فصلنامه جاده
سال سی‌ام شماره 2 (پیاپی 111، تابستان 1401)

The efficiency of a transportation system is generally measured in terms of its ability to efficiently process the unit and the displaced element. The performance of any system depends on the performance of its components, and an evaluation of each of these components is necessary to determine the overall capabilities of the system. The evaluation of the components of a system is measured by determining and examining its capacity. The runway and apron are important components of the airport system, the exact capacity of which is important and significant. In this article, the runway and apron capacity of Imam Khomeini Airport in 1397 (base year) has been calculated and evaluated and evaluated for the project year (opening of the second runway terminal and terminal No. 2 of the airport) for two scenarios with and without night stop. The results show that the runway capacity is only for the landing operation of 34 aircraft per hour, only the take-off operation of 41 aircraft per hour and for the combined operation of 56 aircraft per hour. The capacity of the apron is 62 places in the base year with the night stop scenario and 28 places for the non-stop night scenario, which are 81 places for the horizon year and 57 places for the night and no night scenarios, respectively.

One of the most important road management programs in the world today is access road development; because rural access roads establish social and demographic connections between villages and cities and are an important factor in the expansion of trade and commerce. Whereas a large part of the country is covered with sand; most access roads run on sandy soil and one of the most important problems of access roads created on the sand bed is local cracks. Therefore, this study was conducted to numerically analyze the effect of cracking of sand beds on light and rural loading routes in the Yazd-Bafgh axis. In this study, samples were taken from the sandy soil of the Yazd-Bafgh axis and a number of samples were stabilized. Then, the characteristics of stabilized and unstabilized soil samples were entered in Plexis software and examined in two cases of cracking. The results show that due to loading on a road with cracked sand bed soil, the pavement suffers a lot of subsidence (excessive allowance) but stabilization of sand bed soil significantly reduces subsidence; Thus, in a crack with a width of 2 and a depth of 10 mm (constant depth and width), the amount of settling after stabilization has decreased by 59% compared to before stabilization. The results also show that areas of low-traffic roads that have deeper cracks should be repaired with higher priority compared to areas with shallow cracks but more openness.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of unilateralizing the northern part of Ferdis Martyrs Boulevard on reducing urban traffic, accidents and increasing the satisfaction of Ferdis citizens.

The type of research is applied in terms of nature, analytical-deductive and in terms of purpose, and library and field methods have been used to collect data and related studies. The statistical population of the study consists of three general sections, all households living in the spatial area of ​​the project; All businesses, traders and guilds are within the scope of the project and all pedestrians and traffic police officers; The sample size was estimated to be 196 people using the Cochran's formula, which was distributed among the members of the community using a simple random method of questionnaires. To analyze the obtained data, descriptive and inferential techniques (one-sample t-test) were used in GIS and SPSS25 software. The results of statistical analysis showed that in relation to the three research hypotheses, the level of significance was more than 0.05 and there is a significant relationship between the implementation of the project and the reduction of urban traffic. According to community members, one-way boulevard with an average rating of 2.11 has the greatest impact on "reducing accidents and traffic" and the least impact with an average of 1.84 on "people's satisfaction".

Identifying the factors that contribute to injury as a result of crashes will help policy makers and road designers implement countermeasures, which could reduce crash injury severity, and cost. In result, objective of this study is identifying factors are more likely to contribute to crashes severity. Today, Researchers have utilized mathematical and statistical modeling-schemes to solve this complex road-safety problem. For this, discrete choice modeling is widely used to model injury severity of the crash. From the models, factors contributing to the injury severity are identified. MNL is the most prominent discrete choice model for modeling crash severity. For modeling, the data of a 5-year period of crashes occurred at the rural roads of Ilam province has been used. The input variables of the model were selected after a significance evaluation test. These variables included Age, Speed, Alcohol, Head-on, Airbag, Ejection, Seatbelt, following too Close, Gender, and Curved. After selecting the variables, the accuracy of the model was also studied. To validate the model, the likelihood ratio and the percent correctly predicted by the model at each crash severity level were used. After evaluating the model accuracy in the prediction of accidents severity, it was found that the model provides acceptable results for evaluating crashes severity, and it was found that except curve and following too close variables, all selected variables contributing in crashes severity.

By consideration of spreading roads, increasing vehicles, a consequently increasing inner-outer travelling, accidents and violations turned into significant problem in the part of road transportation. In this regard, The aim of this study is evaluating the effect of increasing the number of vehicles on increasing the number of accidents an violations in Bushehr-Brazjan is considered as an important and related place to answer the question which cause the traffic accidents, on the other hand, related to this problem a few studies have been implemented on the Bushehr-Brazjan road. This research is a descriptive-analytical study that Bushehr-Brazjan road axis was studied as a research road axis based on available information and based on statistics of violations due to speed, unauthorized distance and road accidents in the mentioned freeway. Given that the data collected is quantitative and the research seeks to investigate and determine the relationship between the variables, Pearson correlation coefficient has been used to measure the relationship. Also, according to the distribution diagram between the dependent variable and the independent variable indicating the existence of a linear relationship between the variables linear regression has been used. Relevant information was collected and evaluated in consecutive years (2014-2019). The results showed that the increase in the number of vehicles affected on 93% of accidents, 83% of speeding violations and 81% of speeding violations. Also, by considering the independent variables and the use of the multivariate linear regression equation, the number of accidents for the coming years can be predicted.

Evaluation of pavement performance plays a major role in pavement management systems for determination of optimum strategy in repair and maintenance of the road. One of the most prominent assets in evaluation of the pavement is identification and survey of pavement surface distresses. In the past two decades, extensive studies have been carried out in order to develop automatic methods for pavement distress evaluation. Most of these methods are based on computer vision and image processing techniques. Of the most important components of machine vision systems is the feature extraction process. Textural features present more detailed information about the image regions characteristics compared to other features such as color and geometrical (shape) properties. In the present study, after acquisition of six different groups of asphalt pavement distress images under controlled condition, in order to analyze and describe their texture, second order statistics based on grey level co-occurrence matrix has been employed. In order to generate the images co-occurrence matrices, four distinct directions and three different distance (offset) parameters have been utilized. Based on the results of the classification of distress images acquired by Mahalanobis minimum distance classifier, it can be concluded that statistical indices extracted from grey level co-occurrence matrix having distance parameter equal to one, have superior discrimination performance in camparison to other selected distance values. The classification accuracy rates of asphalt pavement distress images based on grey level co-occurrence matrix with one, two and three distance parameters values are 80%, 75% and 60%, respectively.

Increasing impermeable levels has made water control a great challenge. On the other hand, the increase of impermeable surfaces causes the lack of heat exchange of the underground layers with the air, which will increase global warming. One solution to this challenge is to use porous pavements. Advantages of porous pavement compared to the normal pavement; Only on run-water control, he can easily increase the use of the road, increase the main road and increase the road, and so on. Restrictions on porous concrete include restrictions on use on high-traffic roads or heavy traffic loads; In other words, with the current knowledge about this pavement system, it can be used in fewer traffic routes such as local roads and streets and parking lots. The purpose of this study is to investigate aerated concrete and get acquainted with the standard related to aerated concrete. Also in this research, the advantages and disadvantages of porous concrete, construction, maintenance, and common problems of this system have been required. At the end of this research, only to gain general knowledge about aerated concrete and aerated concrete pavement mix design, common maintenance methods of porous pavement, and common tests in the relevant researches are introduced. In the end, it was concluded that with sufficient knowledge, porous concrete pavement can be used on roads with low traffic or light traffic load.

Provision of the fourth-party logistics services is not based on capital assets, but it's in type of resource, capabilities and technology integration of the original organization with other companies and organizations (including 3PL producers, distributors, and companies). In this research, based on the functional domain of Fourth-Party Logistics (4PL) and by Iterated Local Search Algorithm (ILS) - Based on designing back-up securing broadcasting network link and delivery time consideration in the transportation network - A model for the optimal performance of a 4PL has been introduced. The results of the modeling show that the designed algorithm can be used in optimal decision making for 4PL companies by minimizing total logistic costs. The simulation results show that in order to provide secure network and guarantee timely delivery of goods and services in a network with 12 supply-demand pairs, 30 3PL service companies and 391 3PL transportation providers is required; also the lowest total cost of providing such a network will be 155906.67 units. In addition, if the 4PL company, as the transportation network manager, faces with 6 or fewer than 6 of supply-demand pairs, 22 3PL service companies must provide along with 242 3PL transportation providers. Based on this, the integration of the 3PL companies in the form of a 4PL company could have a significant impact on the quality and quantity enhancement of decision making and value added of the supply chain through the use of modern business models.

Delay is one of the most important problems of railway transportation systems, which has a lot of material and spiritual costs. Loss of passenger trust, waste of passengers' time, blockage in the one-lane system, depreciation of diesel, compensation to passengers, loss of fuel, etc. are just some of the costs incurred in the rail transportation system. No studies have been conducted in Iran on the cost of train delays. In the railway company of the Islamic Republic of Iran, billions of Tomans are imposed annually due to train delays, the amount of which are currently unknown and cannot be calculated. It is also possible to have a better sensitivity and understanding of delays when the amount of damage imposed on the system is clear and measurable. Therefore, in this research, first all the factors and sub-factors of delay are identified and then the separation and classification of all factors and sub-factors of delay along with their relationships are given in a schematic model and then using scientific and accurate costing, the amount of damage Each of the factors of delay in the passenger trains of the railways of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it should be specified that using this costing can be ranked different factors, the amount of damage to the railway company in different time periods and with Attention to the sensitivity that arises to the types of delays in order to improve, reduce and eliminate delays, as well as optimal investment management.

A large portion of construction budgets in many countries around the world are spent on transportation projects. Often such projects are very capital-intensive in all sectors of transportation, and therefore any savings in these projects can lead to significant economic benefits. On the other hand, the simultaneous implementation of multiple projects in the transportation sector is often not possible due to limited budgets, and it is necessary to prioritize approved and ready-to-implement projects based on certain criteria. Therefore, considering the importance of the issue, the present article presents the economic model of optimal resource allocation in road construction projects. In this paper, after reviewing the studies conducted inside and outside the country, effective indicators in prioritization and optimal allocation of resources in road construction projects are investigated and the economic model of optimal resource allocation in road construction projects is presented. To select the best economic model of optimal allocation of resources in road construction projects, select compensation compensation models in road construction projects and examine the advantages and disadvantages of each of these models and finally, based on the results obtained, among the scoring prioritization methods And from the methods of calculating the weights of the indicators, Shannon's entropy method was selected and proposed, and finally conclusions and suggestions are presented.

Iran is a developing country with high rates of high-traffic deaths in the world, of which about 30% of the accidents are due to lack of attention, the most important factor of which is the use of mobile phones during driving. Law enforcement is one of the ways to control and mitigate such accidents, which can play a significant role in reducing these accidents in the presence of efficient laws and compliance by drivers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of police decisiveness on the non-use of mobile devices while driving and the impact on city drivers and interurban roads. The study area is located in the city of Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan province and the cities located in western Iran. The statistical population of the present study included all people traveling on urban and inner roads in Sanandaj city. Due to the unlimited statistical population, the sample size was determined using the Cochran sample size and 384 as the statistical population. The method of determining the sample size in this study is simple random. The final results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the level of education in the use of mobile phones during driving and the rules related to the use of mobile phones while driving and the determination of the police to not use the mobile while driving. However, there was no significant relationship between drivers' gender and the lack of use of mobile during driving.

The dynamic design of tunnels and their dynamic response under various seismic and vibration loads is one of the important in tunnel engineering issues that has been studied by researchers in recent years. The most suitable methods for investigating the effects of seismic and vibrational loads on tunnels and underground structures are analytical methods and numerical simulations. In numerical methods such as finite element method or boundary element method, the problem is first modeled and then analyzed. Comparing the results of research in this field, it can be concluded that due to the low flexibility of analytical methods in solving problems with geometry and properties of complex materials, the need to use numerical methods is more felt because of its advantages in solving complex problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the review for effect of vibrations on tunnels and underground structures that is special considered at design.

Pricing of Domestic Freight Rail and the Operating tariff of the Iranian Railway State Company (RAI) is one of the main and important issues in the survival of the companies that own the freight wagon and the balance of the cost and revenues of RAI. Due to the fact that the total cost price of domestic freight rail transportation is more than the applicable prices in the market, this type of pricing will not be accepted in the market and if it is insisted on, it will reduce the volume of rail freight transportation. Experience has shown that in practice domestic rail freight prices follow the average level of road freight fares, and in practice this proportion has been maintained with a limited range of fluctuationsof coefficents over the past years.Based on the method of price adjustment based on effective competition in the market and comparison with the average price of freight road transport and determining the relevant coefficients, the economic model of general pricing of domestic freight rail freight and the average price of operation of RAI as the most important issue in the business of the RAI And private Owners of freight Wagons, based on the current structures of actor interactions, have been developed and proposed for the first time.The results show that if the coefficients of the economic model are selected at the average level of the previous fluctuation range of coefficients, these two pricing will be accepted in the market.

Regarding to increasing demand for axle-load and fleet operation speed in the ballasted railway lines, provision of lateral-resistance is raised among the owners of railway industries. So, different solutions are presented to increase lateral resistance of the track in technical literature. Several factors affect the track lateral resistance but the most important one is the interaction between ballast layer and sleeper. Literature review shows that the interaction between ballast particles and sleepers has not widely been definitely studied by consideration of particle behavior of ballast material in lateral resistance problem. Therefore in this paper a numerical model has been developed to simulate single sleeper push test by discrete element numerical software PFC 2D. The results was compared with laboratory measurement results. Ballast grading used in this paper was according to the Group 2 of Iran Code No. 301 and the modeled sleeper was B70 concrete sleeper. To perform geometric modeling of the particles, clustering method was used as well as photography. Finally, regarding the results of the valid numerical model, sensitivity analysis were performed on the parameters affecting the lateral resistance including initial upright load, ballast material properties, ballast layer thickness and ballast shoulder width.