نشریه مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 30، بهار و تابستان 1400)

In this study, we aim to identify the key factors affecting the future status of infectious diseases that arise from social capital in Iranian cities with a case study of the city of Noorabad and scenario building. In terms of applied purpose, the present study is a exploratory method at the exploratory level and based on a futures research approach. The propulsive forces are determined by the Delphi method, and then these factors are determined based on the degree of importance and uncertainty, prioritization, and the most critical factors, and software (Mic Mac) is used to write possible scenarios. In the scripting stage, 42 general variables were identified and defined in this software. Findings indicate that among these variables, inequality, social culture, social trust, social awareness, inflation, indifference to the current situation, rural migration, normalization, inadequate income distribution, poor quality of urban environment to The title of key factors affecting social capital and have the most direct impact and also have the most indirect impact on other variables that have been identified by experts and have been effective in the spread of infectious diseases in the future of the city. Based on the two criteria of "severity of uncertainty" and "degree of importance", three scenarios for the three possible futures of Noorabad, Fars, were identified and developed. Finally, according to the situation of the city of Noorabad and in proportion to these drivers, suggestions have been made to improve the situation of social capital.

Most recently, Covid-19 quarantine has plagued some Iranian families. The novelty of this situation concerning modern life and the intersection with the sudden dangers of this era cause to occur behaviors, actions, and reactions in quarantined families that can be studied. Studying the lived experience of this group of families provides the possibility of recognizing the capacities, problems, and individual and social dimensions of the Iranian family. The main goal of this paper is to study the lived experience of Iranian families during the quarantine period based on phenomenological method using a semi-structured interviews with 16 families from different parts of the Iran. Therefore, the interviews were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. The results of data analysis showed that the families are classified into three different categories including: "reflexive family ", "passive family" and "combined family”. During the quarantine period, the reflexive family used expert systems to identify their weaknesses, issues, and problems and resolve them as much as possible. The passive family was not able to face the difficulties and problems of the quarantine conditions. The combined family was able to identify some of their own problems, but they did not have the ability to solve their problems.

The emergence of the corona pandemic in various countries, including Iran, make changes both at the macro and structural levels and at the interpersonal interactions and micro-levels, including health-oriented behaviors of people. This research studied with a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenology methodology the mental meaning and lived experience of the youth of Sistan and Baluchestan province of health in the first wave of the Covid-19 epidemic. The number of 40 youths from Sistan and Baluchestan selected by a purposive sampling method and information was collected using a semi-structured interview tool and analyzed by the Colaizzi method. The pattern of common themes resulting from the analysis of the health-centered lived experience of the youth of Sistan and Baluchestan during the Corona Crisis includes two main themes, four sub-themes, and 34 primary themes. The central theme of "Lack of social health responsibility and endangering public health" is derived from two sub-themes: "Negative reactions to health outbreaks in epidemics" and "Neglectful actions and disregard for collective health." Another prominent theme is the "Dissemination of a health-oriented lifestyle with the Covid-19 epidemic." This theme has emerged of two sub-themes: "Selecting health-oriented patterns in life" and "media influence and spreading health-oriented awareness." In the first wave, with the advent of the Covid-19 epidemic, young people experienced both the spectrum of social irresponsibility and the risk of collective infection to media consumption and a health-oriented lifestyle, which prevents social coherence for achieving collective health and relief from this crisis.

The social protection system is related to policy-making in the field of "social assistance", "social insurance" and "labor market policy", which is considered as a human right, regardless of the type of welfare model of countries in managing social risks. This document based study examines the situation of countries (170 countries) with different incomes and welfare systems in the field of social protection policies in the face of the corona. China, Malaysia and Turkey, which were examined more closely either because they were within existing welfare frameworks or because they had a progressive trend in welfare policy. The results of the study showed that greater diversity in social protection schemes and a priori action is effective in early control of the disease and high-income countries have been more successful in diversifying these schemes, in particular, labor market support schemes and complementary social support schemes based on Basic needs have been able to help effectively control the disease and improve the welfare of society.

With the outbreak of the Corona pandemic in 2020, all efforts were made towards a strong coalition to resolve and eventually cure the dangerous virus. In the meantime, instead of supporting the World Health Organization and adopting policies in support of various domestic spectrums and currents, Donald Trump has been widely accused of cutting off financial support to the World Health Organization and then entering. Blaming the Barack Obama administration has failed to bring the necessary approaches to curbing or not spreading the virus in the United States. As a result, less than three months after the corona outbreak, the United States topped the list of those most affected by the crisis. So in this article, the authors try to provide a convincing answer to the question of how the Corona pandemic led to the deepening of the nation-state divide in the United States. The authors' hypothesis is based on the principle that Trump's extreme hegemony and his policies have paved the way for the deepening of these rifts. Findings from the article, which use written and virtual sources, historical sociological methods, and the theory of social divisions, show that Trump's divisions with the previous US administration have deepened; That is, Barack Obama is deepening the rift with the Democrats in the US House, intensifying Trump's challenges with the governors of important US states, and escalating tensions with the working class.

The prevalence of Covid-19 has played an important role in constructing of physical and social sports spaces and the nature of participation in sports has changed. This study was intended to analyze active levels of sport participation in Iran during the outbreak of Coronavirus. This was a qualitative study. Data were collected using interview and observation methods and analyzed by thematic analysis. “Regular participation”, “irregular participation” and “elite level participation” were extracted as three main themes from the classification of meaningful patterns of actors. Their main categories are " exercise simulation at home", " pretend consumption of exercise" and "social responsibility", respectively. Important data were also obtained from analysis the active levels of participation in sports (educational sports, recreational sport and sport for all, championship sports and professional sports). The main theme at the level of educational sport was "uncertainty”; sub themes include: “content distribution" "geographical gistribution ", “inherently passive “and “Marginal position “. At the level of recreational sport and sport for all the main theme was " evolution " with sub themes: "exercise in isolation", "eliminate of sports entertainment", "background limitations on participation" and "Change in access to education and training. Also at the level of championship and professional sports were “functional challenge" with sub themes: "show and self-expression”, “identity challenge", "advertising and sales”. The effects of this period on participatory levels in sports require in-depth analysis over a longer period of time. Although elimination of physical exercise spaces has led to a lot of sedentary in the short range, but it has provided opportunities for communication between levels of participation for review by sports researchers, which can contribute to more sustainable participation at the grassroots level.

Medical pluralism refers to the coexistence of different medical traditions in a society, and on this basis, alternative and complementary medicine have found their way into the health care systems of different countries. Recently, some have claimed a healing system called Islamic medicine, which has been the subject of much debate, especially during the coronavirus epidemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the controversy surrounding Islamic medicine during the Covid 19 epidemic from a sociological perspective. This qualitative study was conducted with a content analysis approach and documentary method and data were collected from various sources including news portals, information databases, telegram and Instagram channels related to the subject. Data were analyzed using coding and extraction of subclasses and classes. The study showed that Islamic medicine activists, with claims such as the inefficiency of conventional medicine, the need for independence in medicine and the elimination of dependence on the West, the effectiveness and economy of Islamic medicine and its reliance on religion, entered the field of competition with conventional medicine. Act as a healing system to be effective in controlling the coronavirus epidemic. Opponents, on the other hand, made claims including; The dangerousness, unscientificness and violation of Islamic medicine, the abuse of religion and the greed of Islamic medicine activists have risen up against these new rivals. According to the principles of professionalism, non-specialists and ordinary people are not allowed to practice medicine. Hence, Islamic medicine, which is claimed by non-specialists, has not been able to fall under the umbrella of medical pluralism. The claimants of Islamic medicine in the period of the Covid 19 epidemic, relying on modern medical weaknesses in disease management, try to rebel against the existing medical order and use religion as the main base of the government's ideological apparatus to bring and impose their alleged healing system to the health system.

The current paper is the product of a qualitative research performed in order to explore the problems and life challenges of women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data in this study were collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews with 21 women living in Tehran City, aged between 20 and 61 years. Then, the collected data were analyzed using the Colaizzi’s (1978) method of data analysis. The results of the study show that the problems and life challenges of women can be classified into four main categories, i.e., interrupted life; challenges based on health and hygiene; intensified control over and supervision of the everyday life of women; and occupational challenges and housework, and eight secondary categories, i.e., suspending the normal flow of life; constant fear and stress; helplessness and frustration in the absence of educational centers and service organizations; increased caring responsibilities and the feeling of being neglected; lack of control over one’s own body and maintaining its health; interferences with the affairs of women and losing the feminine realm; reduced space and privacy; returning to traditional housekeeping roles; and transferring occupational responsibilities to home. Overall, the findings of the study show that the COVID-19 pandemic has had consequences and outcomes for women’s lives that not only create numerous challenges and problems for their current life, but they can also have long-lasting effects that may remain long after the pandemic. It should be noted that due to the qualitative nature of the current study, the author does not intend to generalize its results.

This paper aims to investigate students' interpretations of the emergence of religious modernness by referring to the pith of their daily religious life. Religious modernness has also been studied based on Lapland, Kanter and Rambo models. The method used in this research is narrative analysis. Among the students of the University of Tehran, a semi-structured narrative interview was conducted with 31 of them using the theoretical saturation technique. The interviews were finally summarized and analyzed thematically in individual narratives as well as a general narrative. The findings of this study show the occurrence of a complication of change in the religious life of students. Students' narratives of their religious lives contain basic points about the dimensions of religiosity, which show that all of them have been affected by individual and environmental changes and have finally rethought their religiosity. To illustrate this change, the interviews were divided into three time periods: "sustainable religious life", "crisis in religious life" and "religious modernness ", and the most important topics of each stage were extracted. Three fundamental themes were extracted from each of the three stages, including "religiosity as a priori", "crisis of religious identity" and "religiosity as a posteriori". Also, students' understanding and interpretation of religious modernity indicate a clear and decisive understanding. Finally, it should be said that the general narrative of students about their religious modernity indicates a posteriori understanding of religiosity. Among them, modernity is understood and interpreted as a socio-psychological turn that can be analyzed on the historical context of their religious life.

In crime analysis, the position of the concept of culture along with sociological and psychological concepts, theories and approaches has emerged in the form of cultural criminology. This article has been compiled with the aim of achieving the structure of mental-perceptual formation of prisoners of violent crimes from the experience of belonging to the sub-culture of Lotbazi. The most important question of this article is formulated as follows: Prisoners of violent crimes who have specific subcultural characteristics of a group What are the moods, feelings and perceptions of these people in different situations? This research has tried to identify the lived experiences of the Lats with the paradigm of interpretiveism and using the phenomenological method. For this purpose, 16 prisoners of violent crimes in Mazandaran prisons have been interviewed. The analysis of the texts obtained from the interviews has been done through the discourse analysis method of James Pluggie. He pointed out that the learning and perpetuation of violence among these prisoners is done in order to enjoy and enjoy being in the realms of latency through the voluntary disruption of controlling emotions (eyes and minds). Acknowledge that, of course, this situation has represented its objective manifestation over time and by observing the victorious effects in the fields of violence and lottery (in the form of noise and boasting and arrogance and flogging).

The purpose of this study is to study the lived experiences of divorced women in Ilam city on the issue of divorce using a qualitative method and a methodological approach. Participants were divorced Ilam women, their families, and key informants, 18 of whom were selected by theoretical saturation criteria. Using in-depth and semi-standard interview techniques, and based on the dimensions of the method approach, which include receiving the phenomenon, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervention conditions, strategies and consequences, qualitative coding data have been analyzed. Analysis of interviews, the formation of a paradigm model in the form of categories such as "women's belief in the issue of divorce", causal conditions in the form of "stressful conditions", "family dysfunction", and mediating conditions in the form of "imperfect socio-religious socialization" "Normative pressure due to ethnic-tribal nervousness", "Contradiction of norm with reality (anti-norm)", contextual conditions in the form of "economic and cultural context", "Lack of interpersonal communication skills in the region", and "Strategies Forced closeness to failure "," protest strategies ", and finally the category of negative and positive individual consequences, negative family, socio-cultural. Considering the relationship between the categories, the concept of "sociological ambivalence" in which we see contradictions between the main norm (norms derived from traditions and nerves) and the sub-norm (modern socio-cultural values) was extracted.

This study was designed and conducted to explore social isolation and social problems of veterans' families from the perspective of spouses. To do so, 30 spouses of veterans living in Tehran were interviewed. Experimental phenomenological approach in analyzing interviews with veterans' wives revealed several main and secondary themes in their family life. Limited outdoor activities and being more at home, inadequate formal and informal social support networks lead to the isolation of veterans' families and increase the likelihood of social problems such as domestic violence, addiction and divorce. These results, while emphasizing the findings of previous research, contain an important point. Although the effect of the severity of injury on family life has been accepted, the results of the study revealed that the type of injury is a more important variable that determines the social role of the veteran and his interactions with family and his family in society.

The present article examines the social and cultural consequences of religious fundamentalism in Afghanistan. The main emphasis of the article is on the consequences of fundamentalism in the field of confrontation of the Afghan people with religion. The research method is a qualitative study that has been done using the interview technique. The Contributors are various educated groups, including professors, students, religious scholars, and journalists. The results have been tried to better understand this phenomenon by using the theory of analysis method and by drawing a paradigm model and narrative. According to the results, the most important social and cultural consequences of fundamentalism are: cultural conflict, cultural destruction and humiliation, hindering cultural development, promoting dogmatism, promoting social and ethnic violence and promoting gender discrimination. The most important consequences of fundamentalism in the field of religion and religious beliefs are: promotion of pessimism and despair of religion, reactionary secularism, liberating experience, promotion of corticalism, apostasy and promotion of inherited religion. The core category of this study was "reactionary secularism". A study of the causes of the spread of fundamentalism and its consequences in Afghanistan showed that the most important social consequence of this phenomenon in the field of religion and religious beliefs is reactionary secularism. Since, according to many theories and researches, fundamentalism is a reaction to the marginalization of religion, fundamentalism itself has contradictions and contradictions that result in reactionary secularism, and this extremism in itself produces extremism in the opposite direction.

The purpose of this study was to exploring the family contexts and its role in reproducing the phenomenon of street children in Ahvaz. The core questions in this study include: 1. how is the economic and living condition of street children' parents in Ahvaz? 2. What strategies do children adopt when they are in this economic and living condition? 3. What are the parents' treatments of their children's work on the street? 4. What are the consequences of working street children in Ahvaz? To achieve this and to answer the questions, the interpretive approach and the grounded theory method were used. An in-depth interview was conducted first with targeted sampling and then theoretical sampling with 11 street children, which was immediately followed, by data collection, coding and analysis. The findings comprise 10 subcategories, 4 main categories, and the core category that was categorized "the working children as family economic life". The results showed that due to the lack of the family's economic power on the one hand and the experience of unfortunate events in the family such as death, disability and physical weakness of the head of the family on the other hand, the family is in a very unfavorable economic and living condition and it is the children who have to meet their family needs, and the family relies heavily on the them. Parents also proudly treat children's work as maturity, growth and greatness. Ultimately, the consequences of such a wide- phenomenon range from academic retardation, dropout to child abuse in the transfer of objects and substances by unknown individuals, and anti-security offers to the child.