Multidisciplinary Cancer Investigation
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Apr 2022

one of the foremost usual methods for evaluating breast cancer is the removal of axillary lymph nodes (ALN) which include complications such as edema, limited hand movements, and lymph accumulation. Although studies have shown that the sentinel gland condition represents the axillary nodules context in the mammary gland, the efficacy, and safety of the guard node biopsy need to be evaluated. Subsequently, predicting axillary lymph node status before sentinel lymph node biopsy needs regular clinical data collection and would be supportive for oncologists and could keep the clinicians away from this strategy. Predictive modeling for lymph node statues may be one way to diminish the axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and consequences.

The database used in this study was provided by Clinical Research Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran. It contains clinical and demographic risk factors records of 5142 breast cancer patients from which a total of 38 features were selected. We performed modeling; based on six data mining algorithms (Decision Tree, Nave Bayesian, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Fast Large Margin, and Gradient Boosted Tree (GBT)). For evaluating the model, we used 10-fold cross-validation in Rapid Miner v9.7.001.

The results showed that the GBT model has a higher ability to predict lymph node metastasis than other models with an receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of 97%, a sensitivity of 96.59%, an accuracy of 90%, and specificity of 81%

Obviously, we have to diagnose cancer with a needle biopsy before surgery. Used data mining predictions and use of them to create a clinical decision support system for predicting cancer and lymph node statuses can help physicians and pathologists make the best decision for a patient's ALN surgery.

The G-protein coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) gene is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family; involved in breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Many GPCR receptors that are implicated in several types of human cancers are correlated with increased cell proliferation and tumor progression; especially GPR30 gene.

The breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured with different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 11, and 25 mM) under normoxia/hypoxia for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Hypoxia conditions were created with Cobalt (II) chloride at a concentration of 100 μM in culture media. The scratch assay techniques were carried out to investigate the migration and finally, gene expression levels of GPR30 mRNA were investigated by quantitative Real-Time polymerase chain reaction.

The MDA-MB-231 cells adaptation in hypoxic conditions is evident which enables cell survival, whereas it results in cell proliferation in the MCF-7 cells. The increased expression of GPR30 (P≤0.0001) was found to be associated with the promoted metastasis in the MDA-MB-231 cells, while an inverse relationship was seen between the GPR30 mRNA level and cellular migration in the MCF-7 cells. We found that hypoxia induces the expression of GPR30 in MDA-MB-231 cells, and MCF-7 cells; exposed to hypoxia, had a heterogeneous expression.

Increases /decreases in glucose concentration and hypoxia lead to changes in the expression profiles of cancer cells. The upregulation of GPR30 expression was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer metastasis; demonstrating its importance as an applicant bio-target for cancer therapy.

Different mechanisms such as cell migration, proliferation, branching, anastomosis, and lumen formation occur during the angiogenesis process. Lumen formation is one of the critical mechanisms which is not only necessary for the functional plexus but also for continuing of angiogenesis process. Although multiple studies investigated this mechanism during the angiogenesis process in both in vivo and in vitro conditions, it is not fully understood yet. Different studies have suggested distinctive mechanisms as the main mechanism for lumen formation. Recent studies, however, have shown the fundamental role of blood flow hemodynamics, especially during in vivo lumen formation. This newly introduced mechanism is called ''inverse membrane blebbing''; suggesting that blood pressure causes the formation and expansion of lumen during the in vivo angiogenesis process. This paper reviews cell behavior during lumen formation in the angiogenesis process on a cellular scale.

Dietary acid load contributes to metabolic acidosis, closely linked to cancer development through inflammation and cell transformation. There is very limited epidemiologic evidence; linking diet-dependent acid load and cancer risk. Since there are few published studies specifically on urinary pH and bladder cancer (BC) risk, we sought to explore this association in the present study.

A case-control study was performed in 765 patients (255 cases and 510 age- matched controls) through a multi-topic inquiry including a food frequency questionnaire. Food-derived nutrients were calculated from available databases. The dietary acid load was calculated based on two validated measures including potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) scores. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated by unconditional logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders.

We found direct associations between dietary acid load and BC risk. Both acid load scores were significantly associated with an increased BC risk (OR=1.74 and OR=1.83 for PRAL and NEAP scores, respectively). Linear trends were found for both risk estimates.

A high dietary acid load may contribute to BC development. Both acid load scores were directly associated with animal-based foods (mainly meat) and inversely associated with the intake of plant-based foods. To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiologic case-control study analyzing associations of dietary acid load and BC risk in the Latin American population. Further research is warranted to confirm our findings.