نشریه مهندسی گاز ایران
پیاپی 14 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Today, constant economic development at a global scale has become a nationwide demand that cannot be met unless oil production and export are boosted. A central treatment/export plant (CTEP) is a facility for the initial treatment and refining of crude oil. The originally produced crude oil contains a wide range of different compounds that must be removed before the oil can be exported. The CTEP is designed based on the type and quality of the locally available crude oil. It has a handful of different units which are responsible for separating different compounds from the crude so as to produce export-ready oil. For each ppm of increase in the water and/or brine content of the oil, its per-barrel price is expected to drop by 0.08 – 1.3 USD, clearly emphasizing the importance of the initial treatment of the crude.

One of the main priorities in the upstream policies of the government is to prepare the necessary strategies to optimize the production and consumption of energy. In this study, in order to provide a suitable strategy for the development of unconventional gas reservoirs, a SWOT analysis model were used with four levels, the goal (the best strategy) in the first level, the main factors and SWOT sub-criteria are respectively at the second and third levels and the last level was the strategy options. In order to weigh internal and external factors, the analytic network process (ANP) process and Super Decision software were used. Strategies were also presented based on the political, technical, economic, and social priorities of the SWOT matrix output. In the end, the Strength-Opportunity Strategy, with the highest weight of 0.388, was the first priority of strategic planning of the development of unconventional gas fields in the country.

The main purpose of this study is the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in the presence of copper catalyst.  This odorless gas needs to be removed somehow because it is toxic. Oxidation methods include carbon dioxide oxidation and hydrogenation.  At present, the second method is interesting for researchers as a key technology to produce clean fuels and chemicals.  Copper catalyst was selected because of its cheapness and suitable activity in the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction.  In this study, the effect of different bases on product selectivity and feed conversion rate was investigated.  In this dissertation, first copper nanoxides were prepared by co-precipitation and microemulsion method and then the final catalyst was obtained by wet inoculation (copper on different bases).  Catalysts are evaluated in terms of physical and chemical properties, and in certain operating conditions of temperature (100-400 °C), pressure (1 atm), feed volume ratio (O2</sub> / CO / H2</sub> / N2</sub> = 2/2/5/91 and GHSV= 1.5-6 nl.h-1.gCat-1 valley fixed bed reactor system was tested.  The results of the reactor test show that TiO2</sub>-based copper nanocatalyst has a higher rate of carbon monoxide conversion and selectivity.  Increasing the lanthanum enhancer to the catalyst structure increases the conversion rate of carbon monoxide and the selectivity of carbon dioxide.

The decline in the share of natural gas in electricity generation, along with the increase in the share of coal and renewable energy in it, on the one hand, and the excess supply in the gas market, as well as lower prices in the single-cargo market, on the other, have prompted the Turkish government to Long-term (LTC) gas import, to reconsider some of its clauses. Clauses such as "Take or Pay", "Oil linked" pricing, "Destination Clauses" and finally the import timeframe were among the items considered by the Turkish government in reviewing its new gas import contracts. Will analyze and review it. It should be noted that in 2021, 16 billion cubic meters of Turkish gas import contracts - 8 billion cubic meters of Butash contract, half of which is related to imports from Gazprom and 8 billion cubic meters of contracts of 7 Turkish private companies - with suppliers. The gas will run out. The importance of this issue for the Turkish government is that the result of its efforts in 2021 in reviewing its gas import contracts can be the review of other gas contracts of this country with supplier countries, most of which (52 billion cubic meters) will be completed by 2026. Have a decisive effect.

One of the most important methods of gas transportatibhon is the use of pipelines.</em> </em>Since gas supply pipelines are sometimes deployed around residential areas and may cause personal and financial damage in the event of leakage or rupture, the safety of residents in the areas surrounding high-voltage and high-pressure pipelines is important.</em> </em>This is one of the most important concerns of the gas transportation industry. The most important consequences of accidents in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries dealing with a wide range of pollutants and hazardous chemicals are environmental pollution and irreparable environmental degradation.</em> </em>It is noteworthy that despite technological advances in societies, many of the environmental, human and economic costs are often irreparable, so the purpose of this study is to identify the pathology of gas supply lines.</em> </em>In this way, effective criteria were first identified. These criteria were identified through library studies, interviews with experts, and prior studies. These criteria are dem, slope, distance from fault, distance from rivers and distance from earthquake foci. Then, the importance or weight of the criteria was determined by the hierarchical analysis process. Shannon method was used in this study</em>.</em> The slope criterion of 0.34 has the greatest impact on the vulnerability of gas lines. After that, the measure of distance from fault is 0.31. Then the distance from rivers is 0.22 and then the distance from earthquake is 0.11. The least impact on the vulnerability of the gas lines is the dem criterion with weight of 0.02. Criteria maps after standardization were integrated using the weighted linear combination in the environment GIS and the gas pipeline vulnerability map was identified at Esfarain city and finally the locations of the pipes with the highest vulnerability as well as safe areas were identified. The results showed that in the areas northeast of Esfarain, gas lines are at highest risk and the safest gas lines are in the central part of the city.</em>

In this research, the simulation and control of gas sweetening unit of Fajr Jam refinery were studied. Initially, the simulation was carried out with diatolenamine solution. Then, a combination of ethanolamine and methyl ethanolamine was used to improve the process performance. The unit was simulated in a stable-state using a combination of ethanolamine and methyl ethanolamine in Aspen Plus®</sup> and after ensuring simulation accuracy, the results were used as the starting point for dynamic simulation in Aspen Dynamic®</sup> and the dynamic behavior of the unit was studied. Finally, the optimal operating conditions of the process were obtained using the surface response method. The simulation accuracy has been desirable in steady-state and dynamic forms and   the average error for the intensity of the amine flow rate input to the tower is 0.022%. The results of using the combination solution show adsorption of about 99.72% and 91.77% of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide gas, respectively.</strong></em>