مجله علوم پزشکی رازی
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 12 (پیاپی 214، اسفند 1400)

Salmonella Typhimurium belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, gram-negative bacilli and causes gastrointestinal diseases such as typhoid. This bacterium has a special structure and various genes, including the ompf gene (outer membrane protein). Recent studies have shown the possibility of using ompf in the development of a diagnostic tuberculosis vaccine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clone and sequence the ompf gene of Salmonella typhimurium, the causative agent of typhoid in Escherichia coli Oragami, in order to obtain a vaccine.
Purines are the outer membrane proteins of gram-negative bacteria, which act as receptors for bacteriophages and are effective in a variety of functions such as solution transport, pathogenicity, and immunity. Salmonella typhi purines show heterologous epitopes on their loops, giving them the potential for diagnosis and vaccination. The outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhi allow ions to pass through. Omp (outer membrane protein) is a member of the purine family, which is highly expressed in gram-negative bacteria.OmpC, D Omp, and F Omp purines of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi are ternary proteins that create pores on both outer membrane surfaces. The presence of protein pores makes this membrane permeable to low molecular weight solutes. Large molecules of antibiotics slowly perforate the membrane, which is one of the reasons that gram-negative bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics.

Sampling of people with salmonellosis was performed during 4 months from the infectious ward of medical centers in Tehran province. After identifying and performing specific biochemical tests, Salmonella typhi was isolated and DNA was extracted. Salmonella typhi strains with ompf gene were then extracted by PCR. The ompf gene of the positive strains was transfected into the Escherichia coli bacterium by vector and cloned by TA technique. Finally, the expression of genes in Escherichia coli Oregami was measured by Real time PCR technique. ClustalX and Mega5 software were used to draw the phylogenetic tree. After visiting the following site and studying and searching in various articles, suitable primers for Ompf gene were selected. The primers were compared and blasted at the site (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and ordered from Sinagen. The primers were diluted with distilled water to a concentration of 100 picomoles and then to a suitable concentration of 10 picomoles. According to studies, 3 suitable pairs of primers were selected and ordered from Bioneer.
In order to clone the PCR product faster and more efficiently, the TA-Cloning method is used. The TA-Cloning PCR kit was prepared by Sina Gene Company. As stated in the kit protocol, this method uses a linear vector called PTG19-T with the thymine base at the end ´3. The use of PTG19-T linear vector, which has a thymine base at the end of 3, leads to direct, fast and easy binding of the PCR product to the cloning vector. As a result, a cyclic molecule containing the gene we want is formed, which has the ability to reproduce spontaneously in a suitable host such as E. coli. In this method, no enzymatic digestion step is required and this step has been eliminated

A total of 12 Salmonella typhi isolates were isolated from the screening of clinical specimens sent to the laboratory, which were identified based on morphological characteristics, microscopy and biochemical tests. Of these, only one wasolate had the ompf gene. After cloning, ompf genes, cloned selection colony strains (blue / white) were isolated. In order to confirm the results of DNA cloning, it was extracted from suspicious colonies and analyzed by Real time PCR. Sequence, m13 and proliferation curves confirmed gene expression in Escherichia coli origami.
In order to determine the molecular identity of Salmonella typhi, 16s general primers were used (PCR result in Figure 7) and finally the PCR product was sent to Bioneer for sequencing and BLAST.

In this study, by genomic evaluation of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from patients with tuberculosis, ompf gene with immunization potential was extracted from this bacterium in order to make a vaccine and cloning was successful. Finally, by examining the phylogenetic tree drawn in this study, the degree of similarity and kinship of Salmonella typhi with other species was shown.Typhoid is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi and is considered an important protein in immunological research due to the ability of the Ompf gene. This gene has the potential to stimulate immune responses by isolating and cloning the ompf gene separately. Salmonella typhimurium in Escherichia coli can be used to meet treatment needs and achieve an effective vaccine. Out of 12 Salmonella typhi isolates, only one strain carried the ompf gene. The gene was transferred to the host bacterium via the ptg19 plasmid and cloning was successful. This recombinant protein has the potential to be used in immunization and vaccine development. The phylogenetic tree drawn in this study showed the similarity and kinship of Salmonella typhi with other species.In addition, S. typhi induces the expression of excitatory molecules on antigen-containing cells through conventional signaling pathways. However, the main potential of S. Typhi for use as vaccine compounds is unknown. Here, the characteristics of S. typhi against a range of related laboratory and clinically antigens were investigated. Co-immunization of S. Typhi with ovalbumin protein (OVA), in addition, immunization of S. Typhi protein, generates anti-influenza IgG elements, changes antibody class and matures. In general, OmpF proteins are versatile vaccine compounds, which can be used to enhance cellular immune responses and improve antibody responses.

Obesity significantly increases the risk of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2, fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease (hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke), diseases of the central nervous system (dementia), obstructive sleep apnea Increases sleep and various types of cancer. It’s reported that pathological effects of overweight and obesity exerted partly by adipokines, which are adipose tissue secreted bioactive proteins. Among the different known adipokines, the Wnt-induced messaging pathway proteins (WISPs) family and among them, WISP-1 and WISP-2 have attracted a lot of attention and in particular, they affect glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. WISP-1 has been reported to play an important role in various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and adhesion. In addition to WISP-1, which is primarily expressed in visceral adipose tissue rather than subcutaneous adipose tissue, WISP-2 is another adipokine that is more commonly expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue. WISP-2 has also been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and related diseases. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) is another important adipokine, which mainly expressed and secreted by adipose tissue and in confirmation of the association between BMP-4 and obesity, it has been reported that BMP-4 levels increase significantly in people with obesity and metabolic syndrome and its upregulation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic disorders. Despite the WISP-1, 2 and BMP-4 importance, the effect of different exercise training on the levels of these adipokines is remarkably unknown. Therefore, the present study conducted aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-week circuit resistance training with different intensity (40, 60, and 80 percent 1RM) on different adipokines levels (WISP-1, WISP-2, BMP4) in obese postmenopausal women.

The present study subjects consist of 44 postmenopausal obese women age ranging 48-65 years old (average age of 56.07±3.18 years old). The subjects were then matched based on weight, height and BMI and divided into four equal groups including: 1) control (C) (11 person), 2) circuit resistance training with 40 (RT40) (11 person), 3) 60 (RT60) (11 person) and 4) 80 (RT80) (11 person) percent of 1RM. Because the present subjects were obese menopausal women and were examined in a 12-week research period, so the present study is semi-experimental. After checkup by a gynecologist and confirming the menopause, subjects were qualified to enter in present study. Menopause was confirmed by menopausal levels of estradiol (<120 pmol/l) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH> 30 IU / L). Three training groups completed their considered exercise training protocol, but the control group was asked to continue daily routine lives and don’t take part in regular training. The circuit resistance training protocol consisted of eight movements (squat, biceps curl, chest press, knee extension, knee curl, shoulder press with barbell, leg press, underhand cable pulldowns) for upper and lower limb, which conducted as a circuit at different intensities (25, 32). The training group consist of 1) RT80: Three sets with 10 repetitions at 80% 1RM, 2) RT60: Three sets with 13 repetitions at 60% 1RM, 3) RT40) Three sets with 20 repetitions at 40% 1RM. The between sets rest considered two minutes and was inactive. The first fasting blood sample was taken 72 hours before and the second blood sample was taken 72 hours after a 12-week intervention from the subject’s forearm vein. Blood samples were transferred to special test tubes for serum and plasma (tubes containing sodium citrate) preparation, and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. The obtained serum and plasma samples were stored at -70 °C. Then, the circulating variables were measured using kits and special laboratory methods. Plasma levels of WISP-1, WISP-2 and BMP4 were measured by ELISA method, and data were analyzed by means of graph pad prism statistical software.

The present study findings indicated that plasma levels of WISP-1 in the RT60 (p=0.004) and RT80 (p<0.001) groups compared to control group, also in RT80 group compared with the RT40 (p=0.001) group significantly decreased. There was no significant difference between groups were observed for WISP-2 level (p=0.16), although a significant decrease in WISP-2 levels was observed in RT80 group (p=0.031). In addition, between groups analysis indicated a non-significant difference for BMP-4 levels (p=0.055). However, intragroup analysis indicated that plasma levels of BMP-4 in RT60 (p=0.009) and RT80 (p=0.006) groups significantly decreased.

It could be concluded that in comparison with the low and moderate intensity circuit resistance training, the high intensity circuit resistance training plays significant role in modulating the inflammation and decreasing the levels of inflammatory adipokines in obese postmenopausal women.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common endocrine disease that occurs due to glucose intolerance due to imbalance between reserves and insulin demand. For the treatment of hyperglycemia and its side effects in diabetic patients, despite extensive research, the causes of this metabolic disorder are still not well understood at the molecular level. Some studies have reported that strenuous exercise leads to apoptosis in rat intestinal lymphocytes in rats, but exercising voluntarily on a treadmill reduces apoptosis. Induction or inhibition of apoptosis is still questionable. One of the ways of treatment and prevention is regular physical activity for patients. But what kind of sport and with what kind of protocol is a question that researchers are always looking for. Considering the role of exercise and sports activities in the prevention and control of obesity and diabetes, adopting different training methods to prevent and reduce the prevalence of obesity and also help reduce the process of obesity and its complications such as cardio metabolic diseases such as fatty liver and diabetes and etc. is necessary in studies. In traditional medicine, herbal and traditional medicines are used to prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver. Royal Jelly is a yellowish-white substance secreted by the submandibular glands of worker bees and consumed by queen bees throughout life and larvae during the growing season. Royal gel (RJ) and its bioactive compounds have a wide range of drugs due to their antioxidant effects and antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and immune system properties. Also plays an important role in protecting the liver and kidneys, and in diabetic patients, it showed a decreasing effect on blood sugar and a decrease in lipid peroxidation levels and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GSH-PX and SOD. As p53 is a tumor-inhibiting gene that is more closely associated with cancer, however, recent research shows the vital role of p53 in the development of diabetes, how p53 signaling can serve as a potential new therapeutic target for diabetes and Operate related metabolic disorders. The P53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene that mutates and inactivates a wide range of cancers, has been dubbed the "genome protector", but new research has shown that it has profound effects on metabolism. Its activation can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes, which is why the gene has been dubbed the "protector against obesity". While the role of this gene has been well known for decades in cancer research, little is known about its role in metabolism. Previous studies have shown that the role of P53 in metabolism is essential in its function in suppressing tumors. This gene also has effects on heart disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to study changes in p53 gene expression in liver tissue and insulin resistance index after HIIT and Royal Jelly in obese type 2 diabetic rats.

The statistical subject of the present study consisted of wistar rats. After 20 weeks of high-fat diet, rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg STZ per kg body weight. Mice with fasting glucose between 150 and 400 mg /dL were considered to have type 2 diabetes. Mice were treated in 4 groups: 6-head diabetic control, 8-period periodic training, 7-head Royal Jelly, 8-head Periodic Exercise, and 8-head Royal Jelly training group and training protocol and gel-royal gavage. The HIIT protocol consisted of eight weeks of aerobic exercise, five sessions per week with a gradual increase in extreme frequency from 22 to 38 meters per minute and a rest period of 16 to 22 meters per minute for 15 to 34 minutes by running on a treadmill. Running time increased from 16 minutes in the first week to 34 minutes in the eighth week. At the end of the training period and 48 hours after the last training session, the experimental training groups and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed by ether anesthetic. Blood samples were collected from the heart. Glucose was measured using an auto-analyzer. Insulin measured by a special kit of Pars Azmoun Company. The insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula and gene expression was also determined by RT-PCR. To describe the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the differences between groups and two-factor analysis of variance and effect size index were used to compare the effect of each of the independent variables. Significance level it was considered p≤0.05.

Data analysis using one way and two-way analysis of variance test showed that:1. Mean glucose concentration (mg /dL) in the exercise group compared to the control was significantly reduced (P = 0.005) and in the exercise-royal gel group compared to the royal gel group had no significant difference and had a significant decrease compared to the control in the gel exercise group. (P = 0.001)2. Mean insulin concentration (IUI / ml) in the exercise group was significantly increased compared to the control (P = 0.005) but the royal jelly group had a significant increase compared to the control. In the exercise group, Royal Jelly had a non-significant increase compared to control.3. The mean insulin resistance index in the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group and Royal jelly (P = 0.044) 4. Mean P53 gene expression showed that, HIIT reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with controls (P <0.001). HIIT and Royal Jelly also reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group.

Results shown that HIIT and Royal Jelly also reduced P53 gene expression in hepatocytes compared with the control group.
In general, according to the research results, it can be concluded that HIIT as well as interaction with Royal Jelly can reduce the expression of P53 gene and improve glucose levels due to the effect of genetic components effective in the release of hepatic glucose and in Type 2 diabetic patients are effective, although the results showed that the correlation coefficient between changes in insulin resistance index and P53 gene expression was not significant in the experimental groups. Royal jelly due to various vitamin and protein compounds and phenolic compounds and good substitutes for the role of glucose, as well as various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles, etc., regulates carbohydrate metabolism, especially glucose, and regulates lipid metabolism and reduces hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. And reduce insulin resistance and prevent oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in people with type 2 diabetes, which is associated with exercise-related diabetes and is usually associated with overweight and obesity, but Royal Jelly alone cannot be used in these areas. And changes in the P53 gene are effective, and the use of aerobic exercise programs such as interval training can improve its effectiveness, however, further studies are needed in this area.

Today, high blood pressure is recognized as one of the main risk factors for the development of heart disease in the world and has caused many deaths in the global community (1). Numerous studies have shown that moderate reduction in blood pressure as a result of medication, physical activity, weight loss, etc. reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (3, 4). Among the various methods of treatment today, regular physical activity and exercise have been widely supported by medical and sportswear. This support is due to the existence of valid epidemiological and clinical evidence based on the fact that various physical activities and exercise by reducing cardiovascular risk factors reduce atherogenic processes and the prevalence of various cardiovascular diseases, especially Coronary heart disease (5). But what exercise? How severe? And how long it has the greatest impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors is a question that has attracted the minds of researchers and in this regard, the effect of different training methods has been studied in different ways and conflicting results have been obtained Is. But one of the training methods that has been considered for a long time is resistance training. The best training method to increase lean mass is to increase muscle strength and endurance (8). But the proper intensity of these exercises is still debated and the results are contradictory. For this reason, researchers are looking at how intense resistance activity can have the best effect on improving blood pressure, in fact, which intensity of exercise (equal to the volume of exercise) can provide the best benefits for people with high blood pressure. Have blood.

For the present applied and quasi-experimental research, among healthy men with a history of resistance training and in the age range of 20 to 35 years, 24 eligible volunteers participated as a sample and were randomly divided into two groups (control 12 and experimental 12). Were divided. The method of conducting the research was that the researcher first explained the purpose and method of conducting the research to the subjects and after completing the consent form by the subjects, their height, weight and body fat percentage were measured. Then, before the start of training, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure were recorded. In order to control the effects of diet on blood pressure, subjects were asked to eat the same breakfast on the day of the test and not to do strenuous exercise for 24 hours before the test. Then, in order to perform the exercises, 1RM of the subjects was calculated using trial and error method. Then, to perform 3 training sessions, the subjects went to the club at 9:00 AM with a standard breakfast with an interval of 1 hour, and after 20 minutes of rest in a sitting position (movements: barbell chest press, front thigh press, shoulder press The barbell and the back of the machine thigh, the barbell standing front arm, the back of the barbed wire with the rope, the foot press of the machine and the kick from the front of the open hand) were performed with the desired intensity and 2 minutes rest period between sets and movements. In addition, in all movements during the eccentric and concentric contraction, the necessary control was performed to perform the movement. There was also a 72-hour interval between each exercise session. Immediately after the last set, and after that, for every 10 minutes and for 60 minutes, the subjects 'blood pressure was measured using a Citizen barometer model' CH_452 and another barometer model Scian LD-581. Mean blood pressure and heart rate were recorded as criteria. The control group was also present at the club during the protocol, which measured blood pressure and heart rate at the same time as the other subjects. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc at a significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze the data using SPSS 2017 software.

Regarding systolic blood pressure, the results of the present study showed that regardless of severity, there was no significant difference in systolic blood pressure between the experimental groups, no significant difference was observed between and within the control groups, also between the experimental and control groups. In general, a significant difference was observed (p = 0.001). At all intensities, there is no significant difference between systolic blood pressure before and immediately after exercise. Although in all 3 systolic blood pressure intensities 60 minutes of recovery decreased compared to before exercise, but in 60% intensity of blood pressure 40, 30, 20, 10 after exercise compared to before exercise was observed significantly, in 80 Although there was a significant decrease in blood pressure after exercise only at 30 and 40 times compared to before exercise, and at an intensity of 70%, systolic blood pressure decreased significantly up to 50 minutes after exercise compared to before exercise. Showed Dari (Figures 1 and 2).Another finding of the present study showed that there was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure between the experimental groups, regardless of intensity, and time-to-time comparisons showed differences only in intensity of 60 and 80% and at 50 minutes after exercise (P = 0.049). No significant difference was observed between and within the control group. Also, no significant difference was observed between the experimental group and the control group in general (P = 0.56). At 70 and 80% intensity, diastolic blood pressure immediately after exercise, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 minutes after exercise had a significant decrease compared to before exercise (p <0.05), but at 60% intensity, blood pressure difference was significant. Pre-workout diastole was significant only up to 40 minutes after exercise (p <0.05). Regarding moderate blood pressure, the results of repeated analysis of variance test showed that there was no significant difference between the mean blood pressure in general, regardless of the severity. There was a significant difference between the mean blood pressure in the experimental group and the control group in general (P =0.009), there is no significant difference between and within the control groups. Also at 70 and 80 intensities between moderate blood pressure, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 50 minutes after training compared to before training was observed a significant decrease (p <0.05), but at 60% intensity a significant decrease between Blood pressure was observed before training with 40, 30, 20 minutes after training (p <0.05).

The results of the present study are consistent with the results of the research of Figueroido et al. (2015) who showed a decrease in blood pressure after resistance training. In another study in the same field and in line with the findings of the present study by Figueroido et al. (2015), the effect of load intensity on hypotension after exercise and heart rate change after a strength training session and reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure Reported (20, 23). However, inconsistent with the findings of the present study, Neri et al. (2010) showed that intra-arterial blood pressure is different in people with high blood pressure during exercise with high and low resistance. In another study inconsistent with the findings of the present study, Lamote et al. (2005) investigated the effect of different methods of resistance training on blood pressure and heart rate in heart patients and showed that between different methods of resistance training, endurance and combination on blood pressure. There is a significant difference (26,27). The reason for this difference could be that in this study, people with underlying diseases such as hypertension and heart disease were used, but in the present study, healthy people with a history of exercise participated. There was also no change in blood pressure within and between control groups, indicating that being in a sports environment and prevailing conditions such as coronary stress are not the cause of changes in blood pressure, heart rate and other factors.

Hospitals have a major impact on the health of people in society; therefore, their activities should be such that they maximize the positive effects of their activities and minimize the negative effects. As the most influential member of the community, they are concerned about the treatment of patients and people in the community and to solve patients' problems in Hospitals try. This means that hospital officials must recognize and accept the social responsibility of their staff. In this regard, it can be said that social responsibility is recognized as one of the most important elements of the philosophy of the existence of organizations so that paying attention to its observance not only has the potential to enhance organizational commitment but also strengthens the satisfaction of stakeholders outside the organization to legitimize the organization. Organizational social responsibility is a sensitive issue and a key factor in the survival of any organization. Organizational health is the permanence and survival of the organization in its environment and adaptation to it and its expansion and promotion and ability to adapt more or organizational health for its survival and an organization that is healthy with destructive external forces to some kind of success. They are empathetic and direct their strength in an effective way towards the main goals of the organization and the long run, show the signs of a healthy organization. Organizational health is affected by many factors that can be effective in achieving the goals of the organization and lead to effectiveness in the organization and ultimately, be effective in the profitability and efficiency of the organization. What is certain is that mental health includes emotions, psychological conditions, and social well-being. Mental health affects a person's way of thinking, emotions, and other aspects of life. This determines how a person can control their stress, manage the issues of others, and choose from a variety of options. Mental health is an important part of all stages of life. There are many factors involved in causing mental health problems, including biological factors such as genetics and brain chemistry, life experiences such as sexual abuse and trauma, and family history. Considering the importance of social responsibility and organizational health and mental health among hospital staff and the lack of research on the study of structural relationships between organizational health and social responsibility of teachers with the mediating role of mental health of hospital staff, the present study to this end, and by answering the question "Is there a relationship between organizational health and social responsibility with the mediating role of mental health of hospital staff?" done.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational research in terms of method. The statistical population of the study included all employees of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari who were active in 1397-1397. The number of statistical population according to the inquiry from the recruitment unit of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari was equal to 180 people. The sample size was selected through 123 people through Krejcie Morgan table by simple random sampling method. Hui and Feldman (1996) Organizational Health Questionnaire was used to assess organizational health. In this study, the Carroll (1991) Social Responsibility Questionnaire was used to assess social responsibility. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was developed in 1972 by David Goldberg to identify mental disorders in various centers and settings. Descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, graph) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling) were used to analyze the data. SPSS and Smart PLS software were also used for data analysis.

According to the results, there is a direct and significant relationship between organizational health and social responsibility of hospital staff; That is, with increasing organizational health, social responsibility increases, and vice versa. There is also a direct and significant relationship between organizational health and mental health of hospital staff; That is, with increasing organizational health, academic optimism increases, and vice versa. There is also a direct and significant relationship between mental health and social responsibility of hospital staff; That is, with increasing mental health, social responsibility increases, and vice versa. Also, the coefficient of the effect of total organizational health on social responsibility is 0.660, which shows that the mediating role of mental health in the relationship between organizational health and social responsibility is significant, so it can be concluded that the variable mental health has a mediating effect on the relationship between organizational health and social responsibility.

The results showed that there is a relationship between organizational health and social responsibility with the mediating role of the mental health of hospital staff. This finding is consistent with the results of Hosseini et al. (2014), Moradi et al. (2012), and Dollars (2018). Examination of the results of research on social responsibility shows that organizations and companies in the country have not yet adequately acted in the field of responsibility and scattered work in this regard. It has been done that social responsibility in different dimensions is affected by factors such as management style, cultural values, organizational commitment, and organizational culture. The concept of mental health is one of the central and important issues of positive psychology, which has emerged in recent decades in the field of psychology as a result of changing values in beliefs and tries to present the presence of the component with scientific methods and perspectives. Make positive aspects more colorful and impressive in various aspects of human life. Organizational social responsibility is a sensitive issue and a key factor in the survival of any organization. Leading organizations, as accountable organizations, to be transparent and accountable to their stakeholders for their performance must express their commitments to social responsibility through their values and ensure that these commitments are met throughout. The organization will be run and thus social responsibility will have mutual benefits for them so that both the organization benefits from its more ethical and coherent approach and the society and the parties. Stakeholders will also have a better view of the organization's performance and strengths. In general, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between organizational health and social responsibility with the mediating role of mental health of hospital staff and according to the relationship between organizational health, social responsibility, the mental health of hospital staff Practical ways to use these components as much as possible should be examined.

Since today, considerable attention is paid to public sports and according to the definition, a person who exercises 3 times a week for 30 minutes each time is known as a public (non-professional) athlete (1-6), but It is noteworthy that the physical condition of individuals (men and women) are completely different. For this reason, there is a lot of emphasis on the need to apply special standards for these devices. It is recommended that human tools and equipment should be designed and used according to the characteristics of users (6-11). They believe that some sports equipment installed in parks and sports clubs, in addition to not having a standard installation, even the way they are made is not suitable for both women and men (12). Some of these devices are installed especially in public places; Most of its dimensions and size are suitable for adults and it is not even suitable for men and women to use the same device. This is while due to the lack of necessary standards in the design of these sports devices and its non-compliance with the physical characteristics of different users due to the design and construction of these devices abroad and the use of men and women by one Device with special features Sometimes using them is not only not useful, but also causes irreparable damage to users. The equipment used in athletes' bodybuilding clubs should be designed to fit the body parts of each type of user, in order to have a safe and effective performance (13). Also, park fitness machines and clubs, as one of the equipments that have attracted a lot of users, are no exception to this principle. If the design of these devices is not based on the anthropometric characteristics of users, not only will it reduce the effectiveness of movements and user satisfaction, but it can also cause complications, injuries and physical abnormalities and prevent users from using it. From these devices or even not engaging in sports activities (11). Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the present study examines the appropriateness of ergonomic indices of bodybuilding machines used for women athletes (people who regularly go to the gym 2 to 3 times a week) and all Such a study deals with the relationship between anthropometric and biomechanical parameters in these individuals. Using the obtained information, it is possible to design devices that are in accordance with the anatomy of the body of Iranian women athletes, so that in addition to professional or non-professional blowing, their body is not injured (15). On the other hand, due to the topic of anthropometry, researchers and major industrial designers have a very long history and in recent years, access to anthropometric data due to the growing need for such studies in the field of equipment design and human factor engineering. Among the field of sports that is currently considered by the public, has been more important, but in our country has not received much attention and the need for it in recent years is strongly felt and with the Considering that the basic model of these sports equipment is not only Iranian and in terms of major climatic differences as well as the use of one type of equipment taking into account the physical differences between men and women athletes may cause injury and Serious physical problems. As a result, it is very important to ensure that these devices are compatible with the structural characteristics of the community (men and women). In order to increase the efficiency of bodybuilding machines, their important standard and safe features based on ergonomic principles should be used to ensure the general health of users. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to various issues regarding bodybuilding machines and their users.Ealbaygi et al., By examining the proportionality of ergonomic indices of outdoor bodybuilding devices with anthropometric indices of men, showed that most of the desired dimensions of the devices with the relevant and optimal dimensions of users, there is a significant difference and these devices It is not ergonomic from an anthropometric point of view and it seems necessary to adopt a method for standardization (6). Nazarizadeh et al. Investigated the degree of conformity of ergonomic characteristics of park bodybuilding devices with anthropometric characteristics of female high school students in Tehran. The results indicate that the above devices installed in schools are not suitable for anthropometric measurements of female high school students in terms of dimensions (7). Due to the lack of studies in this field and increasing attention to public sports in the country, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the ergonomic and anthropometric characteristics of axillary press and aviation in vertical and horizontal position in female athletes.

Among the bodybuilding machines, Nirvana bodybuilding machine in parks and clubs was selected as a sample. Of the 154 people who used the devices regularly, 124 agreed to cooperate after receiving the necessary explanations from the researcher. And their anthropometric characteristics including: height, shoulder height, sitting height, sitting shoulder height, shoulder width, chest depth, elbow thickness, buttock width, buttock-knee length, leg thickness and sole length were measured and then measured with dimensions Bodybuilding machines were compared. First, the dimensions of the park bodybuilding machines were measured and recorded by a plumb line and an engineering meter. Then, in order to collect anthropometric information, the samples were present at the measuring station and from the measurement of their anthropometric features, initial anthropometric data were obtained. In the next step, using these initial data and based on how users are placed on the devices, bodybuilding standards and trigonometric functions, anthropometric computational data were obtained.The collected data will be statistically analyzed with Excel and SPSS software. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe frequency, standard deviation and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine the natural distribution of data. Also to analyze anthropometric data using kinematic biomechanics and to test the hypotheses from the correlation test (depending on the normality or abnormality of the data from Pearson or Spearman test) to test the hypotheses and determine the level Significance (p <0.05) is used.

The results showed that there is a relationship between ergonomic and anthropometric indices in the axial press machine in the horizontal position (horizontal distance from the back of the seat to the handles and the optimal horizontal distance from the shoulder blades to the grip) in women athletes. Based on the results of Table 2, it can be said that because the calculated correlation coefficient (0.518) with 95% confidence is equal to or equal to the correlation coefficient of the critical table (0.518) and the significance level value (0.000) is less than the error level It is 0.05, so the research hypothesis is confirmed with 95% confidence. There is also a relationship between ergonomic and anthropometric parameters in the axillary press machine in the vertical position (vertical distance from the beginning of the seat to the handles and the optimal vertical distance from the beginning of the buttocks to the grip) in women athletes. Based on the results of Table 3, it can be said that because the calculated correlation coefficient (0.615) with 95% confidence is equal to or equal to the correlation coefficient of the critical table (0.615) and the value of the significance level (0.000) is less than the error level. It is 0.05, so the research hypothesis is confirmed with 95% confidence. The results showed that between the ergonomic and anthropometric parameters of the aviation device, including devices that simulate walking and are suitable for strengthening the cardiovascular system and leg muscles, can even stretch the leg muscles and help balance the body. (The horizontal distance from the bottom of the shoe to the abutment and the optimal horizontal distance from the heel to the toe) There is a relationship in women athletes. In addition, there is a relationship between ergonomic and anthropometric parameters of the aviator (vertical distance from the bottom of the shoe to the support and the optimal vertical distance from the heel to the toe) in female athletes.

According to the research results, there is a relationship between ergonomic indicators of bodybuilding machines and anthropometric features of female athletes. In this regard, research has been conducted in recent years, some examples of which are mentioned below.The findings of the present study showed that axillary and aviation presses installed in parks and open spaces are not ergonomically ergonomically for female users. This mismatch can lead to complications and physical injuries to users. Therefore, users should be careful when using these devices and avoid working with devices that do not fit their body dimensions.

Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread feelings of pain and stiffness in the muscles along with fatigue, sleep disturbance, mood swings, and cognitive impairment (1). This disease is very commonly in women at the ages of 20 to 55. Besides, it is 8 to 9 times in women more than men (2). In Iran, the prevalence rate of fibromyalgia is estimated to be about 4%. One of the most important consequences of this disease confirmed by many researches today is the increase of pain and inflammation and the decrease of quality of life in patients (1). Studies have demonstrated that high levels of CRP are significantly associated with BMI, IL-6 and IL-8 in fibromyalgia patients, and inflammation possibly helps to diagnose this disease especially in obese individuals. However, the value of hs-CRP in the screening of fibromyalgia is still in doubt (5). This disease affects the quality of life of patients (6). Numerous studies have been performed to identify risk factors affecting the quality of life in fibromyalgia patients (7). If the level of quality of their life decreases, it makes their life be disrupted, and also if the health of fibromyalgia patients decreases, it causes their life to be short. The consumption of drugs and supplements is another factor affecting inflammatory factors and quality of life in fibromyalgia patients. In terms of therapeutic properties, saffron plant is used for nerve pain, insomnia, seizures, asthma, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatism (15). With increasing physical problems like fibromyalgia that has reduced patients' quality of life, researchers are looking for ways to overcome it. Therefore, the use of various and complementary exercise programs that are desirable for all people has attracted many researchers' attention. As mentioned above and due to the lack of sufficient scientific knowledge in this field, the study researcher seeks to answer the question, "Do aerobic exercise and saffron tablets affect CRP levels and quality of life index in fibromyalgia patients?"

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design in four groups. The statistical population of this study was all sick women who referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital located in Sari, Mazandaran in spring and summer 2017. Also, this study was approved by the ethics committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences with the code (IR.MAZUMS.REC.1398.1166). After the individuals had been invited, they completed a health awareness questionnaire (in order to know the age and history of possible diseases). 32 Out of people were selected by purposive non-random sampling. After essential explanations about the study had been provided for the patients, written consent was received from them. Then information related to the subjects' age, height, weight, waist and hips were recorded before the research. Finally, subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups: aerobic exercise + placebo (n = 8), Saffrotin (n = 8), aerobic exercise + Saffrotin (n = 8) and placebo (n = 8). Afterward, the exercise groups did aerobic exercise for 6 weeks. The aerobic exercise + placebo and aerobic exercise + Saffrotin groups practiced aerobic exercise for 6 weeks with an intensity of 60 to 70% of the reserve heart rate, 3 sessions per week and 24 to 39 minutes per session.Saffrotin group and aerobic exercise group + Saffrotin took two Saffrotin capsules containing 30 mg of saffron extract a day. This pill is produced by Green Plants Company and is available in our country in the form of 15 mg oral capsules with the official permission of the Ministry of Health. In addition to routine care, the placebo and aerobic exercise + placebo group took the placebo pill (made by the same company) twice a day (morning and evening) during the period of the study. Blood samples were taken to measure CRP by ELISA method at the beginning and end of the aerobic exercise program. The SF-36 questionnaire was also used to determine the quality of life index in the pre-test and post-test stages. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni test were used to compare the differences between the groups.

The results of analysis of covariance showed that after removing the effect of pretest, there was a significant difference between the groups in the variables of CRP (p = 0.001) and quality of life (p = 0.001). The results of Benferoni post hoc test (Table 3) showed that there was a significant difference between the training + Saffrotin group and the Saffrotin group and the placebo group in CRP values (p <0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the exercise + placebo groups with exercise + Saffrotin and placebo, exercise + Saffrotin with Saffrotin and placebo, and also Saffrotin with placebo in the quality of life index (p <0.05).

Findings from cross-sectional studies showed that there is a significant positive relationship between fibromyalgia and CRP. Research has shown that regular exercise can reduce CRP and IL-6 in inactive individuals (22). The results of studies examining the effects of exercise on CRP are contradictory. Some studies confirmed the lack of change (24), some increased (25) and some (26) confirmed CRP. Studies showing simultaneous effects of exercise and saffron on CRP levels in fibromyalgia patients were not performed. Studies have shown that treatment with saffron can reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase anti-inflammatory cytokines (27). In a study comparing the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of saffron and indomethacin in the prevention and treatment of delayed muscle contusion were compared. In this study, subjects consumed saffron for 10 days (300 mg) and participated in a short-term exercise session after the seventh day. The results of their research showed that saffron reduces pain and inflammation (28) which is consistent with the results of the present study.
The results of the present study also showed that aerobic exercise with the use of safrotin tablets increased the quality of life index in fibromyalgia patients. Also, in comparison between the groups, in the exercise + safrotin group, compared to the other groups, the highest increase in the quality of life index was observed. From the point of view of comparing the effect of aerobic exercise on quality of life with other researches, it can be said that the present study is in line with the results of Assumpcao et al. (29), Doletsky et al. (30) and Ulbrich et al. (31). Aerobic exercises are able to create physiological adaptations in the efficiency of the aerobic energy system, increase a person's functional ability, and even improve functional capacity in the conditions of disease progression. Aerobic exercise increases norepinephrine, serotonin synthesis and endorphins, all of which are effective in promoting vitality and preventing fatigue in a person with cardiovascular disease (30). In line with the results of the present study, Asompakov et al. (2017) in their study examined resistance and stretching exercises in fibromyalgia patients. In this study, 44 patients were randomly divided into three groups: stretching exercises, resistance exercises and control group. Quality of life was measured by SF-36 questionnaire. The stretching and resistance training groups performed two different training programs, 2 sessions per week for twelve weeks. The control group received only the necessary care and did not participate in any physical activity. The results of this study showed that the stretching exercises group had the highest quality of life score among fibromyalgia patients compared to the resistance and control groups (29).Ulbrich et al. (2016) showed that following a period of intermittent exercise on the quality of life of patients with heart failure, the maximum level of oxygen consumption increased and the quality of life improved (31). Aerobic exercise increases flexibility and muscle strength, improves blood circulation and oxygen uptake and the function of the hormonal system, and ultimately improves physical function and role. (29). Although in the present study, we tried to prevent the effectiveness of some factors influencing the results of the research by selecting almost identical subjects, but considering that the subjects of the present study were fibromyalgia patients who were nutritionally They were under the supervision of a specialist physician, so to observe ethical considerations in the study, the diet of the subjects was not under the control of the researcher. Also, despite the researcher's recommendation, extracurricular activities were not controlled, and the possibility of controlling the energy expenditure of individuals and the amount of activity, rest and sleep of the subjects was beyond the control of the researcher, and these issues can be limited. future research should be considered by researchers who seek complete control of variables affecting research results.In general, the results of this study indicated that 6 weeks of aerobic exercise and saffron consumption reduced CRP and increased quality of life in fibromyalgia patients. Therefore, it is mentioned that aerobic exercise and saffron consumption are able to improve the inflammatory factor of CRP, and increase the quality of life in patients. As a result, the combination of saffron consumption and exercise therapy increase life expectancy in fibromyalgia patients.

Anxiety or inquietude, and or turmoil mean a widespread, unpleasant, and vague feeling of fear and concern with an unknown origin that includes uncertainty, helplessness, and physiological arousal. Performance anxiety is a group of disorders that affect individuals in a range of endeavors, from test-taking, mathematics performance, public speaking, and sport, to the performing arts of dance, acting, and music (1).Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a complex phenomenon caused by many factors, including genetics, environmental stimuli, and an individual's experience, emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. MPA manifests via three elements, independent of varying types: cognitions, autonomic arousal, and behaviors. While a certain degree of performance anxiety is facilitative and normal, it can sometimes become debilitating and even be taken as a mental disorder (2). defines MPA as the experience of marked and persistent anxious apprehension related to musical performance, which is manifested through combinations of affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral symptoms MPA is also known as stage fight, musician stress syndrome, and music syndrome. (3)Coping strategies are factors affecting MPA. Coping style means mastering, reducing, or enduring those harms that cause stress. Endler and Parker divide coping strategies into three categories: emotion-oriented, avoidance-oriented, and problem-oriented.Emotional self-regulation, the reappraisal of negative affections, and overexpression of emotions can be named as other factors seen in MPA, which are observed in individuals with negative feelings, thoughts, and emotional disturbances that cause negative social implications and negative inner reactions. Hence, MPA is considered as maladaptive behavior. The dual function of emotions refers to the emotional regulation process in which, individuals regulate and modify their emotions under different situations.Various factors determine the effect of a psychological intervention on a specific problem, so MPA is not an exception. Mindfulness of unintentional meditation occurs on the current events. Mindfulness can be defined as attention self-regulation ability and directing attention towards an experience. Accordingly, thoughtful attention regulation is a core component of mindfulness. Mindfulness is a kind of relaxation with attention control that affects sensory processes by influencing attention span, beliefs, expectations, mood, and emotional regulation.
Therefore, the extant study aimed to find whether the program extracted from the conceptual model (MPA self-regulation) of coping strategies, emotional self-regulation, and mindfulness can affect performance anxiety.

This was a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population comprised all musicians (N=30) living in Kermanshah County, Iran. The members of the statistical sample were selected using convenience sampling then were assigned to two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Voluntary participation, more than 2-year experience in musicianship, 15-55 age range, and at least one experience of playing music at the stage in front of people were taken as inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria included more than two absenteeism sessions, an incomplete questionnaire in the first section of the study, and suffering from acute or chronic psychiatric diseases, such as anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, ADHD, suspicion, autism, and learning disorders, which caused performance loss and anxiety when they were playing music. The Kenny et al. Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (2004) was used to collect data. The training protocol was designed based on the model and performed in 12 sessions, including the effect of coping strategies, emotional self-regulation, and mindfulness on the MPA. Data analysis was done through univariate and multivariate ANCOVA.

There was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the two studied groups in terms of self-assessment (F(1,23)=13.64), negative affect, and situational symptoms (F(1,23)=4.82), and fear of negative evaluation (F(1,23)=5.81) at 0.001 level. Therefore, the training program of the model had a significant effect on MPA dimensions, e.g., self-assessment, negative affection and situational symptoms, and fear of negative evaluation, while this program had no significant impact (P≥0.01) on the uncontrollability (F(1,23)=3.71) and unpredictability (F(1,23)=1.83) dimensions of MPA at 0.001 level. Therefore, the training program of the model had no significant effect on MPA dimensions, including uncontrollability and unpredictability.The results indicated a significant difference between two experimental and control groups in terms of the effect of the training intervention extracted from the model on reduction of MPA, considering its dimensions (e.g., self-assessment, negative affection and situational symptoms, and fear of negative evaluation), while its effect on uncontrollability and unpredictability was not significant.

The extant study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a protocol based on the coping strategies, emotional self-regulation, and mindfulness model on musicians' music performance anxiety. The obtained results indicated the effectiveness of the teaching protocol adopted from the cognitive self-regulation and coping strategies model with mediating role of mindfulness on MPA. This finding was consistent with the results of studies conducted by Worth-Grad(14), Hribar (15), Kazajowski, Grisley, and Alice (19), and Worth & Escher (13).The impact of the training program extracted from the model on the reduction of MPA dimensions indicated a significant difference between two studied experimental and control groups in terms of self-assessment, negative affection, situational symptoms, and fear of negative evaluation. Therefore, the training protocol of the model had a significant effect on MPA dimensions (e.g., self-assessment, negative affection, situational symptoms, and fear of negative evaluation). However, the training protocol of the model was not significant in terms of uncontrollability and unpredictability dimensions. Therefore, the training program of the model had no significant effect on the uncontrollability and unpredictability dimensions of MPA.It is recommended to apply the results of this study widely in educational packages for individuals who play music in music classes and academic music fields, particularly those who experience low music performance, perform slowly in music sessions, and suffer from learning disorders.The protocol of mindfulness, coping strategies, and emotion regulation can be attended by musicians to prevent and control performance anxiety. It also is suggested to prevent and control performance anxiety by employing psychologists who are aware of and interested in performance anxiety issues. Lack of follow-up among studied subjects was one of the constraints in this research, so consideration of follow-up courses within several months is recommended to assess intervention's effects.

Anxiety is a general, vague emotion of anxiety that is accompanied by one or more physical feelings and, if persistent, other psychological problems. Anxiety is a reaction to survival that tells us what to avoid and how to avoid it. Academic anxiety is also a set of emerging physiological and behavioral cognitive responses that are associated with concerns about negative social consequences by failing an exam with a similar assessment status. Fear of getting poor grades and family blame, ridicule from peers, fear of not being able to continue education and especially going to university always involve students, especially high school students, and for this reason progress anxiety has become more colorful. Researchers have suggested ways to reduce academic anxiety, including the role of life skills. Life skills are defined as abilities, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors that are learned for great happiness and success to enable one to adapt to and master life successes. The results of researchers' studies also showed that another factor that can play a role in children's academic anxiety is the psychological control of parents. Psychological control includes certain states of the parenting dimension and the destructive type of parenting practices that parents use to bring their children into line with their expectations. Since parents usually provide the conditions for the family environment, it is important to know how parental or parenting characteristics play a role in causing anxiety. Anxiety in adolescents can be influenced by various factors, including several factors such as genetics, brain maturation process, hormonal changes, mood, and negative life experiences. But the role of parental behavior and control and metacognitive beliefs are also prominent in adolescent anxiety. Hence, this study seeks to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between life skills and psychological control of parents with children's academic anxiety?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all married students with adolescent children in the field of psychology who were studying at the Islamic Azad University of Sari in the academic year 1399-400 and the number of 180 people according to the inquiry of the Islamic Azad University of Sari announced. The sample size was 123 people were selected through the stratified random sampling method through Krejcie Morgan table. In this study, three standard questionnaires were used, which are as follows. The Test Anxiety Inventory was developed by Sarason in 1957 and has 37 items. The short form of the Life Skills Questionnaire, developed by the World Health Organization in 1994, includes 20 questions and three subscales (decision making, problem-solving, and creative thinking). The Psychological Control Questionnaire was developed by Sunens et al. (2010) and measures the level of psychological control of parents. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the data using SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that the psychological control of parents among the students had a mean of 55.58 and a standard deviation of 4.43. Life skills had an average of 69.01 and a standard deviation of 5.18 and children's academic anxiety had an average of 9.52 and a standard deviation of 1.36. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between psychological control subscales and parents' life skills with children's academic anxiety (p=0.001).

Anxiety in early adolescence can lead to incompatibility in interpersonal relationships. Social functioning is one of the most important aspects of adolescence, and anxiety during this period may hurt social interactions, for example, reducing peer acceptance, lack, and quality of friendly communication. Anxious teens experience more psychological problems than their peers, disrupting their normal routine and daily functioning. Parents' possession of social skills creates a positive attitude towards education and school in students; Because parents who encourage and educate their children raise responsible students who act according to their creativity and desire to carry out educational activities. The limitations of this study should be stated that since the study was performed on all married students with adolescent children, care should be taken in generalizing the results to other samples. Due to the low research background, it is suggested that researchers in future research investigate the relationship between research variables in other samples. Also, descriptive research is of correlation type. It is suggested to use other research methods such as qualitative and experimental methods.

Despite of that regular exercise training with appropriate intensity, as essential component of a healthy lifestyle, to induce a desirable and beneficial adaptation in the body, however, has demonstrated that exhaustive and strenuous exercises causes oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and structural damage to muscle cells, as well as decline in athletic performance. Therefore, there has been much effort to identify appropriate sport supplementation strategies that may help to reduce or prevent exercise-induced muscle damage and stress. So that, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, the use of herbal medicines and natural supplements maybe very effective to prevent exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress. Hence in the present review, in addition to study of possible mechanisms, it has provided the effects of some natural and herbal supplements in sports. For this review, all relevant information were collected using search of some keywords such as natural supplement, herbal supplement, herbal and natural supplement and exercise performance, herbal and natural supplement and muscle damage via some internal and external databases including Web of Science, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Magiran, IranDoc and SID, that this information was extracted without time and geographical location limit (all time periods until 2021). The results indicated that the athletes are among those who use the herbal and natural supplement for their own benefit and it has been recognized that some herbs may help them to improve their performance, speed up recovery and reduce biomarkers of muscle damage. In conclusion, it seems that herbal and natural supplementation could exert preventive effects from exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and some of these supplements have an ergogenic aids and improve physical performance in athletes.

For some people and in certain situations, shopping may be unplanned, sudden, and accompanied by a strong urge to feel pleasure or excitement. This type of repetitive, chronic and extreme buying behavior is known as compulsive buying. A review of the research literature shows that compulsive buyers experience adverse consequences such as feelings of guilt and remorse, academic dysfunction, financial problems, family conflicts, negative parenting, eating and sleeping disorders, and even suicide attempts. Therefore, it is important to identify and characterize the factors that influence compulsive buying. A substantial body of literature has established the links between family emotional climate and subsequent compulsive buying. Nevertheless, the perception of family climate does not always result in compulsive in buying as the development of abnormal behaviors may involve other intermediary mechanisms jointly responsible for such a relationship. Based on research literature some variables including self-differentiation have mediated relations between family emotional climate and compulsive buying. Altogether, as mentioned before compulsive buying may pose a number of deleterious outcomes for female individuals. Therefore, focus on female university students when studying compulsive buying is highly pertinent. Although an enormous amount of research is in line with the notion that family emotional climate could predict university students’ compulsive buying, studies that have tested the mediating role of self-differentiation are minimal. Above all, the current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-differentiation in the relationship between family emotional climate and compulsive buying.

This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted on B.A and M.A students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran South Branch in 2019, in Iran. A total of 239 female university student from there faculties (Human Sciences Faculty, Psychology and Education Faculty, Law and Political Sciences Faculty) selected by multistage cluster sampling strategy. There is no consensus on the sample size for path analysis. However, many researchers recommended 200 cases as the minimum sample. The inclusion criterion was the age range of 18 to 45 years old and only exclusion criterion was having psychological problems background (based on a preliminary interview and participants’ self- report). About the demographic characteristics of participants, it is noted that age averaged 29.73 years (SD = 5.67). Before completing the survey, all participants gave their written informed consent, noting that they were aware that the investigation was anonymous and confidential and that participants had the right to withdraw at any time without explanation. The Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI), Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale (ECBS), and Family Emotional Climate Scale (FECS) were used to collect the data. The instruments were distributed by the researcher and collected in the regular classrooms. After collecting the data means, standard deviations, and Pearson correlations for the levels of family emotional climate, self-differentiation and compulsive buying, together were conducted using SPSS 23.0. Path analysis was conducted to examine the mediating role of self-differentiation using AMOS 21.0. It is note that, 12 participants missed more than 50% of items on a given scale and were excluded from subsequent analyses.

The results of Pearson correlation showed that the relationship between family emotional climate with self-differentiation (r= 0.62) was positive, the relationship between family emotional climate (r= -0.34), and self-differentiation (r= -0.51) with compulsive buying were negative that all relationship were significantly at P<0.01 level. Therefore, based on the significance relationship between the variables, the necessary condition for investigating the mediating role of self-differentiation is fulfilled. Prior to conducting path analysis, it was ensured that its basic assumptions, such as adequacy of the sample size, data distribution normality, and multi-collinearity, were established. The results showed that the research model of the relationship between family emotional climate mediated via self-differentiation had a good fit based on fitness indices. The most commonly used fitness index in model analysis is CMIN/DF, that with a value lesser than 3 in the current research model shows a good fit. The goodness of fit index (GFI), the normalized fit index (NFI), and the comparative fit index (CFI) with Values higher than 0.90 indicates an acceptable fit to the current data. Also, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with a Value between 0.05 and 0.10 shows an acceptable fit of the model. Also, the parameters of the direct and indirect relationship measurement in the research model by path analysis showed that the direct effect of family emotional climate on self-differentiation (β= 0.31, P<0.001) were positive and significant. Moreover, the direct effect of family emotional climate (β= -0.15, P<0.01), and self-differentiation (β= -0.42, P<0.001) on compulsive buying were negative and significant. Finally, results showed that the mediating role of self-differentiation (β= -0.13, P<0.01) in the relationship between family emotional climate and compulsive buying was significant.

Based on the findings family emotional climate and self-differentiation were important factors affecting female university students’ compulsive buying. A possible explanation is that inappropriate family emotional climate can reduce adolescents’ self-differentiation, and as a result, they are more vulnerable to the challenges and stressors of their life, therefore female university students try to cope with their negative conditions by excessive buying as a short-term remedy to relieve stress. In case they are relieved from buying, they are more likely to regard the excessive buying a beneficial coping strategy that contributes to potential dependence and automatic activation. The cross-sectional design, which is not the best way to evaluate causal relations, limits the results. Future longitudinal research is needed to further ascertain the particular directions and relationships among these variables. Limitation aside, the present study provided some practical implications. The findings of this study could help to guide targeted preventions and interventions for compulsive buying in female university students. Thus, mental health practitioners can educate students about the potential harms of low self-differentiation and guide them to set self- reinforcing goals to monitor their frequency and duration of compulsive buying.

Vitiligo is one of the most common skin pigmentation disorders which afflicting 0.5-2% of the world population. Its main clinical symptoms include the emergence and expansion of melanocytes (3). Its onset is usually before the age of 30, and its prevalence is almost the same for the two sexes (5). Vitiligo can have destructive psychosocial effects on patients because there is a relationship between the body and the mind (6). Although vitiligo is not physically debilitating, due to the outward changes associated with it, most patients have a negative body image and may feel shame, which eventually disrupts their social life, marriage, sexual relations, psychological well-being, and emotion regulation (10). Sensitivity to vitiligo is exacerbated through defective emotion regulation or a reduced ability to cope with stress (10). Cognitive strategies for emotion regulation deal with people’s way of thinking after a negative experience or damaging event. Therefore, these strategies can play an effective role in determining mental health and successful social interactions (12). Thus, the treatment of patients with vitiligo seems to require psychosocial support (13). The present study examined the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between fear of body image and interpersonal problems in patients with Vitiligo.

The statistical population comprised all the patients with vitiligo who had been registered at the Vitiligo Association of Iran and had joined the associations’ group, channel, and page on social media in March-April 2020. The participants were selected using purposive sampling, following which 390 people initially took part, but 281 remained in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were: age range of 20-40 years (Several studies have mentioned marriage and sexual relations among the problems faced by these patients, and this motivated the selection of this age range), having basic literacy skills to answer the questionnaires, having at least one form of email or ID on the cyberspace, having vitiligo on visible body parts such as hands, legs, head, neck, and face, and providing informed consent for participation. The exclusion criteria were: failing to complete one of the questionnaires, and withdrawal from the study. The data were collected via an online demographic questionnaire, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32), the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P). The links to these questionnaires were shared on the Telegram channel and Instagram page of the Vitiligo Association of Iran. The data were analyzed via Pearson’s correlation and structural equations modeling in SPPS, AMOS-24, and by Preacher and Hayes (2008) bootstrap approach in MACRO to test the mediating relations.

The results of the online survey showed that, from among 281 participants, 177 had had vitiligo for >10 years; the severity of vitiligo was >5% in 128 participants; and 149 participants had >1% vitiligo on visible body parts. A significant positive relationship was found between fear of body image and interpersonal problems (p = 0.0001) and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (p = 0.002), and a significant negative relationship was observed between fear of body image and adaptive strategies (p = 0.0001). The mediation analyses revealed that maladaptive strategies exacerbate the effect of body image on interpersonal problems (p = 0.0007). Also, the indirect effect of fear of body image on interpersonal problems through adaptive strategies was significant (p = 0.0315). However, no significant relationship was found between adaptive emotion regulation strategies and interpersonal problems in these patients (p = 0.092). These results indicate that, to mitigate the interpersonal problems of patients with vitiligo, interventions can focus on reducing fear of body image, correcting maladaptive strategies, and strengthening adaptive strategies. Moreover, based on the findings, fear of body image may lead to interpersonal problems by triggering maladaptive mechanisms.

In line with previous studies (31), a damage to the behavioral component of body image in vitiligo may disrupt interpersonal relations. A defect in one's appearance reduces self-esteem and leads to stress, anxiety, and fear of being judged by others. Therefore, vitiligo has a destructive effect on patients’ daily life and mental health. Patients with vitiligo catastrophize this disease due to their negative mental image resulting from excessive rumination and continuous mental obsession with this disease and its effects on their lives. They first blame themselves and then others, and thus form a negative self-evaluation. Previous studies have shown that vitiligo has an obvious potential for causing mental pressure; however, this relationship is not unilateral, and stress can cause or exacerbate vitiligo as well (28). There is no effective treatment for vitiligo, and there are many psychological disorders associated with it. It has recently been reported that to improve the quality of life of these patients, several psychological interventions can be included in the treatment program of different skin diseases (29). Therefore, to help these patients, it is important to examine the related psychological factors and determine the mediators.  Based on the results of the present study, the presence of maladaptive strategies is more destructive and damaging than the absence of adaptive strategies. Furthermore, the absence of adaptive strategies can negatively impact psychological well-being. Thus, if we can mitigate fear of body image in these patients, their interpersonal problems can be minimized. The results of this study demonstrated that from among the two mediating variables, the promotion of adaptive emotion regulation strategies has little effect on reducing interpersonal problems. On the other hand, psychological interventions to identify and reduce maladaptive emotion regulation strategies significantly decrease interpersonal problems. Because vitiligo requires a multifaceted team treatment, it is suggested that dermatologists pay special attention to the psychological aspect of this disease in addition to offering different treatments, and seek the help of mental health specialists and health psychologists for offering individually or group psychological interventions to improve emotion regulation skills.

An adult heart has limited regenerative potential, resulting in many problems such as ischemic heart disease and diseases in which heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) become defective, leading to heart failure. Since therapies for heart disease and heart transplants are limited due to the small number of heart donors, the ability of pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into heart disease, especially in regenerative medicine, has received considerable attention. Recently, stem cells can be induced to produce functional cardiomyocyte cells using a variety of methods (1-3). As a result, the formation of heart muscle cells from stem cells requires a deep understanding of the molecular processes involved in the evolution of myocardial cells(7). The aim of this study was to investigate genes with differential expression between embryonic stem cells and differentiated cardiomyocyte cells by bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, we show the importance of these genes in the development of heart disease in order to utilize this model to achieve more appropriate biomarkers for heart diseases which are effective in both cardiac differentiation and heart disease.

RNA-sequencing samples of embryonic stem cells (hESC) and differentiated cardiomyocyte cells were obtained from the dataset number GSE76523 (14). FastQC software was used to check the quality of the raw data reads. Adapter sequences and low quality sequences were removed using Trimmomatic software, version 0.36. Using HISAT2 software, version 2.1.0, the sequences were aligned with the genome, and using the annotation reference obtained from the UCSC database and HTSeq software, version 0.9.1, the reading count of each gene was obtained and using DESeq2 Package in the R program. Genes with differential expression between stem cell samples and differentiated cells were isolated. To evaluate the functional analysis of genes with differences in expression between the two groups, the KEGG and Enrichr databases were used to examine important pathways and biological processes in which genes with differential expression were involved. In the ClinVar and DisGeNET databases, it was determined which genes with differential expression would play a role in heart diseases. In addition, using the database of chromosomal location, important chromosomal positions of genes with differential expression between the two groups were analyzed.

Our results showed that between the two groups, 1463 and 1682 genes had increased and decreased expression, respectively. Functional analysis and examination of disease databases demonstrated genes with differential expression had essential roles in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), adrenergic signaling in myocardial cells, myocardial contraction, and myocardial infarction. Moreover, chr5p11, chr4q, chr11q21 and chr11p1 locations correspondingly were important chromosomal positions among genes with differential expression. Interestingly, it was found that genes involved in the differentiation of cardiomyocyte cells can also be involved in heart diseases as well. Among the genes with differential expression that were examined in different functional analyzes, genes including TTN, MYBPC3, TNNC1, TPM1, ACTC1, MYL2, TNNT2, MYH6, and MYH7 were important genes in both cardiac differentiation and heart diseases, especially different types of cardiomyopathies.

As the prevalence of cardiac disorders such as cardiomyopathies is increasing and due to the limitations of existing experimental models, suitable progress in treatment strategies for these disorders has not been encountered. One of the important factors in the development of cell-based models in heart disease is the existence of reliable methods for the production of heart cells from stem cells (17,18). In the present study, by investigating the signaling pathways and database, it was found that genes with differential expression in the differentiation of stem cells into heart cells can play a role in causing various heart diseases, especially dilated DCM and HCM. Better understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms of these diseases will help prevent disease progression (24).In addition, we introduced genes which are involved in both cardiac cell differentiation and cardiomyopathy via bioinformatics analysis. Among them, TTN, MYBPC3, TNNC1, TPM1, ACTC1, MYL2, TNNT2, MYH6 and MYH7 genes were found to be involved in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy as well as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. All of these genes were expressed in cardiac cells resulting from stem cell differentiation. Studies have shown that heterozygous mutations in the sarcomroponin T (TNNT2) protein, which were produced by induced stem cells, impaired calcium control and decreased contraction (27,28). Other stem cell models have examined the effect of LMNA encoding genes (LMNA A / C) and TTN on cardiomyopathy, and have found that TTN mutations are associated with heart disease, especially dilated cardiomyopathy (31). Other studies have shown sarcomere protein mutations, β-myosin heavy chain mutations, and MYH7 genes are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (32).In this disease stem cell models with mutations in MYH7 and MYBPC3, showed many of the features of the disease, such as cell enlargement, sarcomere disorder and contraction, as well as altered gene expression in calcium administration (33,34). Mutations in the TNNC1 gene also play a central role in the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (38). A study of a large family with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showed that a mutation in the TPM1 gene was associated with the clinical features of cardiac hypertrophy (39). Studies highlight an important role for MYL2 phosphorylation as an important contractile protein in the adult heart. These studies further show that the disappearance of mediated phosphorylation mechanisms in this gene causes dilated cardiomyopathy. Further studies have shown that in the model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using human cell-derived stem cells (hiPSC-CMs), the presence of cardiac actin E99K-ACTC1 mutation causes abnormal phenotypes in the produced hiPSC-CMs (40,41). In this study, important chromosomal positions including chr5p11, chr4q, chr11q21 and chr11p1 were introduced, which suggested that these positions may play a role in heart diseases, especially cardiomyopathies. Studies have not yet addressed the role of these chromosomal positions in heart diseases. Therefore, more detailed study and attention to tissue origin genes as well as studies of important chromosomal positions will be needed to achieve more specific biomarkers for the heart diseases and clarify the mechanisms of the heart diseases as well as cardiomyocyte differentiation.

There is a close relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes, so that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in obese people is higher than people with normal weight (2, 3). Both type 2 diabetes and obesity are associated with changes in the body's metabolism, which is a determining factor in the development of insulin resistance (4, 5). Studies show that adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ in regulating energy homeostasis throughout the body and plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (6). It also secretes various hormones, cytokines, and metabolites that control systemic energy balance by regulating appetite signals from the central nervous system and metabolic activity in peripheral tissues (8). One of the peptide hormones expressed by various body tissues, including adipose tissue in animal and human samples, is adropin, which is involved in energy homeostasis, metabolic adaptation, and modulation of insulin sensitivity and obesity (9).Increased adropin levels have been reported following aerobic exercise (17). also, Abbasian et al. (2016) observed increase in serum adropin levels in overweight and obese men after 8 weeks of intense intermittent exercise (18). However, in the study of Alizadeh et al. (2015) following a session of aerobic exercise, no significant change in glucose and adropin factors was observed in overweight women (19).The effects of exercise training on changes of factors involved in energy metabolism in obese diabetic subjects have been less studied, therefore, the present study intends to investigate the question of whether six weeks of aerobic training affect the on adipose tissue energy homeostasis index in obese diabetic rats?

This is an experimental study. This research was conducted on Wistar rats at Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch. 32 obese male wistar rats (weight 320±20 gr) after induction of diabetes randomly were divided into 4 groups including obese control, shem (obese), obese diabetic, obese aerobic training - obese diabetic. Rats were exposed to a high-fat controlled diet in the form of pellets for 4 weeks to gain weight (20). In this study, the rats were type 2 diabetic using peritoneal injection nicotinamide-STZ (21). Aerobic training program was performed on treadmill 4 days a week with intensity of 70% VO2max for six weeks (22). Blood samples were used to measure fasting glucose by enzymatic colorimetric method with glucose oxidase technology by Pars Azmoun Tehran kit company. Insulin was measured by ELISA method using a laboratory kit (Demeditec insulin ELIZA DE2935, Germany). Insulin resistance index was measured after Calculated fasting glucose and fasting insulin concentrations using the homeostasis model (HOMA-IR) and according to the formula. Also, the amount of adropine in adipose tissue of rats was measured using a special kit (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. USA) by ELISA method. Adropin level were measured using ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05.

Mean and standard deviation of variables in adipose tissue of different research groups are presented in Table 2. The results showed that the adropin level in adipose tissue in the obese diabetic group was significantly lower than the obese control group (P=0.001). Also, insulin resistance was significantly higher in the obese diabetic group than the obese control groups (P=0.004). Aerobic training was associated with significant increase of adropin in adipose tissue and decrease of insulin resistance in obese diabetic rats (P=0.001).

The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (17, 23, 24). Insulin resistance, fasting glucose and insulin have a negative correlation with adropin levels (29). In the present study, a negative relationship was observed between adropin levels of adipose tissue and insulin and insulin resistance index, which may be one of the effective factors in increasing adropin levels of adipose tissue after aerobic training in the obese-diabetic exercise group. The molecular mechanism by which fat causes insulin resistance is unclear. Inflammation due to lipid accumulation, inhibitory effect of fatty acid oxidation on glucose oxidation, and secretion of adipocytokines are all associated with the development of local and systemic insulin resistance (36). Improvements in insulin resistance following exercise may be due in part to the potential effect of adropine on vasodilation. This improvement can facilitate access to glucose and enhance glucose metabolism (9). There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other indicators of associated with energy homeostasis and metabolic adaptation in adipose tissue. According to the results, it seems that Aerobic training may be able to help reduce the effects of obesity in diabetes by improving adropin levels in adipose tissue and insulin resistance.

Psychological aspects can lead people to success in their careers by improving their mental and behavioral capacities. One of the most important issues in today's environment is mental health. Mental health has been identified as one of the concerns of researchers today. Paying attention to mental health as an important issue among individuals can create appropriate capacities in mental areas. On the other hand, paying attention to the personality aspects of individuals can create serious capacities in individual areas and bring them to the stage of coordination between themselves and their work environment. Personality is a distinctive and specific pattern of thought, emotion and behavior that determines the style of his interaction with physical and social environments. One of the key variables in the organizational field is job motivation. Job enthusiasm can be important and necessary in directing the behaviors and attitudes of people in the workplace and even has the capacity among people to perform well in their jobs. Employees with energy and enthusiasm are very passionate about their job, they are completely fascinated by their job, and they perform their job duties in a desirable way. The research vacuum on job motivation functions in areas such as mental health and some personality traits of employees has caused that today the operational process to improve mental health and some personality traits of employees has not been formed. And there is insufficient evidence on the effect of job motivation on mental health and some personality traits of employees. The governorate of each province is the highest and highest executive, supervisory and governmental institution in each province, whose duty is to decide and supervise all the affairs of the province and to regulate and supervise various issues in the political, security, disciplinary, social, Pays cultural and economic. Considering the role and position of the governorate's governing body in advancing and realizing public policies and government development programs at the provincial level, we can consider the special role and position of the governor's staff in advancing the lofty goals and promoting the position of Golestan province in the above fields. Most CEOs acknowledge that employee dissatisfaction is one of the biggest threats to their organization. Research vacuum on job motivation functions in areas such as mental health and some personality traits of employees has caused that today the operational process to improve mental health and some personality traits of employees has not been formed. On the other hand, this research gap has led to insufficient evidence on the effect of job motivation on mental health and some personality traits of employees. This issue can be effective in the process of forming concerns in organizations in response to the development of job enthusiasm and overshadow the process of developing job enthusiasm in organizations. Therefore, the present study aims to provide a model of job motivation, mental health and some personality traits of employees, trying to answer the question whether job enthusiasm affects mental health and some personality traits of employees?

The present research is a descriptive, survey and applied research that was conducted in the field. For this study, 306 people were selected from the staff of the governorates of the northern provinces (1500 people) by stratified random sampling method and according to Morgan table. After the necessary coordination and satisfaction of the officials, the researcher-made questionnaire of job motivation with 68 aspects and 10 components of leadership, work environment, employment, human resource systems, personality traits, job meaning, perception of organizational justice, organizational capital, psychological capital And organizational commitment based on the Likert 5 value spectrum. A researcher-made personality traits questionnaire with 45 questions and 4 components of self-efficacy, mental tenacity, emotional independence and responsibility was designed based on the Likert 5 value spectrum. And Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (1972) with 28 items and 4 subscales of physical shoulders, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression were distributed and collected among the sample. Finally, the structural equation method using SPSS and PLs software was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that job motivation has an effect on mental health of 0.764. It was also found that job motivation has an effect on personality traits of 0.859. On the other hand, the results related to the research fit indices showed that all the research model fit indices are in good condition, which indicates the appropriateness of the research model fit.

The results of the present study showed that job motivation has a significant role in improving mental health and personality traits. Improving job motivation can provide a serious basis for increasing the level of mental health and personality traits. Undoubtedly, job enthusiasm capacities to improve attitudes and behaviors have caused to provide a suitable platform for improving the mental health and personality traits of employees. Mental health in the workplace governs all aspects of a person's life. The positive or negative effects that a person receives during working hours affect all individual and social aspects such as personal mood, self-confidence, life expectancy, social relationships and family relationships. Improving mental health has always been a concern. Improving mental health can have beneficial effects. Mental health today is defined as the feeling of satisfaction and mental improvement and adequate social adaptation to the accepted standards of any society. A healthy work environment can be closely linked to employees' mental health. Mental health and attention to it in all areas of life, including personal, social and occupational life is very important and neglecting it can be effective in reducing efficiency, loss of manpower and causing physical and mental complications. The results of the present study showed that job motivation has a significant role on personality traits. In a way, improving job motivation can provide a serious ground for improving the status of personality traits. In interpreting this issue, it should be noted that job motivation can have a profound impact on people's behaviors and attitudes. On the other hand, this variable can have an effective effect on some of their personality traits by engaging their inner nature. There is no doubt that job motivation can be effective in improving some aspects of personality by engaging people's attitudes and behaviors. On the other hand, job motivation capacities in individual attitudes and behaviors have caused this variable to play an important role in employees' personality traits. It seems that job motivation by influencing individual behaviors can lead to good capacity building in job areas and ultimately overshadow some personality traits of employees. This issue has caused job motivation due to its capacities and functions to be of great importance in improving and promoting mental health as well as personality traits of employees.

Sports businesses are businesses that have been created to provide sports facilities and equipment or provide sports services. Procurement of sports equipment and supplies, wages of manpower working in sports affairs, maintenance, and repair costs of sports equipment, the establishment of various sports clubs, etc. require that a part of the financial resources of any society to these Items be assigned. An extensive volume of financial exchanges in the sports industry, lifestyle changes, and people's leisure time; Expanding national, regional, continental, global events; Professional sports, championships, etc. provide all the countless opportunities for sports entrepreneurs. At present, healthy sports and recreation in developed countries is considered as an important industry and an influential factor in the growth of the national economy and is one of the most lucrative industries of the 21st century. The success of small and medium-sized businesses has significant effects on the social, economic, and cultural dimensions of each country. Most researchers agree on the economic development of the business and state its economic importance before anything else. As the business environment becomes more competitive, the chances of random business success in this area decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to study the causes and factors of the success of existing businesses, and based on this information, a suitable path for business success should be selected. The use of traditional methods, lack of capital, inadequate technology, and internal constraints can cause even some businesses to close. Competitive business environments face many challenges for owners and managers in this field. Managers of these businesses must, on the one hand, have the ability to compete and develop, and on the other hand, avoid incurring additional costs. The inconsistency of sports businesses indicates problems in the field of sustainability in sports, sports entrepreneurship, and sports programs. As in Iran, the failure of sports businesses is seen. Although the sports industry is one of the booming economic areas, however, in our country, due to the lack of coherent programs and comprehensive attitude, poor communication and lack of appropriate processes, have caused limitations in the growth and development of the sports industry. One of the ways that entrepreneurs in the field of sports businesses, like entrepreneurs in other businesses, remain competitive and achieve their performance by creating value and creating sustainable wealth, is to pay attention to a concept. It is relatively new under the heading of business continuity. Therefore, considering the importance of sustainability in sports businesses in the economy and society, as well as considering the research conducted in this field, which further examines the consequences of sustainability in sports businesses from the perspective of experts, policymakers, and experts. This study tries to focus on the consequences of continuity in sports businesses by focusing on sports business activists, especially from the point of view of this active group and involved with different challenges with sports business in order to be able to benefits for the benefit of sports business activists, entrepreneurs and private sector investors in the field of sports business and ultimately provide success and continuity in their activities and on the other hand the results of the present study can be developed the concept and importance of business continuity in the sports industry as a new and independent concept to help significantly, and in general, what will be the consequences of this continuity in sports businesses?

The aim of this study was to analyze the consequences of continuity in sports businesses based on the opinions of sports business activists, elites, and university professors. This research leads to an increase in existing knowledge on the subject. It was therefore developmental research, and since the research results are applicable to business management, it was therefore applied research. Because this research was new and qualitative, data-driven methods and qualitative analysis were used to achieve the objectives of the research. In this study, the statistical population includes faculty members of schools of entrepreneurship management across the country, faculty members of schools of physical education and sports sciences with entrepreneurship, marketing, and business management, and Ph.D. graduates in sports management with research background And worked in the field of sports businesses, faculty members of marketing schools, and finally entrepreneurs and activists in the field of sports businesses. The Snowball sampling method was used to select the research sample. The sample size was determined during the research process. To collect data, interviews were conducted and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the interview phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the mentioned elites, which after 21 interviews, the concepts were repeated and confirmed, and the researcher reached theoretical saturation. For qualitative analysis of interviews by the grounded theory method, after collecting data, the codes extracted from the interview were examined and different stages of analysis were performed to answer the questions.

In this study, a qualitative method has been used. In this study, 21 specialists were interviewed and the frequency study showed that in terms of gender, the number of men is 19 and the number of women is 2, and in terms of education, there are 7 undergraduates, 6 masters, and 6 doctoral students. 21 were university faculty members and 13 were entrepreneurs in the field of sports businesses. The interview began with questions about continuity in the sports business, and the remaining questions were asked according to the interviewee. All interviews were recorded and analyzed and then used in the study. Findings showed that the consequences of continuity in sports businesses are social components, psychological, and sports consequences.

In general, sports jobs due to the social nature and broad dimensions of the sports industry will have countless consequences for the country. Directly, it will increase employment and due to the invigorating nature of this field, self-continuation in this industry will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of more people in the community due to the increase and variety of services and products available due to the continuation of sports businesses. The social consequences of this sector in sports will be an increase in social presence and participation, increased vitality in society, improving the level and quality of health for all segments of society, both activists in this field and recipients of various sports services and products.

Tendinopathy is defined as an overuse injury that is histologically associated with tenocyte proliferation, collagen fiber degradation, and increased non-collagen matrix, fluid accumulation between fibers, capillary proliferation, and calcification. Early diagnosis of tendinopathy is important in order to prevent severe tendon damage or even rupture. Tendinopathies, especially of the shoulder tendons, are common in hemodialysis patients due to loss of tendon elasticity and weakening of the structures, uremic toxins, accumulation of β2-microglubolin and malnutrition.  Tendon rupture is a complication of several disorders including chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis, systemic lupus erythematosus, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, obesity and trauma. Bone changes and soft tissue calcification, spontaneous tendon rupture are some of the factors that can increase tendon thickness in chronic kidney disease patients. The tendons most affected are the quadriceps tendon, the patella tendon, and the Achilles tendon. There has also been a rare case of abdominal muscle tendon in a hemodialysis patient. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is an important factor in tendon rupture. In all patients with elevated Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, the risk of spontaneous tendon rupture increases, and there is also an increase in this risk in patients treated with quinolones and steroids. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) scan are the main diagnostic methods for assessing joint and surrounding joint pathology worldwide, diagnostic ultrasound has become increasingly used to assess musculoskeletal structure. Ultrasonography (US) is used to evaluate the superficial tendons and ligaments that attach to the joint. The device can detect the presence and features of joint fibrosis, bursae or joint cysts, and can also detect abnormal structures in the joints. Ultrasonography is an effective, inexpensive imaging modality in the evaluation of tendons and is an affordable way to diagnose tendon lesions, especially in dialysis patients. Ultrasonography has been shown to be a successful imaging modality for diagnosis of tendinopathies of shoulder. Early diagnosis of tendinopathies and conservative treatment are essential to prevent severe tendon damage or even rupture. Changes in tissue elasticity can be detected by USE before being detected on B-mode ultrasonography. Elastography methods use changes in soft tissue elasticity as a result of specific pathological or physiological processes. For example, many solid tumors are mechanically different from the surrounding healthy tissue. Also, fibrosis associated with chronic liver disease makes liver tissue harder than normal tissue. In this way, elasticity methods can be used to distinguish involved tissues from natural tissue for diagnostic applications. In recent years, this method has been used to evaluate liver fibrosis or to characterize breast lesions. Ultrasound elasticity test can provide more complete information about tissue hardness along with other measured parameters In some studies, tendon ultrasound showed the presence of calcified tissue and increased tendon thickness, which was positively correlated with parathyroid hormone level and duration of dialysis. This correlation was more significant with the increase of parathyroid hormone. Studies show a significant increase in the thickness of the supraspinatus tendon, biceps tendon, triceps tendon and sub scapular tendon in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ultrasound findings of biceps and supraspinatus tendons in chronic hemodialysis patients compared to non-dialysis patients.

  The present study was performed as a case-control study in hemodialysis patients referred to Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran. Inclusion criteria included advanced renal failure and regular hemodialysis for at least 6 months three times a week for 4 hours per session. The control group was selected from healthy volunteers.This study was approved with the ethics ID IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1399.355. First, written consent was obtained from the individuals to enter the study. After obtaining written patient consent, complete patient history and laboratory data (CBC performed on Cell Dyn 1700; serum BUN and creatinine, serum calcium, serum phosphate (PO4), performed with BioLis24I autoanalyzer and stable PTH level Or iPTH was measured on ELISA kits developed by GenWay Biotech.The sonographic evaluation was performed by an experienced rheumatologist using a supersonic device with a linear probe at a frequency of 5.5-7 MHz. The use of ultrasonography due to the high accuracy in the diagnosis of various tendon disorders is either incomplete or complete. The presence of focal or diffuse heterogeneity in tissues with the presence of hypoechogenicity foci, swelling, and calcification in the tendon sheath or soft tissues around the tendon, irregular tendon margins, and fluid accumulation were among the sonographic findings. The data were collected in a checklist designed by the researcher based on the variables and evaluations performed.Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. First, the variables were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. Quantitative data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and qualitative data were expressed as frequency and percentage. Significance level was determined at P <0.05.

During the study period, 60 people (30 dialysis patients as a patient group and 30 healthy individuals as a control group) who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the studied groups in terms of age, weight and body mass index. The cross-sectional area of the supraspinatus tendon on the right side was significantly higher in patients than in healthy individuals. The mean elastography of the left biceps tendon in patients was significantly higher than healthy individuals. This parameter was not different in the supraspinatus tendon. There was no statistically significant difference between different levels of PTH and tendon thickness and cross sectional area.  In the present study, the elastographic indices of right and left biceps and supraspinatus tendons were not statistically significant in almost all parts of the tendons of patient group in comparison with healthy group. This finding confirms the effect of the other factors on the elasticity of the tendon along with its thickness and cross sectional area. In the study of correlation between elastography of biceps and supraspinatus tendons with age, PTH and tendon thickness, it was found that there is no statistically significant relationship between the mentioned variables and elastography.

In the present study, ultrasound indices of different parts of biceps and supraspinatus tendons of the right and left shoulders of patients and control group were compared with each other. Although it was not statistically significant in most cases, these indicators were generally higher in patients than healthy individuals. Findings of the present study showed that in the patient group, the thickness and cross-sectional area of the right supraspinatus was higher than the control group. Evaluation of ultrasonographic indices did not show a significant change in tendon elasticity in dialysis patients compared to healthy individuals.

Angiogenesis is a multi-stage phenomenon that involves the initial germination, separation and regeneration of new blood vessels from previous ones and is essential for many physiological functions of the body. If angiogenesis is performed insufficiently or excessively, it can lead to pathological lesions and injuries. In the treatment of various tumors and cancers.  inhibition of angiogenesis proposed as a more effective solution than killing cancer cells directly. Despite significant advances in chemotherapy, the survival rate is unsatisfactory due to drug resistance. Therefore, new strategies should be considered. The use of herbal remedies in the treatment of various diseases has been common since ancient times all around the world. Herbs contain various compounds including flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, cardiac glycosides and coumarins that these compounds can have potential in the treatment of various diseases caused by pathological lesions of angiogenesis. Recently, many researchers have focused on the discovery of natural and synthetic drugs as anti-angiogenesis compounds so that they can be used as a treatment for various cancers or at least part of tumor treatment protocols. Zataria multiflora is a plant from the mint genus and native to southwest Asia. In various studies biological activities of thyme essential oil including its anti-cancer effects and antioxidant properties have been mentioned. But so far no study has been done on its anti-angiogenic effects as a target in cancer control in the embryonic chicken egg model. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Zataria multiflora and its hydroalcoholic extract on angiogenesis and morphological changes on embryonic chicken eggs as a laboratory model.

After complete washing of the prepared plant, 5 g of thyme dried powder was boiled in 100 ml of sterile distilled water at 100 ° C for 5 minutes and then the liquid obtained is filtered and it was kept at 4 ° C until its use. The hydroalcoholic extract was also prepared from Barij Essential Oil Company, which is commercially available as gastrolite drops. After counting the vero cells, 7000 cells were considered for each 96-well plate. To determine the suitable dose, different dilutions of extracts were prepared as follows: 1000 µg/ml, 500 µg/ml, 250 µg/ml and 125 µg/ml and from hydroalcoholic extract, dilutions of 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 and 1/10000 were used in DMEM culture medium. After the desired time, the supernatant was replaced with 50 μl of 12 mM MTT solution and incubated for 4 hours. After this time, 200 μl of dimethyl sulfoxide was used to dissolve the formazan crystals in each well. The plate's optical absorption was read at 570 nm with an ELISA reader.In ovo inoculation: 30 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) embryonated chicken eggs were prepared from Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute and divided into three groups of 10 (control, treatment group with thyme aqueous extract and treatment group with hydroalcoholic extract). On the second day of incubation in completely sterile condition eggs in the control group received 10 microliters of sterile normal saline, in the first group 10 microliters of Zataria multiflora extract with a dose of 250 µg/ml and for the second group 10 microliters of hydroalcoholic extract with a dose of 0.001 µl/ml. On the twelfth day of incubation, images of blood vessels on the surface of the chorioallantoic membrane of all specimens were prepared using a photo-stereomicroscope and the number and length of vascular bifurcations were measured for all specimens using image J software. At the end of the study, the morphological status and weight of embryos in each group were assessed and recorded. For statistical analysis of the results with the help of SPSS software, version 22 and using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA and a significant level of P <0.05 was considered.

After culturing vero cells with different dilutions, 250 µg/ml and 0.001 µl/ml were the best dose of  aqueous extract and hydroalcoholic extract respectively. Because these doses did not show a significant difference compared to the control group ( P> 0.05). After 12 days of incubation the number and length of vessels from the chorioallantoic membrane were calculated. In a comparative study of the mean total length of vascular branches, a significant difference was observed between the control group and the treatment group with aqueous extract and also with the group treated with hydroalcoholic extract. P = 0.00 and P = 0.00, respectively. Regarding the number of vascular branches, a significant difference was observed between the group treated with thyme aqueous extract and the control group P = 0.00 and this difference between the group treated with hydroalcoholic extract and the control group was also seen P = 0.00. Although the use of the extract reduced the length of the embryos, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). In the case of hydroalcoholic extract, no significant difference was seen with the control group (P = 0.67). Regarding the mean embryos weight, there was no significant difference between the control group and the groups treated with aqueous extract and hydroalcoholic extract, P = 0.19 and P = 0.097, respectively. No morphological abnormalities were observed in the embryos of all three groups.

The results of this study showed that Zataria multiflora extract can significantly affect the rate of angiogenesis on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryos and reduce this process. In angiogenesis, blood vessel endothelial cells are stimulated by angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which secrete plasminogen activators and proteases that eventually lead to the release of endothelial cells become new blood vessels by destroying the basement membrane of blood vessels. Due to the importance and relationship of these factors with vascular angiogenesis in tumors, one of the therapeutic goals of tumors is the use of compounds that can reduce the expression of these angiogenic factors. In the present study, the use of Zataria multiflora extract significantly reduced the length and number of blood vessel branches in the chorioallantoic membrane and this significant reduction has been observed when using its active ingredient, thymol and carvacrol, which is probably due to the role of thymol and carvacrol in reducing the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis stimulants. In the present study, despite the reduction of angiogenesis, morphological abnormalities were not observed in treated embryos, which was probably due to the presence of some soluble antioxidants in the extract, including carvacrol and various polyphenols. However, there is still a need for further research into the effects of Zataria multiflora in animal models with different doses, gene expression, intracellular signals and histological studies.

Cancer is one of the significant health problems in this century. The suffering caused by cancer can decrease the patient's sense of self-efficacy and psychological well-being. However, cancer patients' psychological well-being and self-efficacy are considered two essential variables in motivating them to follow the prescribed treatment program and increase the probability of successful treatment response. Psychological well-being refers to a sense of health that includes full awareness of all aspects of the individual's integrity. Psychological well-being is a core feature of mental health. It may be defined as having hedonic (enjoyment, pleasure) and eudaimonic (meaning, fulfillment) happiness, as well as resilience (coping, emotion regulation, healthy problem solving). The Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being is a theory developed by Ryff which determines six factors that contribute to an individual's psychological well-being, contentment, and happiness. Psychological well-being consists of positive relationships with others, personal mastery, autonomy, a feeling of purpose and meaning in life, and personal growth and development. Psychological well-being is attained by achieving a state of balance affected by both challenging and rewarding life events. People with high well-being experience mainly positive emotions and have a positive evaluation. Self-efficacy refers to the perception of one's ability to act according to one's desire. Self-efficacy reflects confidence in exerting control over one's motivation, behavior, and social environment. A strong sense of self-efficacy promotes human accomplishment and personal well-being. A person with high self-efficacy views challenges as things that are supposed to be mastered rather than threats to avoid. These people can recover from failure faster and are more likely to attribute failure to a lack of effort. They approach threatening situations with the belief that they can control them. These things have been linked to lower levels of stress and a lower vulnerability to depression. According to numerous studies, in cancer patients, interventions to increase the sense of self-efficacy facilitate the treatment process, increase the therapeutic response and reduce the disease's symptoms. Also, higher self-efficacy increases the adaptation of cancer patients to infection and improves the quality of life. Compassion-Focused Therapy has received a lot of attention recently. Compassion-focused therapy aims to help promote mental and emotional healing by encouraging people in treatment to be compassionate toward themselves and other people. Compassion-focused therapy was founded by Paul Gilbert (2000) in response to the observation that many people, particularly those high in shame and self-criticism, were experiencing difficulties generating kind and self-supporting inner voices when engaging in traditional therapy. It was observed that although these individuals were able to engage with cognitive and behavioral tasks, they still responded poorly to therapy. Self-compassion focus on kindness to oneself in the face of self-judgment, human commonalities in front of isolation, and mindfulness. Self-compassion is associated with positive emotions and the ability to hold negative emotions in a non-judgmental consciousness. Compassion, both toward the self and toward others, is an emotional response believed by many to be an essential aspect of well-being. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer whether compassion-focused Therapy is effective on psychological well-being and self-efficacy in people with cancer.

The design of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest and control group. The necessary permission was first obtained from the ethics committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences with the code IR to conduct this study. HUMS.REC.1398.306. This study's statistical population included all cancer patients referred to Shahid Fayyaz Bakhsh Hospital in Tehran in 1398, of which 34 people who met the inclusion criteria and were willing to participate in the study were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent eight sessions of 90-minute treatment focused on compassion in a group and weekly manner. Patients in both groups answered the research questionnaires at the beginning and immediately after the intervention. Inclusion criteria included: maximum age of 65, lowest literacy, at least six months after diagnosis, no severe mental disorder, and substance abuse. Exclusion criteria include the absence of more than two sessions in treatment, unwillingness to continue to participate in the study, and the occurrence of acute physical and mental disorders that do not allow continued participation in the sessions. At the end of the treatment sessions, two people from each group were excluded due to non-participation in the study, and finally, 15 people remained in each group. Generalized self-efficacy scale AND Ryff's psychological well-being scales were used to collect data.

Based on demographic information from the experimental and control groups, 15 cancer patients each participated; the mean age of the subjects in the experimental group was 38.12 years and in the control group was 36.94 years. The mean duration of the disease in the experimental group was 4.97, and in the control group was 5.33 years. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to compare the differences between groups in psychological well-being subscales. The multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant difference between the two groups in the linear composition of the dependent variables (Lambda Wickels = 0.03, F = 0.001, p < 0.001). Also, to compare the two groups in each of the components of psychological well-being as a dependent variable, the test of effects between subjects in the text of the univariate analysis of covariance test was used. The results showed that after controlling the effect of pre-tests on the post-test score, the group effect on the components of psychological well-being in the post-test has become significant. Univariate covariance analysis was used to compare the two groups in self-efficacy score and total psychological well-being score. The results showed that by controlling the pre-test scores, the group's effect on the self-efficacy post-test score and the total score of psychological well-being is significant.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused Therapy on cancer patients' psychological well-being and self-efficacy. The results showed that compassion-focused Therapy could significantly positively affect cancer patients' psychological well-being and self-efficacy. Explaining these results, it should be noted that according to the compassionate view, people who have high self-judgment are more likely to blame themselves for stressful life events. The basic premise of compassion-focused Therapy is that not only are feelings of shame about brokenness and self-blame not helping to solve problems, but such a reproachful pattern can be the source of many mental disorders and poor well-being. In compassionate Therapy, by creating a new perspective, people who constantly criticize themselves are helped to achieve growth and development and choose the options they can. Also, in case of failure, instead of being unkind and judgmental towards themselves, they should appear with a state of compassion and acceptance towards themselves, which can gradually help to strengthen one's self-efficacy and psychological well-being. Some of the critical steps involved in compassion-focused therapy sessions are the use of imagery, compassionate thinking to the self and others, responding to self-criticism through self-compassion, and practicing human behavior, often complimented with letter or diary writing. Compassion-focused Therapy encourages the client to focus on, understand, and feel compassion to the self during negative thought processes, with a strong focus on nurturing compassion within the self.  Compassion-focused Therapy helps the individual to accept problems and failures and illness and disability as part of shared human experiences by teaching the components of self-kindness, a shared sense of humanity, and mindfulness.

Today, people suffer from various psychological pressures in their jobs, and these pressures have somehow been able to cause serious damage to their performance (2). In this regard, Salehi Dashti and Saedi (1399) found that job stress, social pressure and time pressure on independent auditors reduce their job performance. Increasing job stress, social pressure and time pressure on the independent auditor can lead to behavioral responses and thus reduce the quality of work and increase the costs of the audit firm (5). Given the importance of stress on employee performance, researchers are constantly seeking to discover issues and variables that are effective and related to stress. In this regard, it seems that one of the most important and influential issues in stress are personality traits. However, the uncertainty of personality functions and especially the various dimensions in the formation of psychological stress of independent auditors has caused that today the functions of personality traits in the formation of psychological stress of independent auditors are unclear. On the other hand, the differences in the field of personality traits on the process of formation of psychological stress of independent auditors among different personality types are unclear. Given the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether personality traits affect the formation of stress in Employees?

The present study is an applied and descriptive-survey research that was conducted in the field. To conduct this research, 313 people were selected from the independent auditors working in the auditing profession in the year 1 in Tehran (1636 people) by available sampling method and using Krejcie and Morgan table, 313 people were selected as the sample. Finally, 296 questionnaires were collected and analyzed.To collect data in this study, a researcher-made questionnaire of stress with 8 questions was used. The questions of the questionnaire were scored based on a range of five Likert options (strongly agree to strongly disagree). And the Personality Traits Questionnaire (NEO), developed in 1985 by McCurry and Costa. It is a 60-item questionnaire used to assess the five main personality factors. The answer to this questionnaire is based on the Likert scale (very high, high, medium, low and very low). Finally, after distributing and collecting the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using the structural equation method with partial least squares approach (SEM-PLS) using SPSS software version 20 and PLS version 3.

According to the results of the research model and according to the degree of t-relationships, it was found that flexibility, extraversion, agreement and conscientiousness have a negative effect on stress. It was also found that the personality trait of emotional instability exacerbates stress (Table 1). In order to evaluate the fit of the research model, selected indicators were used. In this regard, the results showed that the research model has a good fit in all indicators.

The results of the present Peugeot hash showed that flexibility, extraversion, agreement and conscientiousness have a negative effect on the psychological pressure of independent auditors. The results also showed that the personality trait of emotional instability exacerbates the stress on independent auditors. Undoubtedly, personality traits can influence the process of formation of independent auditors' stress by influencing individual behaviors and attitudes as well as creating different mental and psychological states.In general, it can be said that accountants have high job stress because they face heavy responsibilities, those auditors who have a high score of neuroticism because of characteristics such as negative and irrational thoughts, anxiety, Depression, low self-esteem, and shyness lead to lower control over their work, lower quality of service, and increased errors, resulting in increased stress, which in turn reduces mental health. The results also showed that conscientiousness has a direct effect on mental health. To explain this result, according to the finding of Momeni et al. (16), it can be said that auditors who have high conscience are responsible, with high ability to plan and organize, logical, progressive and conscientious, so mental health. And their psychological well-being is further provided.

Autism spectrum disorder is a pervasive neurological disorder that affects many aspects of childhood development. This disorder is known as the most unknown and severe childhood disorder. According to the fifth edition of the Guidance and Diagnosis and Statistics of Mental Disorders (2013), the criteria for diagnosing typhoid disorder include two main areas: first, the field of interaction and social communication, and second: limited and repetitive interests and activities (2). The occurrence of this disorder not only affects the psychological and social processes of children but also the occurrence of this problem causes psychological damage to the family and parents, especially mothers. Studies show that parents of children with pervasive autism disorders are more exposed to stress due to having disabled children than parents of children with other psychological disorders. However, screening results show that the prevalence of autism in Iran is about 77 per 10,000 children. Differences in the conditions of children with autism spectrum disorder compared to normal children who grow normally, also affect the parenting process. The results of a study conducted by Weiss et al. (2013) showed: high levels of anxiety, depression, decreased physical and mental health Behavioral problems of children with disorders, chronic and complex nature of the disease are among the factors that affect maternal parenting adequacy and this feeling of inadequacy and inadequacy in controlling the situation eventually leads to a decrease in parenting self-efficacy (8). Parenting self-efficacy refers to a parent's assessment of his or her abilities in the role of caregiver and refers to a parent's beliefs and judgments about his or her ability to organize and perform a range of child-related tasks. Parenting is very complex and parents try to do it in the best possible way.In other words, whenever there is a problem in the parent-child relationship, the parents blame themselves and question their competencies as a parent. The research literature on Autism Spectrum Disorder indicates that the main focus of research so far has been on people with the disorder and that less attention has been paid to the need for supportive and psychological interventions for parents, especially mothers; Also, with the advent of the second and third waves of psychology, the importance of addressing issues related to positive psychology has increased. Does psychological superiority fit with the experimental model?

The research method was descriptive-correlation with the modeling approach of structural equations and the statistical population included all mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran in 1399, which was estimated to be 900 people. In the present study, 380 eligible mothers were selected from the mentioned statistical population by available sampling method, considering the probability of falling. After executing and deleting the distorted questionnaires and hypert data, information about 362 people entered the final analysis. Criteria for inclusion of mothers in the study include having literacy education, willingness to cooperate in research, having at least one child with autism spectrum disorder in the age group of 7 to 18 years, no acute physical and mental problems and exclusion criteria include: specific physical problem in The length of the research was the unwillingness to continue to participate in the research, the completion of incomplete and distorted questionnaires and the lack of cooperation from participating in the research. In this study, in order to measure mental vitality, the state mental vitality scale (Ryan and Frederick, 1997) was used, which measures a person's current energy and vitality. This scale has 7 items, it is scored on a 5 point Likert scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). The scores on this scale range from 7 to 35, and the second question is scored in reverse. The Parenting Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was introduced by Dumka et al. (1996). The answer to this questionnaire is graded according to the weekly Likert scale from 1 to 7. Questions 1 - 3 - 5 - 6-8 in the questionnaire are scored in reverse. The low score of the questionnaire is 10, the average score is 4 and the high score is 7. Scores between 10 and 20 indicate low self-efficacy. Scores between 20 and 40 indicate moderate parenting and scores above 40 indicate high parenting self-efficacy. The 12-item multidimensional questionnaire was developed by Zimmet, Dahlem, and Farley (1988), and included perceptions of social support adequacy in three sources: family with Articles 3, 4, 8, and 11, friends with Articles 6, 7, 9, and 12. And measures others with Articles 1, 2, 5, and 10 on a weekly scale ranging from strongly disagree = 1 to strongly agree = 7. The results of the study by Zimet et al. (1988) showed that this tool has a validity and reliability for measuring perceived social support. The Kubasa Hardness Test (1982) was developed by Kubasa et al to measure cognitive stiffness. This test consists of 20 four-choice questions (never, rarely, sometimes and often)

After analyzing the results, the obtained results showed that the structural model of the research fits well are related with the collected data and parenting self-efficacy both directly and positively (β = 0.306, p = 0.001) and indirectly due to psychological hardiness (0.07).β, p = 0.001), as well as perceived social support directly and positively (β = 0.094, p = 0.100) and indirectly due to psychological hardiness (β = 0.306, p = 0.001) with subjective vitality of mothers with children with autism spectrum disorder .

Stubbornness is a fundamental sense of control that allows the stubborn person to draw and access a list of strategies. Ultimately, stubbornness develops an optimistic view of stressors; In other words, the trait of fighting enables the stubborn person to consider even unpleasant events as a potential threat to safety, and all these aspects prevent or shorten the duration of negative stressful consequences, and in fact Stubbornness is a shield against intense physiological arousal due to stressful events, which is considered by other researchers as a factor of vulnerability to diseases. Psychological stubbornness acts as a moderator of the relationship between stress and psychological and physical illness. People with strong psychological toughness are less likely to suffer physical or psychological harm than people with poor psychological resilience in response to stress. Experimental findings also confirm the moderating role of psychological toughness in comparison with stress lateral pressures. Other findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the two sexes in terms of psychological toughness. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that in order to increase the vitality and mental vitality of Iranian mothers with children with autism spectrum disorders, they should be identified and mothers' correct perception of supportive resources should be increased. Self-efficacy and parenting competence. Therefore, mental health professionals should put support programs for mothers at the top of mental health programs in the community to increase vitality and mental well-being. One of the limitations of this research is available sampling. Another limitation is that the statistical population of the research is limited to Tehran, which limits the decision to generalize the research results. According to the results obtained from research, it is suggested that research be conducted with the aim of psychological empowerment of parents, especially mothers, with an emphasis on promoting their mental vitality and well-being; Future research should also examine other predictive factors that may play a role in promoting mental vitality; Considering that the living conditions of other family members with children are the same as those of mothers affected by the disorders of the child, it is also recommended to study the indicators related to well-being and mental vitality in fathers and sisters.

With the improvement of the quality of care for patients with heart failure, the number of these patients in the world is increasing. The quality of life of patients with heart failure is low and inadequate due to physical limitations, reduced functional capacity and frequent hospitalizations.(1, 2) Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a well - recognized part of the treatment for heart failure that helps to control the symptoms and improve the quality of life of patients.  In some studies demonstrate that the exercise therapy program at the hospital or at home with tele-monitoring is a safe treatment option(3) but many patients are not able to participate in CR sessions in heart centers. On the other hand, home - based CR with tele-monitoring has not become available in our country. Cardiac rehabilitation at home was first reported in 1980(4), and its use increased because it was more acceptable and convenient for some patients to perform. Some studies have shown that home- based exercise therapy can probably be as beneficial as hospital- based exercise therapy in patients with heart failure(5). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of home - base exercise therapy on functional capacity and quality of life of patient with heart failure in Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center. 

In this semi - experimental study, 69 patients with New York Heart Association class II and III heart failure with ejection fraction less than 40%, were divided into two groups of control (n = 34) and intervention (n = 35) at Shahid Rajaie center in 1397. Patients in the intervention group were asked to walk with moderate - intensity on a flat surface daily for 8 weeks so that the walking duration lasted more than 150 minutes per week. Patients who had ICDs were asked to have a pulse rate 10 beats less than the number set by the pacemaker during walking. The control group was not trained to walk and only received routine medication. The Heart Failure Quality of Life (HF - QOL) questionnaire(6) and 6‐minute walking test were performed for each patient at entry and after 8weeks. After collecting data, SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered P = 0.05. 

There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients except for the incidence of diabetes. Comparison of changes in blood pressure and heart rate and oxygen saturation in the intervention and control groups did not show a significant difference. Only diastolic blood pressure was statistically significant difference in the second visit after the 6-minute walk test between the control and intervention groups ( P = 0.03) which is not clinically significant. . At the beginning of the study, the comparison of quality of life (P = 0.07) and distance traveled in the 6-minute test (P = 0.16) between the control and intervention groups was not statistically significant.   TABLE 1:Comparison of and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (2 O2 SAT) in the intervention and control groups with Mann-Whitney test   P value Control group   Intervention group Variable Median Mean rank Median Mean rank 0.65 122 41.6 117 39.3 SBP before 6MWT in first visit   0.91 77 40.2 78.5 40.7 DBP before 6MWT in first visit 0.59 75 41.9 75 39.1 HR before 6MWT in first visit   0.46 96 42.3   96 38.6 %O2 SAT before 6MWT in first visit 0.36 123 42.8 123 38.1 SBP after 6MWT in first visit   0.79 79.5 41.1 78.5 39.8 DBP after 6MWT in first visit 0.08 88 45 83 35.9 HR after 6MWT in first visit 0.80 96 41.1   96 39.8 %O2 SAT after 6MWT in first visit 0.19 118 38.2 111 31.8 SBP before 6MWT in second visit     0.12 77 38.8 72 31.3 DBP before 6MWT in second visit  0.95 77 34.3 78 34.6 HR before 6MWT in second visit   0.85 95 34   98 34.9 %O2 SAT before 6MWT in second visit 0.05 123 39.6 113 30.5 SBP after 6MWT in second visit   0.03* 79 40.2 72 29.9 DBP after 6MWT in second visit 0.35 90 36.7 88 32.3 HR after 6MWT in second visit   0.46 96 32.7   97 36.2 O2 SAT after 6MWT in second visit %      TABLE 2 Comparison of functional capacity and quality of life in control and intervention groups with paired sample t test   P value QOL after 8 weeks QOL at entery P value distance travelled in the 6-MWT after 8 weeks distance travelled in the 6-MWT at entery group 0.09 51±7 49±8 0.13 349±79 367 (320-414) control <0.001 58±7 52±8 >0.001 437±57 380 (355-419) intervention     Quality of life and functional capacity only in the intervention group in the second visit compared to the first has a statistically significant difference. In comparing quality of life and functional capacity at the end of study showed a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the scores of quality of life and distance traveled in the 6-minute test of the intervention group compared to the control group (P <0.001 and P <0.001, respectively).  

For convenience, the study results are presented in two parts: findings related to quality of life and findings related to the results of the 6-minute walk test. Regarding the effect of home exercise therapy training on quality of life in patients with heart failure, our study showed that home exercise therapy significantly increased the quality of life score in the intervention group and the difference was significant compared to the control group. The most clinically important finding regarding the effect of exercise therapy training is the functional capacity of patients with heart failure. Our study showed that the travelled distance in the six-minute walk test and as a result the functional capacity of the intervention group has improved significantly. The results of the present study confirm that home exercise therapy is a safe, low-cost, useful and appropriate intervention to improve the quality of life and functional capacity of patients with heart failure. Due to the impossibility of attending and performing cardiac rehabilitation in the hospital under the supervision and with tele-monitoring for all patients with heart failure and the possibility of decreased functional capacity and quality of life in them, home education and exercise therapy programs are recommended for these patients.

Obesity and overweight and especially visceral fat accumulation are common findings in people with polycystic ovary syndrome and it has been shown that increasing body fat has a direct role in determining insulin resistance (4) Research shows that weight loss alone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome reduces insulin and androgen levels and resumes ovulation cycles (5) Research has also shown that in people with polycystic ovary syndrome, some cardiovascular risk factors such as fat profile (CHOL, TG, HDL, LDL) (7) are also affected due to The mechanisms of this disease are formed by this change in balance.Today, restrictions on diet and physical activity are recommended by experts as a priority for these patients (3). This has led to the use of different training methods, which have also yielded different results. Among these is a type of intense periodic Tabata exercise (13). Numerous clinical studies have reported significant aerobic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological benefits for water sports programs and intermittent swimming exercises (14).
However, in view of the above, it should be noted that due to the complications of polycystic ovary syndrome, which include infertility, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance; Reducing the symptoms and treating this disease is very important. Therefore, according to the various results that have shown the role of exercise in controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease, and since no research has been done on the effect of Tabata exercises in water on these patients. The effect of Tabata exercises on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome can be of particular importance.

The present research is a quantitative and applied study that was conducted with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with a body mass index of more than 29.9 in Isfahan with polycystic ovary syndrome. 30 people were selected as a sample from the community and provided they met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly assigned to the experimental group of Tabata + metformin exercise control. Subjects then completed a personal information questionnaire and blood samples were taken after 12 hours of night fasting to determine the level of research variables. In the continuation of the experimental group, the training program consisted of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 40 minutes of Tabata training in water with a special training song for 20 minutes and 10 minutes of stretching and cooling exercises. The dose of metformin prescribed in the experimental group was 500 mgr twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken again from all subjects. Descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of 0.05.

The results of two-way analysis of variance test showed exercise (F = 47.708, P = 0.001, µ = 0.536), time (F = 26.049, P = 0.001, µ = 0.317) and exercise-time interaction (F = 69.105, P = 0.001 (5 = 0.552) had a significant effect on adiponectin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Regarding leptin, it was found that exercise, time and interaction of exercise and time had a significant effect on leptin and cholesterol in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Also, the results of Ben Foroni test showed that leptin and cholesterol at the end of the period were significantly lower in the exercise group than the control group.The results also showed that exercise had a significant effect on triglyceride and LDL levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but exercise time and interaction and time had no significant effect.Based on the results of two-way analysis of variance, it was found that exercise and interaction between exercise and time have a significant effect on HDL in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but time has a significant effect on HDL in obese women with ovarian syndrome. It did not have polycystic.

It seems that the increasing nature of exercise in water, which with a gradual increase in the intensity of exercise and the use of intense exercise movements that were followed in the present study, has led to an increase in energy consumption and a significant increase in adiponectin concentrations. In addition, the involvement of larger muscle masses in this method of exercise has helped to intensify this process in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Findings have shown that when working in water, more muscle groups are used to overcome water resistance, and this can be useful in increasing the dynamic pressure on bones and muscles and increase energy consumption(23). It seems that this mechanism is the main cause of changes in serum adiponectin in the present study.Intensity and duration of activity, nutritional status of individuals, blood sampling hours, calorie imbalance, rhythm of leptin wheels, etc. are affected by exercise (30). People who are more obese are more resistant to leptin, so they need more exercise to affect leptin levels (30).Modifying the leptin response to exercise can lead to insulin sensitivity and improve energy expenditure. In general, physical activity lowers leptin levels not only by reducing fat mass but also by increasing leptin sensitivity.The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of Tabata training in water had no significant effect on cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cholesterol levels are affected by the balance between endogenous cholesterol and cholesterol from food. In the present study, nutrition and stress could not be controlled. Perhaps due to the pressure and duration of the protocol, cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome did not change significantly. Because the mechanism of action of exercise in improving lipid profile is related to the enzymatic processes involved in lipid metabolism, so if exercise was done with proper nutrition, it would allow for greater enzymatic and hormonal adaptation and changes in cholesterol.Regarding the possible mechanism of the effect of physical activity on blood lipoproteins, the findings of previous research have shown that physical activity reduces triglycerides by increasing the activity of two enzymes, lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (32). It seems that longer training can be more effective on the lipid profile, while exercise affects most of the lipid profile of women with higher basal triglyceride levels (33). Also, one of the mechanisms of effect of regular physical activity is that it increases the transport and use of triglycerides by muscle (34).

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of one-third of all deaths worldwide, and by 2030 it will account for more than 30.5% of all deaths. Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common causes of this disease. Different biomarkers are involved in these diseases, which lead to this complication by causing structural and molecular changes in heart cells and extracellular matrix. Numerous studies have shown an association between stress and cardiovascular disease. Stress increases the secretion of catecholamine’s and corticosteroids from the endocrine glands, and consequently high levels of these hormones potentially increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. MI necrosis stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and, as a stressor, increases cortisol (CORT) and catecholamine levels. High elevated CORT levels lead to higher mortality in MI patients. Stress reduces myocardial blood flow by increasing oxygen demand, increasing vascular resistance, and coronary artery contraction, and is a risk factor for cardiovascular patients. On the other hand, exercise has been an effective stimulant on the HPA axis and leads to increased secretion of adrenocorticotropin from the pituitary gland, which is the most important factor in the secretion of CORT. In sports activity studies, it significantly reduces CORT levels. Evidence also suggests that there is a direct relationship between CORT and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) levels in patients with MI. Troponin is one of the most sensitive proteins in the diagnosis of MI damage. cTnI is more specific than the other two components due to the presence of 31 amino acids in its N-terminus and cTnI levels increase rapidly after the onset of myocardial injury, which can also occur in intense long-term and short-term continuous exercise. This has not been observed in some studies and exercise results in different responses in CORT and cTnI secretion. One of the non-clinical methods along with exercise is the use of electrical stimulation (ES) in the rehabilitation of cardiovascular patients. ES has also been shown to be used as a new and effective modality in the treatment of ischemia. Few studies have been performed on the effect of endurance training and electrical stimulation. On the one hand, little research has been done more on healthy people and so far the effect of endurance training and ES on changes in CORT and cTnI in infarction samples has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine changes in serum levels of troponin-I and CORT after a period of endurance training and electrical stimulation in infarcted rats as a problem can be proposed. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of troponin-I and CORT levels in rats induced myocardial infarction after a period of endurance training and acute electrical stimulation.

In this experimental study, 50 Wistar rats (8 weeks old to weighing 130±30 g) purchased from Pasteur Institute were used with the control group. After adaptation to the standard research environment, the animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy, infarction, infarction-endurance training, infarction-electrical stimulation and infarction-electrical stimulation-endurance training. Myocardial infarction was then induced in two infarct groups using two subcutaneous injections of Isoproterenol (150 mg/kg) 24 hours apart. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, several rats from each group were randomly selected and subjected to experimental conditions to ensure induction of infarction. Electrocardiographic changes and increased cardiac enzyme cTnI confirmed the complication of infarction. The intervention groups were exposed to electrical stimulation for one session (foot shock device for 0.5 mA for 20 minutes) and endurance training (treadmill at 20 m/min for 1 hour). Immediately after the protocol, they were anesthetized and killed with a combination of ketamine and xylazine, and blood samples were taken.  Then, serum levels of CORT and cTnI of the samples were evaluated in the laboratory by ELISA method according to the instructions of the manufacturer of kits of Eastbiofarm China. After examining the normal distribution of data, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze it at a significance level of P <0.05.

The results showed that serum CORT levels in rats had a statistically significant difference between the healthy group and all groups (P=0.0001 with F=15.1). Also, CORT levels showed statistically significant differences between MI and MI.EX (P=0.008 and F= 5.2), MI and MI.ES (P=0.032 and F = 4.4) and MI with MI.EX.ES (P=0.044 and F=4.4). In different circumstances, Tukey test did not show a statistically significant difference between MI.EX and MI.ES groups (P=0.980 and F=0.8) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (P=0.982 and  F=0.1). The results showed that cTnI levels in healthy rats were significantly different from all groups (P=0.0001 with F=26.3). Also, cTnI levels were significantly different between MI and MI.EX groups (P=0.013 with F=4.9).  On the other hand, the difference between MI groups with MI.ES (P=0.476 and F=2.3) and MI.EX.ES (P=0.094 and F=3.7) was not significant. Also, Tukey post hoc test did not show significant differences between MI.EX and MI.ES groups (P=0.390 and F=2.5), MI.ES with MI.ES (P=0.911 and F=1.2) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (P=0.833 and F=1.3).

The results of the present study show that one endurance training session significantly reduces CORT and cTnI levels in infarct specimens. In this regard, Klapersky et al. Showed a significant reduction in serum CORT levels after endurance training. In contrast to the present study, Zhu et al. showed that acute aerobic exercise increases CORT levels in both males and females. The reason for the discrepancy between these studies and the present study was the difference in the intensity of physical activity. In the present study, the intensity of exercise was about 55% VO2max and was of moderate intensity. It has already been shown that moderate and low intensity physical activity does not cause significant changes in CORT, but high intensity physical activity stimulates the HPA axis. It may be followed by an increase in CORT. In this study, a significant decrease in cTnI levels was shown after one endurance training session in infarcted rats. Consistent with the results of the present study, Marefati et al. Showed that moderate-intensity interval training significantly reduced serum cTnI levels in ischemic rats, indicating a protective role of this type of exercise against ischemic injury. In contrast to this study, Nuano et al. showed that exercise significantly increased cTnI levels in rats with myocardial ischemia. The increase in cTnI secretion after intense and prolonged activity has not been accurately identified, but this increase may be due to oxidative stress, hypoxia, unstable secretion due to cytosolic leakage due to ischemia, changes in cell permeability and membrane permeability. Also, the difference in the measurement of cTnI level can be another reason for the contradiction of the mentioned studies with this research. The results of the present study showed that induction of ES in myocardial infarction rats significantly reduced CORT levels. In contrast to the present study, Digit et al. Investigated the acute and chronic effects of ES through death shock (0.8 mA and 20 min) on rats and showed that CORT levels increased significantly. The inconsistency may be due to differences in the intensity and duration of induced electrical stimulation in the study samples. The results of ES intervention on cTnI levels of infarcted rats did not show a significant difference.  Other results of this study showed that the combined effect of endurance training with ES significantly reduced CORT values in all study groups compared to MI. But changes in cTnI in the endurance training group with ES were not significant compared to the MI group.

Coronary heart disease is the most common disease among cardiovascular diseases and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is the first treatment of choice for coronary artery disease. Bypass surgery is a traumatic event, and inflammation is the most common symptom that occurs widely afterwards. The presence of these symptoms reduces patients' quality of life, and evidence suggests that these patients are at risk for new coronary events, readmission, and even death. Failure to treat inflammation has a negative effect on the prognosis of the disease, reducing adherence to its treatment and this may lead to recurrence of the disease in these patients. However, there are modifiable factors such as physical activity that help prevent and treat the disease by regulating the inflammatory process. Studies have shown that the use of exercise interventions is effective in heart patients. Utilization of aerobic activity is considered as a treatment method for the disease and other stressful changes. Each session of exercise leads to the production and release of cytokines from skeletal muscle contraction. One of the challenges that has attracted the attention of sports professionals today is the identification of new training methods on physical factors and physiological factors on performance. Increasing exercise, especially aerobic exercise in cardiovascular patients by reducing plasma lipid and blood glucose levels, reducing oxidative stress and bone density can increase physical function and improve controlled cardiovascular disease and prevent sarcopenia and Osteoporosis is effective. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on plasma levels of VEGF and NO in cardiac patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

16 male non-athlete heart patients, after CABG surgery, were selected and randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=8) and control (n=8). The exercise group performed an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 40 to 50 minutes per session, including running on a treadmill with an intensity of 60 to 75% of maximum heart rate for 10 to 20 minutes. Then the exercise was go on with a manual ergometer with an intensity of 30 to 50 watts for 8 to 10 minutes and then the exercise was performed on a stationary bicycle ergometer. In addition to routine care, the intervention group participated in an 8-week aerobic program. Aerobic exercise for eight weeks (three sessions per week) including 6 to 14 intensity (RPE) intensity training on the Borg pressure scale, for 10 to 20 minutes on a treadmill, then exercise with a manual ergometer at 30 to 50 watts for 8 to 10 minutes and then exercise on a stationary bike with an intensity of 30 to 50 watts for 8 to 10 minutes, under the supervision of a sports medicine specialist, exercise physiologist and nurse. The control group received only daily care under the supervision of a physician for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken in both groups before and after 8 weeks and their VEGF and NO variables were measured by ELISA. Initial blood sampling was performed 48 hours before the first training session of all subjects in the fasting state in which 5 cc of blood was taken from the brachial vein of the samples. Also, 48 hours after the last training session, 5 cc of blood was taken from the brachial vein of the subjects in order to eliminate the effect of training on all fasting subjects. Subjects were asked to abstain from food for 12 hours before blood sampling until blood sampling. Serum levels of VEGF and NO were measured by ELIZA and the data were analyzed using Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test (α£.05).

The results showed that VEGF, 52.72% (p <0.001) and NO, 72.19% (p <0.001) levels increased significantly. While in VEGF control group, 0.24% (p <0.982) decreased non-significant and NO, 5.20% (p <0.343) increased non-significant.

According to the results of the study, eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increases serum VEGF and NO and accelerates the rehabilitation of cardiac patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Among the possible physiological stimuli for oxidantric production is known to be increased blood flow in the venous duct, which in its acute effect increases oxidative nitric synthase and modulates vasodilation to balance pressure. These findings reinforce the possibility that because regular exercise repeatedly increases pulse pressure and pulsation, it may increase the bioavailability of nitric oxide. In addition, several studies have focused on the interaction between HSP-90 and endothelial oxidase synthase. HSP-90, which acts as an intracellular protector, is present in most cells, including endothelial cells, and is released in response to various stimuli, including stress and mechanical shock, and the production of free radicals and oxidative damage. Exercise is also a physiological stimulus for HSP90. In this regard, HSP-90 increases endothelial oxidase synthase enzyme in endothelial cells in response to exercise-induced stimulation, and as a result, exercise improves vascular endothelial function.

Studies show that only 1.1% of students' leisure time is devoted to reading books and extracurricular studies. Statistics and other studies have shown that only 30 to 35 million people in Iran have extracurricular studies. In the calculation of reading per capita, reading of non-textbooks is generally considered; Therefore, the 12.5 minutes that have been announced as the per capita reading in Iran, in fact, the reading is 30 million people, which is divided by the total population of the country. Simply put, this burden of 50 million people is also borne by 30 million people. 12.5 minutes of reading per capita means that in Iran, with a population of 80 million, more than 16.5 million hours of study are done every day. Of this amount, on average, each person takes 12.5 minutes; However, this definition is not necessarily always true and instead of reading time, the number of books read or the number of pages read during the day can be used to define the per capita reading. It should be noted that extracurricular studies in elementary school students are among the fewest leisure studies to the extent that even the per capita level of this education in the whole country is less than 3 minutes per day, which is a surprising statistic compared to similar statistics worldwide. Comes with a lot of reflection compared to Finland, which spends 44 minutes a day studying out of school. The culture of reading and reading among citizens, families, education and organizations is effective and important in motivating and feeling the need for books and reading and creating a behavior called reading among the audience in society. Social, family, school, library and individual conditions and factors affect the tendency and motivation of students to read and read books. Progress and excellence should be human investment for this important and effective component, so recognizing strategies to increase the motivation of students to read books can provide the basis for improving the culture of reading in society. On the other hand, to promote the culture of reading in the country, especially among children and adolescents in two general areas can be planned and then acted. The first area is basic planning. In this regard, the family and school institution should work on children's thoughts so that reading becomes a clear and transparent attitude and then becomes a behavior and then a habit, planning for operational actions that can be short-lived and Or pave the way for the tendency to read books as a worthy act. For this purpose, educational, awareness-raising and counseling interventions can be fruitful. However, considering the positive effects of cognitive-behavioral group counseling on students 'academic variables and research gap in its effectiveness on reading culture, the purpose of this study is the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on increasing students' motivation to read books. Operational planning can pave the way for the tendency to read books as a worthy practice. However, considering the positive effects of cognitive-behavioral group counseling on students 'academic variables and research gap in its effectiveness on reading culture, the purpose of this study is the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on increasing students' motivation to read books.

The present research method is a futuristic research in terms of time, an applied research in terms of subject and a semi-experimental research in terms of method and strategy. The present study population included all primary school students in the sixth grade of Bushehr. Among sixth-graders, two classes were randomly selected from a school of choice (40 students per class). One class was selected as the control group and the other class as the experimental group was randomly selected. The questionnaire used in this study was the standard questionnaire of motivation to study AMRQ (10 items and options from poor to good). The validity and reliability of this tool were also evaluated in the present study. Validity was confirmed by a survey of professors of psychology and educational sciences (4 people) and reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (0.87). Both control and experimental groups answered the study motivation questionnaire and then the experimental group underwent cognitive-behavioral counseling. At the end of the counseling sessions, both control and experimental groups answered the study motivation questionnaire again.

The results showed that 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral counseling have a significant effect on the study motivation of sixth grade students.

Explaining how cognitive-behavioral counseling affects students' motivation to read books, it can be said that the techniques taught in this type of counseling help the person to identify the causes of his / her motivation in reading and then develop appropriate strategies to deal with these causes in the individual. . Among these techniques, we can mention the types of cognitive-behavioral techniques used in this study, such as self-identification and time management techniques, etc., whose effectiveness in improving positive academic behaviors such as motivation and academic self-efficacy has been proven. The mechanism of the effect of cognitive-behavioral counseling on students' motivation to read books is to help them to recognize intellectual errors, irrational and irrational ideas and beliefs, change these distorted thoughts and dysfunctional behaviors using regular discussions and behavioral assignments. Also, group study can be a reason to help improve students' motivation to read books; Because the group members could learn the appropriate external motivations from others and realize that others also have challenges in the field of reading and by exchanging information and empathy with each other, they could improve their reading motivation. Also, in explaining the obtained results, it can be added that cognitive-behavioral trainings, having a rich source of behavioral exercises, have the potential to enhance students' motivation for progress by strengthening and teaching positive and potential characteristics of individuals. While this approach, with its implicit self-awareness that is included with behavioral exercises, has the potential to simultaneously increase people's behavioral reserve and strengthen self-control-related self-awareness, it is possible for individuals to learn related skills. By reading books, they can take as many effective steps as possible to strengthen and enhance the motivation to read books. Also, cognitive-behavioral training, having a rich source of behavioral exercises, has the potential to enhance students' sense of self-efficacy by strengthening and teaching positive and potential characteristics of individuals, thereby reducing motivation, especially in the field. Study in students. While in the cognitive-behavioral approach, the underlying assumption is that cognitive change leads to behavioral and emotional changes; Therefore, considering that not studying is a negative and neutralizing emotion that causes fatigue, monotony and lack of motivation of the student in the classroom and in relation to the subjects, this approach by modifying and changing the dysfunctional cognitive components that cause Increased boredom with reading can lead to emotional and behavioral changes and motivate students to read books. Increase. Cognitive-behavioral therapy teaches the individual to explore, evaluate, and change their cognitions and thoughts, and the student will do the same in the field of cognitions related to reading.

Herbs and their products have been used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases for a long time. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 80 percent of the world's population, especially in developing or low-income countries, treat their illnesses with herbs and traditional methods. The Capparis plant is one of the thousands of plants that is thousands of years old in herbal and traditional medicine and is important in many parts of the world, especially in West and Central Asia. The name of this plant is mentioned in various books of medicinal plants. According to ancient scholars and modern scientists, all parts of this plant such as leaves, roots, stems, fruits and seeds of this plant have different benefits. The study tries to introduce this plant and its properties and applications in traditional and modern medicine. The root bark of this plant is used to increase appetite, heal wounds, diarrhea, treat hemorrhoids and even spleen diseases. The bark of this plant has been used to treat rheumatism and gout and as a sputum-satisfying medicine in lung diseases. Stem and root bark extract has been used as an anti-diarrheal and anti-tuberculosis drug. The fresh fruits of this plant are used to treat sciatica and joint swelling. The dried and powdered fruit of this plant in combination with honey is used to treat colds, rheumatism, gout and back pain. The seeds of this plant are used to relieve toothache as well as regulate women's menstruation. This research was conducted through a library study method in which valid medical and pharmacy books and reference of traditional medicine as well as new botanical books in the sections related to this plant, including its nature, botanical characteristics, actions and medicinal and therapeutic properties were studied. Also, searches in valid domestic and foreign databases in the period 2010 to 2020 such as pubmed, scholar, sid have been done and the background and conclusions of the contents are included in this review. In books and articles about the effect of this plant, its therapeutic properties have been mentioned, especially liver diseases, spleen and rheumatism. Has been studied; And its effects have been confirmed in the laboratory. Research has shown that the extract extracted from different parts of this plant works well against a variety of bacteria. The results showed that the extract of this plant has a high ability to fight Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. Regarding inflammation, it was shown that the extract of this plant has a powerful inhibitory effect on the inflammatory process. The venomeric protein in this plant inhibits the translation of hiv-1 and lectin extracted from this plant can fight the spread of hiv, breast cancer and hepatitis. In addition to laboratory conditions, the anti-inflammatory effect of this plant extract in mice showed that the extract of this plant has high anti-inflammatory properties, but its pain relieving properties were not very strong. The vitamins in the Capparis plant are also the new known antioxidant caparizide in this plant, which has an anti-cancer role. In a more detailed study of plant components, root extract and aerial parts of Capparis were obtained by different solvents. Ethyl acetate extract of the aerial part of the plant has the highest concentration of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, followed by chloroform extract of this plant has the highest concentration of these substances. High antioxidant activity was observed in different parts of this plant. The results of the effect of the extract of the fruit of this plant on wound healing showed that the extract of this plant had an extraordinary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on the wound and therefore could cause more healing with flavonoids, phenolic acid. Epidermal, angiogenesis, collagen, TGF-B and VEGF. Regarding the effect of this plant in improving diabetes, it was found that Capparis improves the activity of hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, researchers studied the effect of this plant on rheumatoid arthritis and found that the aqueous extract of this plant had the greatest effect on reducing arthritis. Therefore, the chemical structure of this extract was investigated and its different sub-branches were identified. Studies on this plant have confirmed its protective effect on the liver, against the factors that cause the liver. One of the ingredients in this plant is methoxybenzonic acid. Regarding the effect of this plant on liver enzymes, the levels of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total serum bilirubin were significantly reduced. Methoxybenzoic acid protects the liver against the toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol as inducers of hepatotoxicity in vitro as well as anti-hepatotoxic activity against thioacetamide and galactosamine in rat liver cells. Capparis plant has different species and is distributed in different regions, especially in Asia and around the Mediterranean and North Africa. Today's sages and scientists use this plant to treat various diseases. This plant has different parts of leaves, roots, stems, seeds and fruits. This plant has been used to treat many diseases, including liver and spleen diseases, as well as wound healing and rheumatism and gout. In recent laboratory studies, the consumption of different parts of this plant has been studied and scientists have confirmed its benefits on the body's defense system, blood clotting, prevention of diabetes and arthritis. Its antimicrobial effects have been proven by its function in killing stomach worms and viscera and its antioxidant effects in the external environment of the body and in animal experiments. This plant is also anti-cancer due to its antioxidant properties. The dressing of the seeds of this plant has a tremendous effect on the healing of skin wounds. Given the importance of traditional medicine in Iran and the antiquity of this plant for several thousand years, as well as its widespread distribution in Iran, its cheap price and availability, it seems necessary to know the beneficial effects and even possible harms of this plant. On the other hand, based on previous research and the history of this plant in the treatment of various diseases, the design of new studies, especially on human specimens, seems necessary.

Increasing the intensity of physical activity and consequently increasing oxidative stress causes the formation of free radicals in the body and these free radicals cause the destruction of biological cell structures such as proteins, fats, membranes and hereditary structures. Considering that taking supplements can be a good way to control the effects of strenuous physical activity; therefore, it is important to study the mechanism of action of complementary compounds of organic and non-organic (industrial) origin and compare their effects and performance at the biochemical and genetic level. In this regard, the study of the expression of genes related to the inhibition of oxidative stress can be a direct and appropriate solution to evaluate the function of various supplements. Satellite cells below the basal laminal layer of skeletal muscle are located exactly adjacent to myofibrillar sarcolemma and make up 2 to 7% of the nuclei of a muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells depends on the type of muscle fiber, age, and species. The amount of these cells varies at different ages; In infant, adult, and older mice, they make up 30, 4, and 2 percent of the muscle nuclei, respectively, and as they age, the decrease in satellite cells increases the muscle nuclei of glycolytic fibers. Proximity to capillaries, muscle nuclei, and neuromuscular junctions is associated with increased satellite cell density; Therefore, their amount in oxidative fibers is 5 to 6 times higher compared to glycolytic fibers. These adult muscle-specific germ cells are normally dormant and activate and enter the cell cycle in response to induced stress, such as induced mechanical load or muscle damage. The next generation of activated satellite cells are called myogenic precursor cells (mpc), which repair the damaged muscle fibers or hypertrophy after several rounds of cell division and before merging with existing myofibrils or forming new myofibrils, respectively. The ability of satellite cells to migrate and move depends on the integrity and integrity of the cell's basement membrane. After rupture (severe destruction) of the basement membrane due to muscle damage, satellite cells migrate to adjacent damaged myofibrils using tissue connections, but if the tissue damage is limited and rupture of the basal lamina has not occurred. Satellite cells move to the affected area from the beginning of the healthy myofibril section (below the membrane) to participate in the repair of muscle tissue. With the activation of satellite cells (six hours after muscle injury) the expression of MyoD gene increases rapidly, therefore this transcription factor in adult skeletal muscle is activated by markers and proliferation of satellite cells. The amount of MyoD transcription factor mRNA varies at different ages and is higher in rapid-twitch muscles. In animal models, the amount of MyoD gene protein is lower in the rapid and slow-twitch muscles of older rats. This value is lowest in the soleus muscle and therefore the response of the MyoD gene of the soleus muscle (slow-twitch muscle) is also lower than that of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (rapid-twitch muscle). With this description, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression in twitch muscle after a high-intensity resistance activity to determine whether organic and inorganic supplementation on myoD gene expression.

In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats with an average weight of 100-200 g were prepared and in the control groups (number = 10), exercise (number = 10), Spirulina + exercise (number = 10), glutamine + exercise (number = 10) were divided. Mice in the exercise group performed a two-week exercise program of 3 days per week of walking on a sloping surface (4 sets, 5 repetitions, 30 seconds rest between repetitions), and the supplement + exercise group performed a supplement program five days before the main protocol. They consumed half a gram/kg of body weight once a day. The obtained data were evaluated by One Way ANOVA.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the relative expression of MyoD gene in the study groups (P> 0.001). Also, the results of Tukey post hoc test showed that this difference between training and exercise + spirulina group (P> 0.001) and also training and exercise + glutamine group was significant (P> 0.001). While there was no significant difference between the two groups of exercise+ spirulina and exercise+ glutamine (P= 0.055).

In general, it can be concluded that taking organic supplements is a good way to prevent reduced expression and the amount of damage to muscle fibers after high-intensity resistance exercise. The mean variables of MyoD gene expression in soleus muscle tissue (slow-twitch) of adult male Wistar rats were different after taking an organic spirulina supplement and performing a session of intense resistance activity, so that this difference indicates the effect of taking an organic spirulina supplement on alteration and reduction of MyoD gene expression in soleus muscle tissue. The mean variables of MyoD gene expression in extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue (rapid-twitch) of adult male Wistar rats after taking Spirulina organic supplement and performing a session of intense resistance activity were different, so that this difference indicates the effect of taking organic supplement. Finally, one session of intense resistance activity increased the expression of MyoD gene in slow-twitch muscles more than rapid-twitch muscles. These results may be due to more potential damage to the slow-twitch fibers than the rapid-twitch fibers, or it may indicate a response to the development of adaptations related to the performance of resistance exercises in such fibers. In addition, taking an organic spirulina supplement increased the expression of the MyoD gene, so that taking a five-day course of this supplement increased the expression of this gene in rapid-twitch muscles more than slow-twitch muscles. The important point is that in the group of spirulina organic supplementation, before performing a session of intense resistance activity, the expression of MyoD gene is lower than the case of intense resistance activity without supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that with high resistance activity, appropriate supplements such as organic spirulina supplementation be used to reduce the expression of MyoD gene, which is likely to increase due to damage to muscle fibers. In particular, it has had better and more favorable effects in slow-twitch muscle fibers that have shown a greater increase in MyoD gene expression after intense resistance activity.

Drug delivery to the brain through the blood-brain barrier continues to be a major challenge in the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Despite the increasing incidence of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's, effective drug delivery in appropriate amounts to the central nervous system is still problematic. Therefore, it is important to study drugs and drug delivery systems that can cross the blood-brain barrier and effectively treat diseases of the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier is a special barrier to protect the central nervous system. Theoretically, the blood-brain barrier can remove more than 98% of small molecule drugs and almost 100% of large molecule drugs, and regulate nervous system homeostasis by closely controlling the blood-brain pathways of these molecules. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the structural features of the blood-brain barrier and the mode of intercellular transmission, as well as the selection of appropriate drugs and drug delivery systems for the targeted and systematic treatment of central nervous system diseases. In the present review study, new drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurological diseases have been investigated. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and the most important nanoparticle carrier structures including biopolymer nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles have also been reviewed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coping styles with satisfaction with academic life among final year high school students ready to enter the university in Kermanshah. One of the most stressful issues for adolescents and young people today is the issue of entrance exams and university entrance. Most adolescents and young people consider academic stress as the most important stress in their lives (Zhang, Yan, Shom and Deng, 2020; Gomez, Blanza, Lopez, Menders, Perez, Torrensa, Glago, Mones, Karawaka, 2020; Tan and Yates, 2011). Students' vulnerability in the face of stressful experiences such as stress caused by the entrance exam is different. Given the importance of patterns of response to academic stress, each student to adapt to stressful situations and situations, needs to know the skills that help him cope with the stress of study and entrance exam and competition. Lazarus and Fockelman (1984) make any effort, healthy or unhealthy, to prevent, eliminate, or weaken the source of stress, or to try to manage or control a challenging or troubling situation. Problem-oriented and emotion-oriented. Andler and Parker (1990) considered problem avoidance as the third set of coping strategies. Problem-oriented coping strategies refer to the methods by which an individual examines and calculates the actions he or she takes to reduce or eliminate stress, seeks out more information about the problem, and accordingly takes steps to Solves the problem prioritizes. Conversely, in emotion-oriented coping strategies, the individual is self-centered and makes every effort to reduce his or her unpleasant feelings; Crying, faulty behaviors, mental occupation and daydreaming are some of the emotion-oriented methods. The goal of avoidance coping strategies is to avoid stressful situations, which may appear as turning to and engaging in a new activity or in the form of turning to the community and other people (Shukri, Moradi, Daneshvarpour, and Tarkhan, 1387). people today is the issue of entrance exams and university entrance. Most adolescents and young people consider academic stress as the most important stress in their lives (Zhang, Yan, Shom and Deng, 2020; Gomez, Blanza, Lopez, Menders, Perez, Torrensa, Glago, Mones, Karawaka, 2020; Tan and Yates, 2011). Students' vulnerability in the face of stressful experiences such as stress caused by the entrance exam is different. Given the importance of patterns of response to academic stress, each student to adapt to stressful situations and situations, needs to know the skills that help him cope with the stress of study and entrance exam and competition. Lazarus and Fockelman (1984) make any effort, healthy or unhealthy, to prevent, eliminate, or weaken the source of stress, or to try to manage or control a challenging or troubling situation. Problem-oriented and emotion-oriented. Andler and Parker (1990) considered problem avoidance as the third set of coping strategies. Problem-oriented coping strategies refer to the methods by which an individual examines and calculates the actions he or she takes to reduce or eliminate stress, seeks out more information about the problem, and accordingly takes steps to Solves the problem prioritizes. Conversely, in emotion-oriented coping strategies, the individual is self-centered and makes every effort to reduce his or her unpleasant feelings; Crying, faulty behaviors, mental occupation and daydreaming are some of the emotion-oriented methods. The goal of avoidance coping strategies is to avoid stressful situations, which may appear as turning to and engaging in a new activity or in the form of turning to the community and other people (Shukri, Moradi, Daneshvarpour, and Tarkhan, 1387). The choice of coping behaviors against stressors is based on individual differences and effective training to each student. The three basic types of coping styles are problem-oriented coping style, emotion-coping coping style, and avoidant coping style. Many studies have emphasized the role of coping strategies in the need to study it in stressful academic experiences (Straters et al., 2000; Sarid et al., 2003; Martinez, Mangel & Penalor, 2019; Uxel and Ilmaz, 2019; Yu, 2019). ). The results of Matins et al. (2019) showed that the experience of academic stress was different among students with problem-oriented coping style compared to students with emotion-oriented coping style. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between problem-oriented coping strategies and academic stress and a positive and significant relationship between emotion-oriented coping strategies with academic stress. Also, the results of Shokri et al. (2007) showed that there is a negative relationship between academic stress and problem-oriented coping style, and a positive relationship between academic stress and emotion-oriented and avoidant coping styles. In general, students with high academic stress have shown lower levels of mental health and quality of life by using more inefficient coping mechanisms (Yu, 2019; Putz and Cassidy, 2020).

Among high school students in The choice of coping behaviors against stressors is based on individual differences and effective training to each student. The three basic types of coping styles are problem-oriented coping style, emotion-coping coping style, and avoidant coping style. Many studies have emphasized the role of coping strategies in the need to study it in stressful academic experiences (Straters et al., 2000; Sarid et al., 2003; Martinez, Mangel & Penalor, 2019; Uxel and Ilmaz, 2019; Yu, 2019). ). The results of Matins et al. (2019) showed that the experience of academic stress was different among students with problem-oriented coping style compared to students with emotion-oriented coping style. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between problem-oriented coping strategies and academic stress and a positive and significant relationship between emotion-oriented coping strategies with academic stress. Also, the results of Shokri et al. (2007) showed that there is a negative relationship between academic stress and problem-oriented coping style, and a positive relationship between academic stress and emotion-oriented and avoidant coping styles. In general, students with high academic stress have shown lower levels of mental health and quality of life by using more inefficient coping mechanisms (Yu, 2019; Putz and Cassidy, 2020).Among high school students in Kermanshah, 240 (120 boys and 120 girls), with a short version of the list of coping situations (CISS-SF; Cohen, Jang and Stein, 2006) and life satisfaction scale (MSLSS; Hebner, 1994) responded.

The results showed that the relationship between problem-oriented coping style with satisfaction with academic life was positive and significant and the relationship between emotion-oriented coping style and reactions with satisfaction with academic life was negative and significant.

There is a relationship between coping styles with satisfaction with academic life among final year high school students and those ready to enter the university in the city of Kermanshah.

Now days, frying and heating the oils are used to prepare the food in all over the world. During the heating, the oil decomposes continuously at high temperatures in the presence of air and moisture, and oxidation, isomerization, polymerization, and hydrolysis occur. Oxidized and heated oils contain oxidized monomers, dimers, polymers, free radicals, hydroperoxidases and aldehydes. These products have detrimental effects on human health and can cause harmful changes in body organs. Free radicals and oxidative stress in heated oils influence the body's energy sources such as mitochondria and genes involved in mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial dynamics factors include Opa1 protein (optic atrophy 1) and mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and 2), dynamin-related protein (Drp-1) and fusion protein 1 (Fis1). Deviation towards fusion optimizes mitochondrial function and is useful in maintaining long-term bioenergy capacity. Conversely, deviation toward division leads to the removal of the damaged part of the mitochondria. Exercise has recently been recognized as an effective way to increase mitochondrial function, and the role of exercise in improving mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in various diseases has been reported. On the other hand, today, researchers are paying attention to sports supplements to reduce the physiological damage caused by exercise such as oxidative stress. One of these supplements is octopamine, which according to studies has antioxidant properties and stimulates fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the aerobic training and octopamine on the gene expression of Drp-1 and Mfn-1 and MDA concentration in liver of male rats fed with repeated heated oil.

In an experimental study, 25 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All the rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22 ± 2 ° C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12:12 hours without restriction on water and food. All the rats were randomly divided into five groups, healthy control group (n=5), DFO group (n=5), aerobic training + DFO group (n=5), octopamine + DFO group (n=5) and aerobic training + octopamine + DFO group (n=5). Intraperitoneal injection of octopamine and Gavage of repeated heated oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively. The aerobic training protocol consisted of 4 weeks of aerobic training and 5 sessions per week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% VO2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% Vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. 48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all the rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. Blood samples were taken directly from the liver by heparin-soaked syringe and the liver tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at -80 ° C. Gene expression of DRP-1 and Mfn1 were measured by Real time-PCR and MDA concentration was measured by ELISA test. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analysis the data. The significant level was set at p<0.05.

The results showed that consumption of repeated heated oil induced significant decrease in gene expression of DRP-1 (P =0/001) and Mfn1 (P =0/001) and non significant change in MDA (P =0/071) compared to healthy control group. Interaction effect of aerobic training and octopamine caused the significant increase in gene expression of DRP-1 (P =0/001) compared to all the groups except that healthy control group and non significant difference in Mfn1 gene expression and MDA concentration (P =0/008) in comparison with DFO group.

During the oil heating process, mitochondrial oxygen species reduce the synthesis of new mitochondria and the mitochondrial network, and since this reduction reduces antioxidant defense, it results in oxidative stress in the cell. MDA is one of the final products of lipid peroxidation, which is considered as an indicator of oxidative damage. At the end of 4 weeks of training protocol, the groups were not significantly different from each other, but physiologically, a nonsignificant increase in MDA indicates an increase in oxidative stress. And a significant decrease in Mfn1 gene expression indicates a decrease in cell strength to maintain mitochondria and the integration process, which can act as a complementary defense process in the cell. In this study, mitochondrial fusion proteins tended to increase statistically insignificantly, possibly due to the increase in oxidative stress caused by consuming oil heated several times in liver tissue. However, direct comparisons between the effects of reheated oil consumption and mitochondrial dysfunction and the effect of aerobic exercise and octopamine on the expression of variables in the present study in the liver are difficult due to the lack of access to similar studies. Studies have shown that octopamine, with properties similar to epinephrine, can selectively and strongly bind to β3 adrenoceptors and increase lipolysis and fat metabolism in general. Fat loss is associated with a decrease in oxidative stress and subsequent increase in Mfn1 gene expression. Aerobic exercise can also increase Mfn1 gene expression by stimulating epinephrine, increasing β3 adrenoceptor gene expression, increasing fat catabolism, and reducing fat-induced oxidative stress, all of which interact physiologically to increase Mfn1 gene expression. Therefore, the use of aerobic exercise and octopamine as a stimulant to reduce fat and subsequently reduce ROS and maintain mitochondrial activity and homeostasis. In addition, since the transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial dynamics correlates with exercise intensity, there is likely to happen a positive interaction between consumption of repeated heated oil and effects of exercise intensity and even exercise duration that significantly increase Drp-1 gene expression compared to the DFO group. However, it seems that more studies are needed.