نشریه اقتصاد محاسباتی
سال یکم شماره 1 (زمستان 1400)

Poverty is one of the most important obstacles to economic development and the cause of many economic problems in all countries. Therefore, recognizing the main factors affecting poverty is very important for the policymakers in the field of right economic policy. Therefore, this study examines the effect of inflation and unemployment along with the two variables of government healthcare expenditures in GDP and population growth on the Gini coefficient, as an indicator of poverty in the provinces of Iran, during the period 2006-2018 using spatial econometric approach to investigate the provincial spillover effects. The results showed that inefficient healthcare expenditures, which along with population growth are the most important factors influencing the deterioration of income distribution without increasing human capital and unemployment rate, has been increasing due to the young population of Iran and its increase in the labor market in different years and inflation, which has risen sharply in recent years due to rising sanctions, has made people poorer. These are factors that have worsened income distribution and increased poverty in the provinces of Iran. Also, the spatial proximity between the provinces worsens the income distribution. Therefore, policies to reduce poverty, improve welfare and improve income distribution in all provinces need to be adopted in a balanced way in order to improve income distribution.

The study of the effect of human capital promotion in terms of education on total factor productivity (TFP) is one of the important topics in the macroeconomic literature and educational policy that has been considered by many economists in recent years. Therefore, in the present study, quantitative and qualitative criteria were selected and weighted by interacting by fifteen university professors in the field of human capital. After constructing the aggregated indicators of quantity and quality of education, the relationship between these mentioned indicators on total factor productivity in the non-oil economy during the period 1986-1988 has been studied. For this purpose, after calculating the total factor productivity index via Solo the remaining method, the effect of quantity and quality of education indicators on total factor productivity has been analyzed. The results of implementing ARDL model while confirming the hypothesis of positive impact of human capital on TFP, showed that the quantity of education has a greater impact on TFP than the quality of education. The positive impact of R&D and production capacity utilization rate on TFP was also confirmed. Due to reduced quality of education in recent years, the need to control the quantitative development of education and improve the quality of education has a higher priority than in the past.

One of the most important parts of any economy is the foreign trade sector. From the time of the Industrial Revolution onwards and even before that, trade has always become increasingly important and its role in economic growth and development has increased. Iran is also a global oil exporter and importer of raw materials, machinery, capital goods and intermediate goods. Our country, as a developing country, has been greatly affected by its foreign trade. In this article, we will try to study the import of intermediate goods and its impact on factors. Therefore, considering the role that the import of intermediate goods can play in the structure of production, in this study, the demand for the import of intermediate goods as one of the factors of production along with other factors of production in the economic system has been estimated. In this regard, using the translog function to calculate the tensions, the share of each factor of production during the period 1978 - 2018 was estimated. The results showed that there is a substitution relationship between the factors of production, i.e., the import of intermediate goods and capital, the import of intermediate goods and labor, labor and capital. This showed that with the increase of the import price of intermediaries (as a factor of production), the demand for it decreases and the domestic producer takes action to produce that commodity and demands more capital and labor.

The formation of global markets through the process of globalization has always been one of the main concerns of economic experts in the world. In fact, in the efficient economic markets, this relationship is wider every day, and the situation is the way that the expansion of globalization as an economic accelerator can lead to the growth of the economic sectors of the countries. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of globalization index on financial markets (money and capital markets). To this end, 10 selected developing countries and 15 developed countries were reviewed during the period from 2001 to 2020. In order to estimate the effects of variables, the panel's cointegration technique with Auto Regressive Distributed Lag was used. The results of the estimates indicate that the effect of the globalization index combination on the indicators of money market (banking facilities) and capital market (value of equity shares) is positive. On this basis, it can be noted that globalization can provide spaces for the development of money and capital markets in the studied countries.

Knowing effective factors on optimum portfolio assignment is one of the main issues facing finance market investors. Therefore, the present empirical study aims to assign optimum portfolio pricing pattern in Tehran Stock Exchange. Hence, R- CAPM, Fama and French and Carhat pricing pattern were studied. A combination of two methods (panel data and apparent portfolio) were used for 2012-2020. Data sample consisted of 176 active companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Initially, data were divided into two groups: the first group used for portfolio making and model estimation and the second group used for optimum portfolio assignment. For optimum assignment MAD, MSE, RMSE, MAPE index were used. Results indicated that portfolio comprising big companies had a negative effect on investment return, while portfolio comprising small companies had positive return. Momentum factor of portfolio comprising winning companies was positive while in portfolio comprising losing companies was negative. Finally, it can be concluded that in Tehran Stock Exchange Carhat pricing pattern has better performance compered to RCAPM or Fama and French pricing pattern during the mentioned period.

In severe market conditions, innovation is the creation, development, and implementation of new ideas or improvement in current products, processes, and strategies, consequently leading to successful trading and market leadership, providing values for beneficiaries, bringing economic growth, and improving the living standards. An innovation ecosystem is described as a physical environment that refers to a network or cluster of entrepreneurs, inventors, enterprises, universities, research laboratories, governmental agencies, and other institutions and resources aiming at achieving a new process or product development. Therefore, this research mainly aims to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the success of the innovation ecosystem in enhancing small businesses. In this research, after identifying the effective factors using library study and interviews with managers at science and technology parks, a Delphi survey was applied to recognize main factors for the statistical population, including companies located in Tehran, Pardis, and Qom Science and Technology Parks. Then, the AHP questionnaire was used to prioritize the factors. The results can be helpful to innovation ecosystems to find and apply their critical success factors, foster small businesses and startups, and survive in the competition ground.

Interest rates are one of the most effective channels of money transfer. Interest rates can potentially affect the economy as a whole by determining the level of many economic variables such as investment, capital flows, credit demand, bank profitability, liquidity and exchange rates. Since the profit curve can absorb and predict the future progress of the economy, it is expected that by creating the conditions for future expectations, it will affect the behavior and profit of the bank in creating more liquidity. Therefore, in this study, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used to investigate the effect of interest rates on liquidity. The results showed that the variables of interest rates and capital have a positive and significant effect on liquidity, while inflation has a negative effect. Therefore, a change in bank interest rates will lack the necessary efficiency to stimulate the real sector of the economy. Determining bank interest rates without considering changes in inflation rates cannot explain why there is no savings in banks. In order for governments to be able to provide the central bank with the tools it needs to stimulate the real sector of the economy, it is essential that efforts be made to reduce economic risk in addition to empowering the central bank to rationalize bank interest rates. In this case, the central bank will be able to use bank interest rates as an efficient tool to manage liquidity and convert it into investment and production flows.