فصلنامه روابط خارجی
پیاپی 52 (زمستان 1400)

The relationship between identity and regional order became important in the years following the Cold War and the internationalization of ethnic conflicts. Since the end of the bipolar system, identityism has led to instability in governments and intensified regional and international security efforts in various parts of the world, including the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Balkans. These developments have focused the actions of identity-oriented groups and their impact at the transnational level on researchers and policy makers.The present study specifically seeks to answer the question of what effect the action of the identity forces of the Middle East on the formation and evolution of patterns of regional order? The identity groups have been key players in the Middle East security environment, influencing patterns of regional order by weakening or transforming the structure of governments and forming regional and international coalitions.key words: Middle East, regional order, identity, Identity groups.

After World War II, the United States succeeded in establishing its currency, the Dollar, as the international reference currency, gaining the position of the world's leading economic and military power while leading the capitalist world. The US Dollar, according to existing metrics, still maintains its hegemonic position in the international monetary and financial system. In the new century, events such as the Euro currency supply, the 2008 financial crisis, and China's persistent efforts to internationalize its currency have gone to seriously challenge the hegemonic position of the Dollar. In this regard, the main concern of the article is to look for the factors that perpetuate the hegemony of the Dollar in the international financial and monetary system. The hypothesis tested in this regard is that the continued hegemony of the US dollar relies on the structural strength of the US in both economic and political areas and based on factors such as the depth of the capital market, ease of access to the dollar, security commitments and trust. The paper shows that the lack of these factors in relation to the Euro and the Yuan has prevented them from becoming hegemonic currencies. The findings of this study are very important for our country, which is severely facing the difficulties caused by financial sanctions due to the hegemonic position of the Dollar in the international economy today.

This article deals with the geopolitical dynamics of Iraqi energy and the following political and economic developments in the future. The authors aim to analyze the megatrends in Iraq’s energy sector and its geopolitical consequences for Iran in the future. Iraq's strategy for diversifying energy imports, developing renewable energy infrastructure, expanding Foreign direct investments (FDI), At the same time, US pressure on Iraq to reduce its dependence on gas and electricity imported from Iran is one of the most important trends in the future of the country's energy market. The article seeks to answer this question: How will the current political and economic mega-trends in the Iraqi energy sector affect Iran's position in Iraq? The authors argue that the continuation of current Megatrends in Iraq’s energy sector will challenge Iran's exclusive geopolitical advantage in Iraq. The research method was based on trend analysis.

.Russia's isolationist approach since the collapse of the Soviet Union has increased Western influence in the country's private life. This has prompted Russia to use various means to counter this influence. One of Moscow's most notable instruments is monopoly. If the country is trying to monopolize the transfer of energy in this region to international markets in order to secure the interests and greater dependence of the European Union. Therefore, this researcher has come to answer the question of what will be the strategy of the European Union in the face of the monopoly of production and transfer of energy in Central Asia by Russia. The hypothesis suggests that the European Union is seeking to invest in its energy fields in order to break Moscow's energy monopoly in Central Asia, as well as to create an economic-political convergence in the region. The research method in this article is descriptive-explanatory and the necessary information has been collected in a library method.

Over the last century, the media has been one of the most important areas of competition for world powers, and especially during the last two decades, cyberspace has entered the field of influencing international relations as one of the fastest growing segments of the media. Cyberspace is a relatively new term used to describe a wide range of networking tools or technologies. Aspects of the impact of media and cyberspace on foreign policy, due to its role in relations between governments, international organizations and politicians, is one of the most influential and challenging areas that has provided the basis for reflecting their priorities, values and ideas. Given the importance of the nuclear program in US strategy toward Iran, this article seeks to answer the question of what was the US media strategy towards Iran's nuclear program between 2017 and 2020. The present study seeks to use theories related to cyberspace to examine the thematic analysis of the US media and cyberspace strategy on JCPOA between 2017 and 2020. To answer this question, using a qualitative method and using network analysis of themes, an attempt has been made to extract the US media strategy from the most important social network used by Donald Trump. The findings of this study identify six main themes in the US media strategy on the issue of JCPOA and Iran: "threats and intimidation", "humiliation and insult", "recourse to the law", "boasting", "frustration and acknowledging "Defeat" and "Iranophobia".

Geopolitical relations are the relations between political units based on the context of geographical web sites.This descriptive-analytical study tries to identify the most important settings and contexts of geopolitical relations between political units at the scale of the Persian Gulf regions. Identifying the contexts and fields of relations between the countries located in the Persian Gulf region is of great importance due to the geopolitical and geo-economic position of this region in the structure of world power. In this research, first the theories and approaches of relations have been studied and their common chapter has been extracted in order to identify the areas affecting the relations of countries and then these components have been implemented in relation to the Persian Gulf. The results of the research show that the most important contexts and fields of geopolitical relations between the countries in the Persian Gulf region are in four dimensions: hydro-political, geopolitical, geo-economics and geo-culture. The most important factors influencing the relations between countries include the geopolitical position of the region, territorial claims of the countries in the region to each other, ideological orientation in the region, bipolar geopolitical structure, conflicting security approaches, water shortages and common border rivers, geopolitical codes Conflict, competition for regional hegemony between Iran and Saudi Arabia, disagreement on some common maritime borders, existence of the Strait of Hormuz, unequal geopolitical weight of the countries in the region, failure to form a comprehensive regional organization, religious and ethnic ties have located among the countries of the region.

The Iraqi Kurdistan region has been considered by the great powers due to the importance of oil resources and its proximity to the four countries of Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. This region has a special place in the strategic estimates of the US and Russian powers after the fall of Saddam and especially with the beginning of the Syrian crisis. The purpose of this article is to answer the question: What has been the foreign policy of the United States and Russia towards the Iraqi Kurdistan region? Hypothesis: While the geopolitical factor of energy has been a common feature of the two countries' foreign policy towards Iraqi Kurdistan, but the approach of the two powers to the Kurdistan region is different in geostrategic terms. While regional power relations and internal dynamics have shaped US foreign policy toward the Kurdish region, structural power relations in the international system, and in particular rivalry with the United States, have shaped Russia's relations with the Kurdish region.

Political elites play a key role in formation and orientation of discourses; one of the roles of the elites is to dynamize political institutionalization and expands the field of politics and legitimize political dynamics and developments in the form of discourses. On the other hand, foreign policy is one of the areas that is changing under the influence of internal developments in countries and the changing discourse that governs it. Accordingly, the coming to power of Rouhani and the dominance of the discourse of moderation in the 1390s, caused a change in the foreign policy approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question that what effect have the political elites had on its formation and orientation in foreign policy? To this issue, an integrated approach has been used; elite theory and discourse analysis. This study shows that the ruling of the Rouhani’s discourse (moderation) with the domination foreign policy elites, was reduced to a foreign policy discourse centered on the central sign of "interaction with the outside world". Therefore, this was formed not in opposition to the whole of the previous discourse, but in opposition to its confrontational and adventurous aspects in foreign policy, especially in relation with West. Thus, with the withdrawal of the United States from JCPOA, this discourse lost its hegemonic dominance and was pushed to the margins.