was used until data saturation was gained by 56 qualitative interviews. The interviews were analyzed simultaneously using MAXQDA 2018 software.  In the second phase, conventional qualitative content analysis was utilized to analyze the laws, regulations, and policies in addition to documents relating to children's services to determine and categorized the existing target groups. The sample included all of the valid laws, regulations, policies (184 ones), and also all the formal documents relating to children's services provided by the government(327 ones) were analyzed using MAXQDA 2018 software.

This study, defined and categorized current and proposed target groups of the child welfare system in Iran. Currently, 22 categories and 96 subcategories of at-risk or in need children are given special attention in laws and policies or by various government agencies, in other words, they are the current target groups of the child welfare system of Iran. In addition to identifying and classifying the existing target groups of the child welfare system in Iran, as a result of analyzing in-depth interviews with experts and also reviewing the experiences of other countries, the proposed target groups should be addressed by child welfare services in Iran were defined and classified. The proposed children who should be considered at risk or in need and consequently should benefit from the special attention and services of the child welfare system were categorized in 23 categories and 123 subcategories. Both of these target groups were analyzed in the context of the socio-ecological perspective and classified into three types of risky situations: risky situations related to individual factors; risky situations related to family factors, and risky situations related to structural social, economic, and cultural factors. The main categories of proposed target groups in these three classifications are reported in the following table.

Defining and classifying the target groups of child welfare systems, the children need special attention and services, could lead to an integrated and coordinated structure and framework for policy and service planning in the organizational and inter-organizational levels to cover comprehensively all of the at-risk or in-need children by the responsible agencies, specifically the State Welfare Organization of Iran. This framework by the optimal management of the available resources not only could prevent the parallel and non-integrated services to some of these children, but also could prevent ignoring and neglecting some of these groups. However, it is noteworthy that due to the multiple and various groups of defined at-risk or in-need children in Iran, the role of preventive and universal measures and policies, especially establishing a comprehensive and efficient public welfare and social security system is increasingly emphasized.

The quality of life of different social groups is a function of the laws and policies of society. How governments address issues related to women is one of the most important factors influencing womenchr('39')s living conditions and quality of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the approvals of the Iranian government board from 1997 to 2017 in the field of womenchr('39')s issues.

The method used in this study was qualitative content analysis. The mentioned approvals were analyzed and reviewed in MAXQDA2020 software in three stages of open, axial and selective coding. In order to validate the data, review of studies and the techniques of obtaining parallel information and trinity, data analysis were used and, Kappa agreement coefficient was used to obtain reliability, which was confirmed with a reliability of 0.68.

After analyzing the data, three main themes and seven main categories were identified; Strengthening the traditional roles of working women (reducing working hours in order to support the traditional role of women, legal guarantee of reducing womenchr('39')s working hours), gender justice in Iranian womenchr('39')s rights (gender justice in supporting women with guardianship problems, supporting womenchr('39')s role in development, gender justice in the pattern of marriage and divorce of Iranian women), unequal rights of women (unequal citizenship rights of women, unpaid leave with the aim of citizenship of the spouse).

In Iran, the comprehensive view of women and the family as a comprehensive program is lacking. Empowerment of women precedes the creation of equal opportunities, and empowerment programs for women will be made possible with their maximum participation. It is also important to strengthen cultural beliefs and train organizational managers to facilitate and lead society toward gender justice.

The importance of public subsidies as a part of government financial policies that have a significant impact on the economic and social variables of society, has led governments, especially in recent years, to seek solutions to improve subsidies and increase their efficiency. The present research in order to draw the general framework of a desirable and efficient subsidy and to determine the factors that should be considered in subsidy policies and programs, tries to identify and explain the characteristics of "good subsidy" _ as a subsidy that is in line with good governance and reflects its goals and indicators.

In this research by using theme analysis, theoretical literature and the comments of 16 experts on characteristics of good subsidy, which were obtained through semi-structured interviews, have been analyzed. The experts have been selected through purposive sampling and by using the "Snowball" method.

By review and analysis of theoretical sources (including about 200 related books and papers) 725 codes or related semantic units were obtained and after coding the interviews 453 codes were identified. Then all of codes were classified into 27 themes and finally from that themes 9 distinctive concepts or factors (::as char::acteristics of "good subsidy") were extracted.

The considered meaning of each good subsidy characteristics is explained based on the following themes of each characteristic. It is expected that by considering the characteristics of good subsidies in codifying and implementing public subsidies, the desirability of government performance in this area would be ensured and improved.

One of the controversial, critical and hitherto disastrous phenomena of urban, worn-out texture and its associated challenges and problems, as well as the concerns of city management in this field, is the present study. The people are in charge of organizing the worn-out urban fabric in the Ardebil area.

In terms of data collection method is field research and in terms of data collection is survey method. The sample size calculated by Cochranchr('39')s formula was 384 persons, which was upgraded to 400 persons with the aim of covering any possible errors. The sampling method is simple random. Finally, Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, t-test and regression model in the form of Spss statistical software and GIS software were used to analyze the collected data.

According to the results of the research, the highest beta coefficient was related to trust in urban managers (0.76) and socio-economic base (0.13). Therefore, among the variables studied, the greatest impact on citizenschr('39') participation in the organization of worn-out fabrics, belongs to the trust of urban managers.

Trust in city managers, increasing the level of education and awareness of citizens, housing ownership and length of stay in an area, are among the effective factors in citizen participation that by adopting comprehensive awareness measures and programs and raising its level by mass media, especially radio and television, can be increased participation employed. Finally, some suggestions are presented according to the research results.

Because the goal of social and moral education is well-being of individuals through the growth of inner values and includes the must and mustn’t, it’s necessary to know the objectivity of the "must". The aim of the research was to identify the components of social welfare based on the implications of moral and social education of the concept must from Kant's view.

The research was qualitative and performed through linguistic and deductive analysis approaches. From three aspects Semantics, ontology and epistemology were analyzed and its relationship with educational goals was inferred and educational implications were determined. Implications in combination with the principles of the ideal society from Kant's view (freedom, equality, and independence) provided components for social welfare. Data were collected through print and digital sources. Topical coding method was used in order to code the data and categorical deductive system was used to analyze the data.

Educational factors affecting individual behavior are: Obedience to the law, acting according to duty, the order of reason and good will, understanding moral facts and recognizing the must with reason. Educational implications in terms of purpose and role of the individual, in combination with Kant's three principles, provided guidelines for social welfare  in ten components: Autonomy, obedience, discipline and duty-bearing, rational knowledge of duties and following the rules to gain freedom, honesty, good fellowship and following values for equality and following principles and practice according to facts to have independence.

Following the musts depends a lot on one's intellectual ability. Each of the components affecting the practical behavior of the individual has obvious implications for education including the cultivation of reason and intellectual arts. The result of such education in the moral and social dimensions is to provide welfare conditions for all members of society.

Despite the importance of specialized manpower in leading a country's economy, statistics show the departure of a large number of thinkers in various fields of science who for some reason prefer to live in developed countries to stay in their own country. In fact, brain drain represents the flow of human capital in which skills are transferred. Therefore, in this study, we will examine the effect of institutional variables on brain drain in developing countries.

In this study, the immigration data of the countries of the MENA region are selected as immigrant send countries and the United States is selected as an immigrant country during the years 2002-2018 have been used and the migration statistics based on nationality from the International Migration Database (OECD.Stat) Has been collected. The software used is Eviews10 and the econometric method is the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM).

The logarithm of the first lag of brain drain (0.554837), government effectiveness (0.015586) and freedom of expression (0.012297) had a positive effect on brain drain from developing countries to the USA and the rule of law (-0.027964), Economic growth (-0.001738), corruption control (-0.007549) and the quality of law (-0.004503) have had a negative effect on brain drain and elite migration. Also, The Arelano-Band autocorrelation test confirms the model dynamics and the absence of much higher autocorrelation in the model error component.

considering the impact of the rule of law, control of corruption, economic growth and the quality of laws on reducing elite immigration, the necessary institutional reforms to improve property rights, contractualization, social security, competition, transparency and quality of law in the field of economic activities is suggested. Therefore, countries should prepare comprehensive programs to create a dynamic and active environment for human resources and provide the ground for creativity and innovation for the elites to prevent them from leaving their country.

One of the factors influencing political development is the orientation of the political system and the political role of the individuals in that society. These political orientations and actions of individuals could be different among social classes. (According to economic and cultural capital) The present study seeks to identify the political culture of social classes.

This study was conducted with a survey method and by questionnaire with a sample size of 400 people in Ardabil in 2019.

The results showed the type of political culture of the middle class and the lower class is the subject – parochial and political culture of upper classes is Participant. Results of analysis of variance and Scheffe test showed that there isn’t any significant difference in middle and lower class political culture but the upper-class political culture had a significant difference with middle and lower class political culture. Confirmatory factor analysis of political culture indicators was performed by Amos Graphic software and the variables of social class, age and gender in relation to political culture were significant by regression test. In totally, there is a gap between the political system and individuals in society.

The political culture of the social classes in Iran shows the gap between the political system and the people, institutional distrust, avoidance of authoritarianism and complicating the issue of politics. Thus, political culture has grown in the minds and thoughts, but it has lagged behind in behavioral and practical dimensions, which can be due to the "costs of political activity", or due to the "political culture" that has existed in Iran throughout history. . Also, due to the political culture of the middle and lower classes are not significantly different and the type of political culture of these classes is the subject – parochial, these classes have become politically inactive and have affected the political development of society.