Space Ontology International Journal
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Winter 2022

Slums are basically recognized as a multi-causality phenomenon which are rapidly growing worldwide. While the contribution of social and ecological factors is separately well understood, the interplay of interconnected socio-ecological systems in slums, such as urban heat islands, is insufficiently addressed in research. This study identifies the most important socio-ecological research areas which are applicable in analyzing slum settlements by using a narrative literature review method. This type of review was applied to clarify an overview of knowledge regarding the linkage between socio-ecological perspective and informal settlements. Further, it advances the definition and reasons behind slum shaping. The results of this study show that there are particularly three main research areas including: urban sustainability and metabolism, climate change, and ecosystem services for slum analysis in the literature. Exploring the gaps through a slum socio-ecological research framework paves the way for studying further research. We also highlighted the need for analyzing energy efficiency and flows, application of renewable energies, drought dynamics, biodiversity services and urban heat island more than other possible subjects for future directions in slum socio-ecological research.

The subject of this research is the study of the architectural features used in the architectural designs of Andre Godard. The importance of this issue is that it seems that the variety of concepts and ideas of Godard's designs is not yet sufficiently known and he is best known for some of his famous projects, such as the Museum of Ancient Iran. The purpose of this research is to recognize and study architectural concepts and ideas in Andre Godard architectural designs in Iran. The research question is what were the sources of inspiration and architectural references of Andre Godard for designing architectural spaces in Iran? The theoretical foundations of the research are based on the idea that attention to history and archeology has been important since the Renaissance, especially from the eighteenth century onwards in Europe, and from the beginning of the contemporary century in Iran and it is reflected in some architectural designs, content analysis research method has been used to examine each of Godard's architectural works and descriptive-analytical and comparative research methods have been used to compare them with Iranian buildings. The results of the research show that in the first place, after a period of research in Iran, Godard was acquainted with many different concepts and ideas in Iranian architecture and tried to use Iranian patterns in cultural projects, but in designing the campus of the University of Tehran and the building of the Faculty of Medicine, which was considered a new space in Iran and had no previous examples in Iran, he used European neoclassical architectural patterns.

Having a shelter has been of The utmost importance to humans. Humans Have been developing all kinds of residential buildings to protect themselves, one of them is courtyard houses. When examining the form of a house. One of the critical reasons for prioritizing the study of indigenous buildings is the belief that social and cultural factors greatly contribute to the form of a house. In this article, the content analysis method with the help of data foundation theory, open, axial, and selective coding methods have been used. The strategy of this article in the analysis and judging stage is both quantitative and qualitative method. In order to investigate the reasons for the formation of the central courtyard from the perspective of culture in the city of Hamedan, the impact of the entrance and the central space of houses and their halls have been studied in general. Based on the results, the Iranian architectural methods and the cultural elements in the indigenous architecture are considered to have played a decisive role in the formation of the of architectural model of the Qajar and Pahlavi period. In these houses, an attempt has been made to separate private and public spaces through designing the open space of the yard as a coordinator between the outside and inside space in order to maintain the identity of the other spaces and to prevent any disruption in using them.

In recent decades, the concept of "globalization" has changed the political-economic and socio-cultural structure all around the world. This concept has caused the actions and developments of a point in the world to affect other parts of the world. The emergence of this new concept gradually created new spaces and great changes in human attitudes toward space. Globalization, which was initially used and accepted at a slow pace, seems to has had a profound effect on urban public spaces in recent years due to the growth of technology and the practical change in the concepts of time and place. During these years, the frequent and rapid display of urban spaces around the world, which has been provided due to the global era and its communication facilities, has caused fundamental differences in the design of new public spaces and on the other hand, in presence and use of these spaces. Because it has directly affected the culture of societies. In the meantime, the effect or effectiveness of different countries is different and requires contemplation and thinking. The purpose of this study is to identify the important factors influencing the evolution of urban spaces during globalization. This article uses an analytical method to present a proposed model to improve the planning and design of public spaces in the global era.

Urban public spaces have a very important role in our cities. Especially, considering the presence of tourists in that spaces, they also have a revenue-generating role in addition to the role of identity for a community so the need to pay attention to them, is clear. Each urban space has a different and unique effect on people according to its elements and characteristics, which is mainly a mental matter. In fact, it can be said that the memorable components of urban space vary in different examples. In this study, the main purpose is to investigate the memorable urban public space components on the minds of the tourists. In this regard, urban public space components were studied in three categories: physical, non-physical and activity indicators. Regarding the issue of memorability, the research method is mixed in nature and in terms of purpose, it is a combination of survey and field studies. Two case studies of Naghsh-e-Jahan Square in Isfahan and Shahrdari square in Rasht are analyzed and compared. The findings indicate that in general, the Shahrdari square, with a small difference, is more memorable than the Naghsh-e-Jahan square. Pearson correlation test results showed that a significant relationship is between the memorability of the totality of landscape components and total tourist attraction. Prioritization of the public space landscape components in terms of their memorability in the two squares is different, however, based on the aggregation of findings and their commons in both squares, it can be noted that buildings and retail activities are the most memorable in the tourists’ minds. Other factors, such as sensory stimuli including scents, sounds, and the presence of water, as well as social interactions, are next in terms of memorability. positive and significant relationship was not observed between the richness of the landscape and its memorability.

The use of shading devices to reduce energy consumption can be considered one of the more common methods, but its efficiency and impact on reducing carbon emissions have been less considered. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the energy consumption and efficiency of internal and external shading devices that are currently widely used in residential buildings and consequently their effect on reducing carbon emissions. To investigate this, a typical residential building in Gorgan was modeled. The base of this, two types of interior shading of curtains and roller shades and two external shades overhangs and mat roller shade were examined. In this research, a model with 20 shading device modes was simulated. The modeling and the energy simulations were performed by Design-Builder (Version 6.1.6.005). According to the base-design geometry of the building appropriate shading options were proposed for the south façade and windows were double-glazed (DG). The output data showed that a white curtain with a medium-density openness factor of 3% has the highest efficiency in reducing energy consumption. However, purpose shading could save the annual energy consumption of the building by 4.3% compared to the base case, thus potentially saving up to 9.74 kg of CO2/m2 in the hottest months of the year and 2.45 kg of CO2/m2 annually. While most researchers looking for sophisticated technologies, some simple methods such as the use of proper shadings can play a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and environmental sustainability.