All over the world, agriculture is one of the most important and accident-prone jobs in the world. Occupational health behavior is one of the most important factors influencing the occurrence of accidents and diseases caused by agriculture activities. Therefore, the aim of the present study was investigated the typology of farmers' behavior and attitudes towards agriculture occupational health in Kermanshah province, Iran.

This study was conducted through a survey. The population of the study consisted of wheat farmers in Kermanshah province (N = 126,900) that 382 farmers were taken as the research sample (n = 382). The questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts of occupational health, and the reliability was proved through a pilot study to calculate Cronbach’s alpha. The appropriate statistical tests were used to analyze data.

The findings showed that farmers’ attitudes and behavior included four types of attitudes (ecological (11.16), economic (13.79), work-oriented (17.38) and health-oriented (14.29)) and four behavioral patterns (structural (20.73), motivational (8.27), preventive (10.08) and self-centered (14.25)) regarding occupational health in agriculture. Explanation of total variance of attitudes was 53.34% and behavior was 56.64%.

It can be concluded that farmers have different attitudes towards occupational health in the workplace and based on, they show various behavioral patterns in the farms. It can be suggested that those involved in the agricultural and health sectors work together to change attitudes that are contrary to the occupational health of agriculture. It can be recommended that public and private sector support measures can change farmers' behavioral patterns towards structured and preventive behaviors.

Nitrogen oxides as one of the most dangerous environmental pollutant, have harmful effects on the health of people in the workplace. Today, the catalytic oxidation of nitrogen oxides is a highly efficient method for removing of this gases  that has been dedicated part of researches. The aim of study was to investigate the removal efficiency of  nitrogen dioxide (NO2) by nickel and nickel-platinum supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes from air stream in the catalytic oxidation process.

In this experimental study, structural and functional specifications of the catalysts were caracterized by analysis Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Temperature-Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR) after stabilization of nickel and nickel-platinum nanoparticles on carbon nanotube substrate. The removal efficiency of the synthesized catalysts were studied at the temperature of 250 °C, space velocities of 15000 – 20000 hr-1 and the NO2 concentrations  of  3000,4000,5000 ppm.

The results of FESEM  and XRD analysis showed that the diameter of carbon nanotubes ranged from 11 to 18 nm and the size of crystalline nickel and platinum nanoparticle on the catalyst bed were between 10 to 50 nm. The results of catalytic removal of NO2 showed that highest efficiency was related to the condition of  250℃temperature,  the concentration 3000 ppm and the space velocities 20000-15000 per hour.

According to the acquired results, the use of carbon nanotubes as a catalyst support is appropriate for removal of NO2 fromair stream. Bimetallic catalysts used of nickel and platinum supported on carbon nanotubes was had high efficiency and productivity in NO2 removal at various temperature, retention time, and the concentration of pollutants.

Accidents (driving and work) have caused a lot of damage to the community, the organization, and the people. the related costs, while having bad Effects on the economic indicators at the national and family levels, are an obstacle to achieve the predetermined goals. This study examined the behavioral factors related to accident-prone behavioral in car drivers, and through this, provided a distinct and reliable indicator for identifying drivers at risk

The present research was a case-control study, which has been designed to predict the group membership (accident- pronoun drivers) and develop a cognitive equation to introduce the driver’s accident-proneness behavioral index. A demographic questionnaire and the Manchester Standard Driving Behavior questionnaire were used in the study which has been validated for the Iranian community. The data were processed in SPSS V20 using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance as well as two-group discriminant analysis methods.

The drivers with a history of accidents showed higher levels of mistakes, slips, and intentional violations compared to the group without accidents. The two groups of drivers with and without a history of accidents were revealed to be at the same level in terms of committing inadvertent violations (committing illegal non-violent acts).

According to Eta (η) squares, one can say that 1-8% of the observed differences in two groups of drivers may be due to the accident history effect.

Awareness of a disease can affect people's attitudes and practices, and wrong attitudes and practices directly increase the risk of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the status and relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice of industry employees about personal protection measures effective in preventing covid-19 infection in Kaveh Industrial City.

In this cross-sectional study, which was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of individuals about effective personal protection measures to prevent COVID-19 in Iran in the summer of 2020, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. In this study, after selecting 24 factories in Saveh Industrial City, 500 questionnaires were distributed among the employees by quota sampling. After collecting and reviewing them, 461 questionnaires were fully answered and studied. Finally, the scores related to all three parameters were calculated and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine their relationship.

The average age of participants in this study was 36.4 ± 6 and had a work experience of 12.66± 6.6 years. It was determined that the score related to the awareness of the virus nature was greater than the awareness of personal protective measures. It was deduced that, while 88.9% of individuals are well aware of the nature of the virus, 71.8% were in the subgroup of taking protective measures. The highest level of desirable score was related to their attitude, which accounted for 92.4%. In terms of preventive practice, 80.3% of participants exhibited moderate adherence to good practices towards preventing Covid-19 infection

individuals had heightened awareness towards the nature of Covid-19 virus, however they had little awareness towards preventive health measures. consideration that majority of people have received concerned information via television, its essential to give accurate and timely information in order to increase community’s awareness as well as optimal behavior in preventing Covid-19

The first step in planning a workplace health promotion program is needs assessment or determining the current situation. There are two dominant approaches in evaluating a program, one is the evaluation by the presenters of the program, which is called internal evaluation, and the other one is program evaluation by peers or external evaluation. The purpose of this study is to assess the status of workplace health promotion through internal and external evaluation in volunteer organizations in Tehran.

The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted on 30 volunteer organizations in Tehran in 2019. Data were collected using a standard workplace health situation assessment tool including 9 domains, 30 levels, and 85 questions. EXCEL, the 22nd version of SPSS software, and paired t-test were used for data analysis.

 Data analysis using paired t-test indicates that the mean difference between internal and external evaluation in industrial organizations was 175.071 with standard deviation=116.043 and P<0.05 which is significant. The mean difference between the internal and external evaluation in non-industrial organizations was 43 with a standard deviation=173.775 and P=0.338 which is not significant and only in two domains of social environment of workplace and providing services had a significant mean difference between internal and external evaluation.

 The results indicated that the organizations health professionals do not have the necessary information about the concepts of health promotion, most officials try to show the performance of their organization above its actual level in internal evaluation.

Solar spectrum is composed of different wavelengths that some of them may lead to various ocular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sunglasses in filtering harmful light.

In this cross-sectional study, 56 pairs (112 lenses) of branded sunglasses randomly collected from different importing companies. A spectrophotometer was used to measure blue light transmission. For statistical analysis, non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. A P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean UVA and UVB transmission of the sunglasses were 0.16±1.21% and 0.01±0.06 %, respectively. The mean blue light transmission of the sunglasses was 10.03 ± 3.91 %. The effect of different colors on the blue light transmission was significant (P≤0.001). Polarization and visible light transmission of the sunglasses had no significant effect on blue light transmission (P=0.3).

The effectiveness of available sunglasses to filter hazardous light was acceptable, and brown colored sunglasses was the best option to filter of the blue light.

Harmful factors in the workplace such as noise and heat stress can have adverse effects on muscle activity. This study was performed to investigate the effect of simultaneous exposure to noise and heat stress on the activity level of biceps and flexor muscles.

This experimental study was performed on 24 male students in laboratory conditions. Participants in three groups exposure to SPL of 75, 85 and 95 dBA and WBGT =22, 30 and 35°C randomly. During light manual activity, the activity level of biceps and flexor muscles was measured in a sitting manner using surface electromyography. Normalized RMS (Root Mean Square) of muscles was used to compare the level of muscle activity in different conditions. ANOVA test was used to examine the relationship between variables.

The mean (SD) age of the study participants was 21±1.6 years. Based on the muscle activity WBGT=30°C and SPL=85 dB were defined as border points in changes of biceps activity. The highest and lowest levels of flexor muscle activity were observed at SPL of 75 and 95 dB, respectively. The interaction between noise and heat stress exposure show that exposure to both factors causes significant changes in muscle activity levels (P.value<0.05).

Exposure to noise and heat stress in the workplace affects the function of the biceps and flexors muscles. To more accurately determine the effects of noise exposure and heat stress on muscle activity, further studies are recommended.

In the present age, the valuable capital of human resources has snatched the ball from other organizational capitals in terms of importance. This has led to the design and preparation of extensive and diverse programs for the growth and flourishing of employees' professional and professional ability to lead to maturity, job satisfaction, attachment and improving the quality of their working life .The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of schema-based group training on quality of work life and job satisfaction of employees of Nimroz Gostaran Energy Engineering Company.

 Method and Materials:

 This research is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the present study consists of all personnel of Nimroz Gostaran Energy Development Company in 1399. Of these, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and based on the criteria for entering the research, and randomly in two groups of 15 people to control and test. The sample of the research was selected. The experimental group received the schema therapy training intervention and the control group did not receive any intervention. The treatment schema consisted of 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The research tools included the Demographic Questionnaire and Barry Field and Ruth Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (1951) and the Walton Quality of Work Life Questionnaire (QWL) (1973). The SPSS22 software data were analyzed.

Findings showed that after the interventions and calculations and analysis of the results of group schema therapy training led to an increase in the mean scores of variable quality of work life (overall score of quality of work life (P≤0.001, F = 33.87) and also increased mean scores of variable job satisfaction (P≤0.001, F = 17.55) in the experimental group compared to the control group.

According to the research results, group schema therapy training can be effective in the quality of work life and job satisfaction of the company's employees and thus increase their level of productivity in the organization. And as a result of these trainings, the individual finds that a more adaptive response replaces the previous mentality, which is likely to reduce the amount of stress and job stress and the level of job satisfaction and quality Work life will increase it. Therefore, it is recommended that effective training programs be included in the staff work schedule on a regular basis, or in the form of training content, such as posters and short training messages, to continuously improve work performance and prevent any damage caused by high experience, job dissatisfaction or quality of work life

This study aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy and self-care of hypertension among firefighters in Tehran.

This cross-sectional study, which conducted in among 360 male firefighters, age of 18-60 years, working in the Tehran Fire Department in year 2019 was performed by two-stage sampling method in cluster and simple random. Data were collected through demographic form, Health literacy for Iranian adult questionnaire (HELIA) and researcher-made self-care checklist for hypertensive disease. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 22) using descriptive methods and, analytical tests.

57.5% of people were in the age group of 30-40. The mean score of health literacy was 73.96 with a standard deviation of 3.8. The highest mean score of health literacy was related to information perception and the lowest average score was related to reading skills. Among study sample, 44.2% had “good” and 26.7% had” very good” health literacy. Also, the mean score of self-care behaviors was 19.23 with a standard deviation of 3.4. About 14.4% of employees had a mean score of good self-care. There was a direct and significant correlation between health literacy and self-care (r= .36 [m1] , p <0.001[m2] ).

Health literacy and self-care behaviors weren’t favorable. There was a significan[93] t positive correlation between health literacy and self-care. Therefore, it is necessary to design an appropriate intervention.

One of the most critical subjects in all organizations is Improvement of human resources performance for achieving goals. Therefore it's necessary schematization of plans and solutions for decreasing strain and then increasing Organizational Citizenship Behaviors, quality of work-life, and satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of job stress on the quality of work-life and organizational health of health care personnel (physicians, nurses, paramedics, administrative and service staff) with the mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior.

This study is an applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of data collection. This study was conducted on a non-random sample of 318 health care personnel in Ahvaz teaching hospitals. Data were collected by standard questionnaires with validity and reliability, and analyzed using structural equation modeling with SmartPLS software.

The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that job stress has a negative effect on the quality of work-life, organizational health and organizational citizenship behavior with path coefficients of -0.71, -0.69 and -0.60 and t-statistic, 10.81, 8.62 and 9.88. Also, organizational citizenship behavior plays an effective mediator in influencing job stress on the quality of work-life and organizational health.

The results illustrated that increasing the job stress of health staff leads to a decrease in organizational citizenship behaviors, quality of work-life and organizational health and vice versa. Also, the employment status and job security that it provides can modify this impact.

The use of natural kenaf fibers as a green and sustainable material and due to its remarkable properties is known as a potential alternative to synthetic fibers in the composite industries. One of the effective approaches to improve the properties of these fibers, especially in the face of fire, is creating a nano-coating with inorganic materials on the surface of the fibers. In this regard, this study was conducted with the aim of improving the flammability and acoustic properties of natural kenaf fibers using mineral nanoparticles.

The present study is a cross-sectional experimental study on a laboratory scale. Synthesis of ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles was by co-precipitation method and its properties were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzes.   In this study, the flame retardant performance by conical calorimeter, and the study of acoustic absorption (at normal angles) in order to investigate the acoustic behavior of natural fibers was tested by impedance tube based on the transfer function method and ISO10534-2 standard.

Based on the results, the time to ignition (TTI) in the fibers with ZnO-TiO2 coating was almost doubled compared to the raw fibers. The total burning time of nanoparticle-coated fibers increases from 471 to 870 seconds, and the amount of carbon dioxide production in raw fibers with ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles has decreased from 0.33 to 0.12. Also, this type of fiber had a higher sound absorption coefficient than raw fibers.

Due to the outstanding benefits of kenaf fibers (economic and environmental benefits) and the increasing use of these fibers as multifunctional composites, the process of coating these fibers with nanoparticles is considered a good approach to improve the thermal and acoustic properties.

Job stress is one of the most common occupational diseases, significant effect on quality of the service care and creativity which is the core of clinical practice. According to the surveys, the effect of stressful conditions on the creativity needs further study. The present study was conducted to determine, correlation between job stress with creativity and job stress predictors in midwives.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 114 midwives had been working in teaching and medical hospitals of Ilam-Iran from October to December 2018. Job stress and creativity was assessed using the job stress HSE and CT questionnaires. Pearson correlation test was used investigated the relationships between job stress and creativity, General linear model was used to determine job stress predictors. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software version 21.

The most of the midwives (62.3%) were under a low level of job stress and 35% had no job stress. Mean total score of job stress was 3.3 ± 0.5 from the attainable score of 1-5. Mean  creativity was 131.5 ± 14.7 from the attainable score of 60-180. Job stress and sub domains were not associated with creativity. Having Low level of education (B=0.5, CI 95%= 0.1 to 0.9, P= 0.014) and having hospital work satisfaction (B=0.2, CI 95%= 0.05 to 0.4, P= 0.010) indicated as job stress predictors.

Due to the low levels of job stress and the high level of creativity, hospital managers can use these factors with employment satisfaction in the hospital to provide quality clinical services.

Exposure to manganese fume in the welding process leads to adverse neurological effects on the health of welders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between biomarkers of manganese exposure and compare the frequency of these symptoms with unexposed group.

35 welders as exposed group, and 40 administrative workers as unexposed controls, were participated in this study. Neurobehavioral symptoms data were gathered using Q16 questionnaire. Manganese concentrations were determined according to the NIOSH 7301 method. The concentration of manganese in blood of the welders was also measured by ICP-OES. Statistical analysis was performed by using MINITAB 17 software at the significant level of 0.05.

The mean exposure to air manganese was 0.45 ± 0.08 mg/m3. Manganese concentrations in blood samples of welders (0.16±0.0 2 µg.ml-1) were significantly higher than unexposed workers (0.04±0.002µg.ml-1). Also the frequency of neurobehavioral symptoms of welders was significantly higher compared to unexposed workers (P <0.05). The correlation between neurobehavioral symptoms and blood manganese was significant for welders (P <0.05, r=0.4). As a result, by increasing the concentration of blood manganese levels, the neurobehavioral symptoms were also increased.

Due to the high level of exposure to manganese in welding fume for welders and in order to prevent neurobehavioral symptoms preventive measures such as engineering and management control techniques are recommended to reduce exposure.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between economic resilience and age and psychological well-being with the mediating role of optimism in COVID-19 epidemic in small and medium-sized businesses. The methodology was correlational using structural equations. To this end, 230 people with small businesses in Kerman were selected using purposeful non-random sampling method. They answered the questionnaires of economic resilience, optimism, and psychological well-being. The data were analyzed by path analysis using Amos and SPSS. The findings showed that economic resilience not only directly affected psychological well-being, but it also indirectly affects peoplechr('39')s psychological well-being in COVID-19 epidemic through influencing optimism. Moreover, it was found that age had an indirect effect on psychological well-being and the model had a good fit. According to the findings, it can be concluded that in the situation of COVID-19 epidemic, optimism plays a mediating role in the relationship between economic resilience, age, and psychological well-being.

The spread of the Covid-19 virus has disrupted economic, industrial, and trade cycles. Also, human resources have been severely exposed to damage. This matter highlights the attention to the role of human resource management in dealing with these harms. Therefore, this study seeks to identify a set of management actions taken in human resources during the Corona outbreak by reviewing other research related to the subject. The purpose of this study is to introduce the best management strategies.

This study is a systematic review based on internal databases including Magiran, IranDoc, S.I.D., and international including Web of Science and Google Scholar search engine from 2020 to 2021, using keywords of Human resource management, Covid-19, and Coronavirus, their English equivalents, and combinations.

15 articles were eligible to include the research out of 47 articles obtained. The review of reports indicates that the best management measures during the outbreak of Corona include teleworking, establish online training, health protection and safety at work, provide incentives, Participate in reducing employee stress, etc.

A review of the available documents shows that most organizations have faced many problems with the outbreak of the corona crisis globally, so overcoming them requires special measures by human resource management.

Punch press is contributed as one of the major industrial machines to produce metal objects, which typically propagates hazardous noise. Acoustic enclosure is the most common method to mitigate noise transmitted from industrial equipment. This study aimed to assess the role of opening dimension and location in a partial acoustic enclosure on occupational noise exposure of punch press’s operator.

A punch press with the capacity of 60 tons in an automotive manufacturing company was considered as a real noise source. Equivalent noise exposure level was measured with reference to ISO 9612 using Cassella Cell-450 sound meter, before and after noise control intervention. Rubber sheet and mineral wool as insulation and absorption acoustical material with the thickness of 2 and 50 mm, respectively, applied to build acoustic enclosure. Rubber sheet sound transmission loss was measured using BSAW SW 477 acoustic impedance tube to predict acoustic performance of enclosure. In addition, Partial acoustic enclosure with the dimensions of 1.4 by 1.2 by 3 meter was constructed and opening areas which was equal to 2, 3, 5 and 7 percentage of total area of enclosure was created in front of punch press operator. Finally, an opening equals to 2 percentage of total area of enclosure was created on the left sidewall of enclosure to assess the location of opening on noise level.

Punch press operator noise exposure level was measured to be 89 and 67 dBA before and after using full acoustic enclosure respectively.  After using partial acoustic enclosure with open area percentage of 2, 3.5 and 7 on the front side of press, operator noise exposure level was measured 78, 79, 78 dBA, respectively which was a little bit more than predicted noise. As the opening position was relocated from the front wall to the sidewall of the enclosure, operator noise exposure was reduced from 78 to 69 dBA respectively. Although, there was not significant differences between mean sound level of the punch press after relocation of opening. 

Utilizing full acoustic enclosure constructed from insulation material recommended in this study, reduced punch press operator noise exposure remarkably. Although, opening area of partial acoustic enclosure was increased to some general extent to feed punch press, there was a slight change in noise exposure of press operator. On the other hand, press operator noise exposure was plummeted with the relocation of opening. Therefore, front opening dimension could be chosen fairly wide to access and feed operation zone of punch press without exposing operator with more noise level. Furthermore, repositioning the opening from the front wall to the side wall of the enclosure and automatically feeding the press through side opening could substantially reduce the operator noise exposure.

Performance assessment in any management is a key step in continuous improvement. While occupational safety and health management has been in place for several years, the question of how to control and evaluate the performance of this system still remains. Safety management needs to focus on predictive indicators, rather than on retrospective indicators focused on failure. The Safety Scorecard tool is designed to facilitate decision support and has the ability to integrate performance metrics with advanced metrics. The gas industry is considered a critical industry from the HSE perspective due to the quality and quantity of materials used and having three characteristics of high complexity, low flexibility and high vulnerability.

Following interviews with 6 experts from the provinces of Tehran province and also 4 HSE physicians who all had a master's degree and at least 20 years of experience in their field of work and HSE, general criteria and indicators affecting occupational health safety In Tehran Gas Supply Company, obtaining and using a questionnaire in comparison with a couple, the prioritization index was done based on the ANP model and using the opinions of experts. Then, by designing and completing the safety score card in the sample units, the performance of occupational safety and health in Tehran Gas Supply Company was assessed. The model presented in this research was implemented in Tehran Province Gas Department in 7 regions, which were finally compared with each other.

Among the 8 performance indicators approved by experts, the occupational hazards analysis report index with a weight of 0.229 was in the first priority and the incident analysis index with a weight of 0.049 was in the eighth priority. Therefore, there is a need to create a strong mechanism for recording, analyzing and learning about all accidents and quasi-accidents. By designing the safety score card method, 7 units of the company were compared in terms of safety and occupational health performance during December 2017-2019. In the first year, case study 6 with a score of 5.6, more appropriate situation and case study 3 with a score of 0.048 Performance was more challenging and in the second year, case study 1 with a score of 4.08 had a more appropriate situation and case study 2 with a score of 6.66 had a more challenging situation. Therefore, the existence of continuous HSE monitoring system in the regions is very necessary and the performance of the regions has improved a lot after the presence of HSE observers.

Finally, a model of safety scorecard that integrates management indicators at different levels of an OHS management system, along with the implementation method of scoring safety cards, was proposed for Tehran Gas Supply Company. The model presented in this study includes action and response indicators, has the ability to monitor the performance of occupational safety and health management and helps managers and health and safety experts in industries and organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of this system.

In today's world, with the advancement of technology, hand tools that required the physical strength of the body have given way to electric and pneumatic tools. Despite all the advantages that these tools have, there are many limitations and problems due to their use for people, including sound and vibration. Most different machines and tools produce vibrations in varying proportions, the forces and effects of which are transmitted to the body through the hands called hand-arm vibration (HAV) 1. These vibrations can cause cardiovascular, neurological, or skeletal disorders in the upper extremities. Hand-transmitted vibration (HTV) 2 can also lead to peripheral neuropathy syndrome, whose symptoms include numbness, impaired sensory perception (tremor, cold, heat, pain), and loss of hand skills. Another complication of hand-arm vibration is blood vessel spasm, which is a clinical manifestation of the white finger phenomenon and varies depending on the intensity and duration of hand contact and the amount of hand-arm vibration. This study was performed in heavy machine puncture workshops. In punctures, workers use an Impact wrench to unscrew and tighten the machine wheel bolts. Using this wrench exposes operators to sound and vibration. The aim of this study was to Evaluation of workers' exposure to hand-arm vibration of impact wrench in heavy vehicles puncture shops and providing control

This study was conducted with the participation of 20 employees of heavy vehicles puncture workshops who worked in different workshops with different Impact wrenches and were randomly selected. At first, the personal Demographic of the employees such as age, work experience, height, weight and level of education and the characteristics of the Impact wrench including weight, power, function life and manufacturer were recorded. Hand-arm vibration measurement GA2003 HARM VIBRATION METER made by CASTEL with a piezo electric T-shaped sensor was used to measure hand-arm vibration. Measurements were performed on the X, Y and Z axes according to ISO 5349-1. The effective vibration acceleration was measured in RMS mode and using a HARM filter. Then the effective total value vibration acceleration was calculated using Equation 1.Equation(1) ahv: total value effective vibration acceleration ( (   ahwx: X-axis effective vibration acceleration ( (  ahwy: Y-axis effective vibration acceleration (  ahwz:  Z -axis effective vibration acceleration ( ( 1. Hand Arm Vibration    2. Hand Transmission Vibration Image (1).  Pneumatic wrench on the left, a worker using it on the right There are about 10 screws in each wheel of heavy machinery, considering that the time required to open and close the screws of a wheel is 3 minutes, and considering the average number of wheels that can be opened and closed by one person during a day ( 20 wheels per day) The average exposure time was calculated as 1 hour, then using Equation No. 2, the effective acceleration equivalent to 8 hours of exposure per person was calculated and the results were compared with the allowable occupational exposure threshold of the country. Equation (2) A (8): the amount of effective vibration acceleration is equivalent to daily exposure  ahv: the total value effective vibration acceleration T: the vibration exposure time T0: the base time which is 8 hours per day.

Mean personal Demographic including age, work experience, weight and height were 36  8.97 years, 10.55  7.52 years, 10.86 kg and 175  4.9 cm, respectively. The mean characteristics of pneumatic wrenches including torque (power), weight and function life were 2750 N/M, 13.7  2.04 Kg and 1.45  1.05 years, respectively. 50% of the wrenches belonged to Genius Company, 25% to TAITIAN Company and 25% to other companies. The maximum effective acceleration measured in the front handle of the Impact wrench was 20.35  on the Z axis. The mean effective acceleration of vibration in the front handle on the X, Y and Z axes was 16.95  8.98 , 18.35  6.93  and 20.35  10.39 , respectively. Also, the total value of the effective vibration acceleration for the front handle was 32.34 14.88 . Measurements performed on the rear handle of the Impact wrench showed that the total value of effective vibration acceleration for the rear handle was 45.22  21.99 and the maximum effective acceleration measured was 28 on the Z axis. The mean effective acceleration of hand-arm vibration in the rear handle of the Impact wrench in the X, Y and Z axes was 22.85  12.79 , 25.2  8.78 and 28 15.9 , respectively.The mean effective vibration acceleration obtained after using felt in the tool handle on X, Y and Z axes was 7.1  1.33 , 8.25  1.69  and 7.2 ± 2.1 , respectively. The Vibration total value of effective acceleration of three-way vibration after using felt was 13.27  2.57 . The maximum vibration reduction was related to the Z axis. The mean effective vibration acceleration obtained after using elastomer in the Impact wrench category in X, Y and Z axes was 14.45  6.06 , 17.15   6.68 , 14.45  6.06 , respectively. The mean Vibration total value of effective three- axes vibration acceleration after elastomer use was 29.21  10.76 .The mean vibration acceleration of the 8-hour exposure of the Impact wrench with the exposure time of 1 hour per day is 16.38  7.58 and is higher than the allowable occupational exposure limit (5 ). The mean effective vibration acceleration of the 8-hour exposure after using felt whit Exposure time of 1 hour per day was 4.67  0.887 which is less than the allowable daily exposure limit and more than the action limit (2.5 ). The mean effective vibration acceleration of exposure 8 hours after elastomer use was 10.18  3.78, which is higher than the occupational exposure limit. effective vibration acceleration is equivalent to 8 hours of exposure  Comparison of the means of the three modes of the total value of effective vibration acceleration of Impact wrench vibration, the total value of effective vibration acceleration after felt application and the total value effective vibration acceleration after elastomer application in Impact wrench handle, showed that the reduction of effective hand-arm vibration acceleration by using felt and elastomer in Impact wrench is significant (P <0.05). Also, according to the obtained results, felt is more efficient than elastomer and reduces the effective acceleration of hand-arm vibration to a greater extent, which is also a significant reduction of vibration (P <0.05). Graph of changes in mean effective vibration acceleration Evaluation of the relationship between Impact wrench vibration total value with power (torque), weight and function life variables showed that there is a significant relationship between power (torque), Impact wrench and hand-arm vibration total value (p <0.05) and As the power increases, the vibration rate increases. But there was no significant relationship between the variables of Impact wrench weight and function life with the total value of effective acceleration of hand-arm vibration caused by Impact wrench.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of heavy machinery puncture workshop workers to hand-arm vibration caused by Impact wrenches and to provide control strategies. According to the results, the amount of hand-arm vibration caused by the Impact wrench is more than the allowable occupational exposure limit of the country and the highest vibration is in the rear handle of the Impact wrench and in the z axis (28). It is effective and increases the amount of hand-arm vibration by increasing it. The use of felt and elastomer in the Impact wrench category significantly reduced hand-arm vibration.The most effective acceleration of the hand-arm vibration was in the rear and front handles of the Impact wrench in the Z axis. The Z direction is along the length of the hand (from the fingertips to the arm) and when working with an Impact wrench is the maximum force and pressure applied to the back, i.e. in the direction of the hand. Therefore, most of the vibration is in the Z direction and in the same direction as the force generated by the Impact wrench.The maximum reduction in hand-arm vibration was by using felt on the Z axis and the maximum reduction was by using elastomer on the Y axis. Felt reduced by 70% and elastomer reduced by 43% the effective acceleration of hand-arm vibration caused by the Impact wrench. Although the results of repeated measures statistical tests showed that both coatings used in the Impact wrench handle significantly reduce hand-arm vibration caused by the Impact wrench, but the use of felt due to higher efficiency and the greatest reduction in hand - arm vibration in the Z axis (the maximum amount of vibration is caused by the Impact wrench in this axis) Can have a greater effect in reducing hand-arm vibration.According to the obtained results, the power or torque of the Impact wrench affects the vibration of the Impact wrench and with increasing torque, the amount of hand-arm vibration also increases. Statistical analysis by linear regression method also showed a significant relationship between Impact wrench strength and effective vibration acceleration (P <0.05), but there was no significant relationship between vibration and two variables of weight and function life. The amount of use of the Impact wrench during its function life is important and with the increase of the operating time of the Impact wrench, its power decreases so that in some cases it does not have the necessary efficiency to open and close the screws and employees are forced to change their Impact wrench. On the other hand, it is possible to increase the vibration rate by increasing the function life of the Impact wrench and the Depreciation of its parts. It seems that these two issues, i.e. increasing the Depreciation of parts and decreasing the power of the Impact wrench, neutralize the effect of each other on the resulting vibration. As a result, increasing the function life of the Impact wrench does not have a significant effect on hand-arm vibration.

In heavy machine puncture workshops, the level of daily occupational exposure of employees with hand-arm vibration caused by Impact wrenches is higher than the allowable occupational exposure of the country. The use of felt in the handle of the Impact wrench reduced by 70% and the elastomer reduced the vibration of the hand-arm by 43%, so the use of elastomer coatings and especially felt in the tool handle can be a good way to control the effective acceleration of hand-arm vibration.

  The changing nature of work in today's world has caused a large number of people to be engaged in sedentary jobs. In such cases, lack of physical activity can lead to non-communicable diseases and increase morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to provide a step-by-step descriptive design, implementation, and evaluation of a physical activity promotion program in the workplace using an intervention mapping approach.

Methods and Materials:

 In this study, evidence-based and theory-based intervention design, guided by the steps of an intervention mapping approach, to promote physical activity in the workplace is described.

Physical activity intervention was performed based on workplace as well as individual and interpersonal, environmental, and organizational goals. Interventions include using the Ministry's gym for all employees, consulting with sports experts and instructors, increasing the Ministry's sport administration programs, holding a cultural festival for the participation and cooperation of all managers, employees and their families, photography, and painting competitions, and helping physical activity assistants for follow-up and feedback. Communication channels included posters, pamphlets, labels, motion graphics, stands, booklets, and movies.

Intervention mapping ensures transparency of all components of the intervention and provides a systematic, theory-based, and evidence-based approach to interventions development in the sedentary behavior changes among employees.

The Covid 19 epidemic has become one of the most important health system challenges in the world. This epidemic, in addition to death and disability, has come at a high cost. The aim of this study was to identify the methods of calculating the burden of Covid 19 disease.

The present study performed by systematic review method. All articles related to the Covid disease burden reviewed in five databases and two search engines by May 1921. Nine articles analyzed in the final analysis.

Nine studies from December 2019 to April 2021 examined and calculated the burden of Covid-19 disease. 5 studies were published in 2020 and 4 studies in 2021. The studies were conducted in China, the United States, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Brazil and Iran. The costs of this disease were classified into medical and non-medical costs. Due to the emergence of this disease and the lack of sufficient knowledge about this disease, there are fundamental limitations in conducting economic burden studies of this epidemic.

Access to information is the most important prerequisite for these studies. Therefore, the method of disease management, information and diagnostic cases at the national level is very effective in calculating the economic burden of this disease. The requirements, limitations and basic framework of calculations in estimating the economic burden of this disease should be considered by researchers and policy makers of the health system.

Human resources are considered as a major component of the health sector.  this study estimates the number of midwives required in maternity wards in hospitals by using the WISN method.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in three hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran using the WISN method in 2019. The workload and the standard working time were determined through holding expert meetings; the timing methods were used to test and verify the standard working time; available working time was determined through holding meetings with personnel affairs experts, studying the relevant laws and regulations and personnel system information; and the actual workload was determined based on information management system and information registries. Microsoft Excel was used to analyze WISN data and Stata (version 19) was used to analyze statistical data.

10 factors related to midwifes’ available working time were identified. Annual available working time for midwives in the studied hospitals was 1378 hours per year. In this study, labor, delivery, recovery and postpartum, recovery after cesarean care, and new born cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were identified as the main activities of midwives. The results have shown that the Centre hospital and the educational hospital faced with 2 and 13 midwifes shortage, respectively, while the non-educational hospital had 2 surplus midwives.

The results showed that although both center and educational hospitals are faced with a shortage of midwifery staff, in comparison of working pressure, midwives in the educational hospital are under more pressure than the midwifes in the center hospital; so staffing in the educational hospital is a top priority. so workforce recruitment has a significant role in these hospitals.

Occupational and social exposures to covid-19 are among the significant stressors that threaten the health of Healthcare workers (HCWs) in various dimensions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Corona disease anxiety and the general health of  health care workers in the summer of 2021.

Methods and Materials:

 This is a descriptive correlational study[k1]  that was conducted in 2020. Sampling was done by the available method. Study samples he samples [k2] included 170 HCWShealthcare workers. Data were collected using tools such as the Demographic Questionnaire, the Corona disease Anxiety Scale(C-19 AS) and the General Health Questionnaire. The data were collected using porsline software (online). Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS 16 statistical software using the Kruskal-Wallis test, U Mann-Whitney test, Spearman correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. The significance level was P<0.05.

There was a positive and significant relationship between Corona disease anxiety and general health (p<0.01), and the variables of physical anxiety (β coefficient = -0.233) and marital status (β coefficient = -0.147) had the highest regression effect on public health.

health policymakers and managers of health care systems take preventive and curative measures such as providing psychological counseling and implementing training programs such as problem-solving skills training and resilience when necessary, especially for married healthcare workers to reduce the level of Corona disease anxiety do.

Consumption of smokeless tobacco products annually causes the death of more than 250 thousand people worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of transtheoretical model education on the temptation / self-efficacy of smokeless tobacco products among guild traders.

In this quasi-experimental study, 320 guild traders were studied by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was used after confirming its validity and reliability. Intervention strategies included group discussions with videos and photos related to the destructive effects of smokeless tobacco products on general health and oral health, using data projectors and PowerPoint. After 6 months from the intervention, the questionnaire information was collected again and finally the data were analyzed in SPSS 20 software using descriptive and analytical tests.

In the pre-intervention phase, the mean scores of temptation/ selfefficacy in pre-contemplation stage were 16.63± 1.59, 16.45 ±1.51 contemplation and 13.28±0.48 readiness, but in the next phase, from the intervention, the mean scores of this structure in individuals in the pre-contemplation stage decreased to 9.97±2.09, contemplation to 9.94±2.26 and readiness to 10.61±2.18, and there was a significant difference between this structure and the changes were observed (P-Value <0.001).

By designing and implementing interventions based on the transtheoretical model, the temptation of people consuming these products can be reduced at different stages of change and their self-efficacy to overcome tempting situations can be increased.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly effects on health of workforce as the most important source of manpower in maintaining business and the community economy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 and its effective factors among industry practitioners in industrial areas.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran industrial city from October to December 2020. Data from 494 practitioner’s industry were collected through survey questionnaire including demographic and a 35-item questionnaire to assess the status of knowledge, attitude and practices to the COVID-19 prevention guidelines. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts of Occupational health and Epidemiology and performed by two relative content validity coefficients, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI), which were 0.78 and 0.85, respectively. Additionally, reliability was proved through a pilot study to calculate Cronbach’s alpha and determined to be 0.81. Descriptive analyses and chi-square tests and Pearson rank correlation analyses were performed to determine factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19. Data analysis was performed using STATA software version 17 with a significance level of P <0. 05.

The mean and standard deviation of practitioner’s knowledge was 19.68 ± 3.55, their attitude was 14.74 ± 3.45 and their performance was 7.97 ± 0.91. Educational level (r=0.19, p=0.015) and marital status as employees (r=0.24, p=0.042) were directly correlated with attitude and practice, respectively. Also, the results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between knowledge and attitude (r = 0.11, P = 0.01) and attitude and practice (r = 0.98, P = 0.001).

The results of the present study showed the need to increase awareness through training courses and positive attitude of the studied practitioner in order to strengthen suitable practices and motivate them to take appropriate preventive measures against COVID-19.

Road traffic accidents are one of the serious public health problems in the world that need to be prevented. Socio-economic status is one of the important factors related to traffic accidents. The incidence and mortality rate of traffic accidents also vary between different countries and even within a country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the severity of traffic accident injuries and socio-economic factors.

This study was a cross-sectional study involving 310 drivers caring following an accident in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia, Iran in 2020. The trauma severity scale of ISS ((Injury Severity Score) and the statistical model of rank logistic regression were used for this study.

Data showed a positive and significant relationship between the severity of injury and socioeconomic factors including marital status (OR = 2.306, P = 0.024), education for high school (OR = 19.066, P = 0.013), and diploma (OR = 5.549, P = 0.011), household monthly income for 12.5 to 25 million Rials (OR = 4.87, P = 0.068), and for 25 to 37.5 million Rials (OR = 4.46, P = 0.079), occupation (OR = 2.491, P = 0.088), car monetary value for 0-550 million Rials (OR = 13.986, P = 0.001), and for 550-1100 million Rials (OR = 3.284, P = 0.016),  as well  the share of health care costs for 0-20% (OR = 22.389, P = 0.001) and  for 20%-40% (OR = 3.664 P = 0.001), while was not a significant association between the severity of injury and age (OR =0.889, P = 0.367), gender (OR = 1.391, P = 0.598), and monetary value of housing.

The data indicate that there was a relationship between most of the socio-economic factors and the severity of injury. Based on the results, intervention programs on marital status, upgrading education, increasing monthly household income, improving working and occupational status, improving monetary value and car safety, and increasing the share of health and care costs in total expenditures is recommended.

Sleep is one of the physiological necessities of the body that is effective in maintaining the balance of the body's biological activities and maintaining the normal function of memory and cognitive skills. Less than 7 hours of sleep may decrease the quality of people's performance. Shift working is one of the most common reasons for reduced sleep quality among workers, which can disturb the normal sleep cycle(1). Irregularities in the sleep-wake cycle also lead to increased fatigue and mental health problems by increasing the secretion of the hormone adrenaline into the bloodstream. Shift working is work activities outside the usual timetable, which is especially common in social jobs. It is estimated that about 20% of the world's workforce is in the shift working group. The results of epidemiological studies showed that the incidence of adverse health consequences due to shift working is higher compared to day-working. Shift working can cause cardiovascular problems, gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, fertility problems, increased risk of thyroid cancer, mood swings, and other health effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) also classifies shift working in Group A2 as "probably carcinogenic to humans"(2). Shift working is an effective factor for the rate of health problems. Prolonged shift working time increases the risk of disease and can increase the intention to leave and burnout at work.The shift working as the most common pattern of working hours in the railway industry(3) has developed to increase the quality of life of metro passengers and thereby facilitate a more efficient transportation and movement of passengers in metropolitan areas. The transformation of intercity passenger transportation spaces from land-based to underground models has put the construction and operation of new metro lines as a subset of the railway industry on the government agenda. In this regard, Tehrans' municipality administrators have improved transportation conditions and increased metro lines in the urban development program. The increase in underground rail lines will be accompanied by an increase in the need for subway operators to attend unusual work hours. The results of recent studies demonstrated that subway operators have lower quality and sleep hours compared to other shift working jobs. On the other hand, the need for constant monitoring of the environment, information, and decision-making processes is estimated to be very high for metro drivers, which could cause mental and physical fatigue and reduced job satisfaction. In the present study, relying on the importance of providing and maintaining health and safety in the metro drivers, the effect of the shift working on sleepiness and the occurrence of health and mood effects in drivers of Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Co was investigated.

363 Tehran metro drivers from lines 4, and 5 were selected by a census method and they were informed about the study and their consent were obtained in a special form. All study participants were divided into the control group (day workers) and case group (shift workers with fixed shifts of 9 or 12 hours). Their psychometric properties and sleep disorders were surveyed by the Survey of Shift workers (SOS) questionnaire(4) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)(5) questionnaire, respectively. The validity of the SOS questionnaire was confirmed on 100 participants in the present study with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.72. The information about demographic characteristics of workers, shift working pattern, job satisfaction, mental and psychological disorders, health problems, sleep disorders, the effect of shift work on individual and social living conditions were obtained by SOS questionnaire. The ESS questionnaire with 8 questions and a scoring range of 0 to 3 examines the possibility of a person taking a shut-eye at work. In this questionnaire, the total scores obtained between 0-6, 7-10, 11-15, and 16-24 indicate adequate sleep, mild, severe, and dangerous sleepiness, respectively. The validity of the ESS questionnaire in the present study was equal to 0.93. The short-term physical effects of shift work in this study were also evaluated by an occupational physician during a clinical checkups and health problems related to shift working were recorded in the quarter before the study. In the medical checkup, questions related to digestive problems (anorexia, stomach pain, nausea, heartburn, indigestion, bloating, abdominal pain, and defecation disorders), cardiovascular problems (tachycardia, chest discomfort, dizziness, shortness of breath, high or low blood pressure, and arrhythmia), immune system problems (recurrent infectious diseases, long recovery period after illness), musculoskeletal disorders (shoulder and back pain, waist, arms, ankles, and knees) were asked. SPSS v.19 statistical software was used to analyze the data of the present study. Descriptive analysis and independent t-test were used at a significance level of 5% to express the frequency distribution and analyze the relationship between job factors and the effects of shift working.

All participants in the study were male with a mean age of 31.1 ± 4.5 years (the range of 21- 58 years) and a mean work experience of 6.2 ± 4.3 years ((the range of 1 - 12 years). The results of the statistical test showed that there were no statistically significant differences in age based on the mean age variable between shift working group (case) and day working groups (control) and also between the two shift working pattern (9 hours (6:00 to 15:00) or 12 hours (6:00 to 18:00)) (p-value> 0.05). The work experience in the 12-hour shift working group was statistically significantly higher than the 9-hour shift working group (p-value = 0.03) which, was not statistically different from the control group.The results of clinical checkup showed that stomach pain (62.8%) and bloating (67.6%) were the main digestive problems in train drivers. The stomach pain in the case group was significantly higher than the control group and working time was identified as an effective factor for these consequences. Chest pain (56%), shortness of breath during activity (77.8%), pain in the shoulder/neck (84.6%), waist/back (85.7%), and leg/knee (81.9%) %) were the most common problems reported in train drivers, which showed a significant difference with the control group (p-value <0.05). The increase in shift work hours was associated with a significant increase in shortness of breath and chest pain, but this difference in the rate of complaints of musculoskeletal pain among different shift working pattern was not significant (p-value <0.05). Increased chances of recurrent infectious diseases in 78.5% and long recovery period were reported in 75.8% of the participants in the case group, which did not show a significant difference with the control group. Increasing the working time from 9 to 12 hours did not affect the incidence rate and length of the recovery period of infectious diseases (p-value <0.05).Decreased quality of social life in the case group showed a statistically significant difference from the control group (p-value = 0.006). Most shift workers reported their work hours interfering with family life conditions and leisure activities. The effect of increasing shift work hours on the quality of social life was not significant (p-value <0.05). However, self-reports of the case population with shift durations of 9-12 hours compared with the control population, stating mood changes such as irritability, nervousness, and feelings of misery and guilt did not show a significant difference (p-value <0.05). Similarly, the results obtained from the self-reports of all the study participants (the case and control groups) did not show a statistically significant difference in the rate of fatigue and sleepiness during work in different shift working patterns (p-value <0.05). Comparing the job satisfaction of the case and control population using the SOS questionnaire demonstrated a statistically significant difference (p-value=0.006). The results also showed the optimum rate for the control group was 89.5%, while the corresponding rate was 59.3% for shift workers. And, increasing shift hours was effective statistically significant in reducing their job satisfaction (p value=0.016).The effect of demographic characteristics of age and work experience on the incidence of musculoskeletal pain in the waist/back and arm /hand, recurrent infectious diseases and long recovery period, mood changes, job satisfaction, fatigue, and sleepiness in the two groups 9 and 12 hours shift workers were not statistically significant (p-value <0.05). Increased age and work experience were associated with an increase in the rate of stomach pain, chest pain and shortness of breath, decreased quality of sleep and social life, and increased pain in the shoulder/neck and leg/knee in the shift working groups (p-value <0.05).

Railway drivers typically have heavy workloads and mental loads, and often they are shift workers. Work time is often a major challenge for workers because it requires balancing between productivity and sleep time. Most shift activities lead to chronic sleep deprivation that leads to the discrepancy between rest times and working time, which leads to decreased efficiency, mood swings, and fatigue, and sleepiness. The results of the present study also showed that shift working patterns compared to day-working can be associated with negative effects on workplace awareness, social living conditions, job satisfaction, and health problems such as musculoskeletal pain, gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. The increased duration of working hours from 9 to 12 hours showed an intensification shift work complications. The metro drivers of the Tehran Urban & Suburban Railway Company mainly complained of stomach and chest pain. Gastrointestinal disorders in shift workers are related to various factors such as diet disturbance, psychosocial stress, lack of sleep, and also disturbance of the body's circadian rhythm, which can lead to stomach pain by reducing acidity and gastric emptying. Walton et al. also reported chest pain, palpitations, headaches, guilt, and shame from acute stress in metro drivers that were improved by changing shift working patterns(6). The higher rate of musculoskeletal disorders in shift workers compared to the control group in the present study can be due to several reasons. Some researchers believe that the presence of vibration in the cabin of train drivers, unsuitable postures during activity, and working stress are the main causes of musculoskeletal pain in metro drivers. Vitamin D deficiency in jobs with closed environments and away from natural sunlight is another factor that may increase the risk of musculoskeletal, mental, and autoimmune disorders. In other studies, increasing age has been introduced as an effective factor for the prevalence of physical symptoms in shift workers, which was contrary to the results of this study. The reason for this discrepancy can be related to the low distribution of age variables in this study population. Because most of the participants were in the young age group.The results of the present study showed that the rate of infectious diseases and longer recovery period in shift workers is higher than the control group, which could be related to disruption of the sleep-wake cycle in shift workers. The results of scientific research show that stress and anxiety, especially irregular sleep-wake cycles, can lead to higher rates of viral infectious diseases such as colds and longer recovery periods. Lack of sleep in the body can cause changes in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and inadequate expression of the immune gene, activation of the sympathetic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathways, and an increase in the secretion of the hormone cortisol. The abnormal secretion of the hormone causes stress and disruption of the immune system, which increases the risk of viral diseases. Mood changes and quality of social life in the present study did not show significant differences between the shift workers and the control group. However, the complaints' rate in the shift workers was higher than in the control group. Hege et al. showed that shift workers as transit drivers could cause conflict between work and life and increase family and social problems compared to other workers(7). Déme et al. also believe that the need for sleep and rest during the daily activities of their family members could be the reasons for the conflict between work and life in shift workers(8). Mood disorders due to lack of sleep also were recognized in most studies as one of the most common complaints in shift workers, which is associated with increased levels of anxiety and depression.In the present study, sleepiness in the shift workers and control group did not show a significant difference, which could be related to the nature of the work of metro drivers and rapid changes in the work environment. However, studies by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) showed that sleep deprivation is related to negative health effects and identified shift workers as a vulnerable population. The sleep pattern in the shift workers often exposes them more to unwanted sound and inappropriate lighting and reduces their quality of sleep, which in many cases causes chronic insomnia in shift workers. Some researchers have pointed to sleeplessness in shift workers compared to day workers and believe this can cause depression and job dissatisfaction. Sleep deprivation and chronic fatigue could lead to negative effects on job performance and social functions of individuals having increased mood swings. Numerous factors such as light and heat in the train cabin, an inadequate pattern of work/rest, and lack of sleep at night can affect the aggravation of fatigue and sleepiness in metro drivers. Although Hu and Lodewijks pointed out in their study the occurrence of fatigue is not necessarily associated with sleeplessness but, it may play a role in the negative consequences of shift working and exhibit increased dissatisfaction and reduced quality of life.The decrease in job satisfaction in shift workers in the present study was consistent with many scientific studies in this field. Wei et al. identified shift work patterns and long working hours as a cause of work-life conflict in train drivers and could affect the status of their job satisfaction. The results of this study also showed that increasing the duration of shift work of metro drivers can be a deterministic factor for the consequences of working patterns. On the other hand, an increase in shift work duration increased their fatigue rate. Johnston et al. showed that fatigue increased slightly during the first 4 hours of the shift but doubled at the end of working time with 12 hours. Work-related fatigue is a natural human response that can occur due to limited physical/mental energy resources and can change their level of attention and motivation. Hülsheger also believes that the fatigue pattern, especially in people with sleep deprivation, follows a quadratic equation that leads to increased fatigue and will lead to a wide range of chronic diseases.

The present study demonstrated that the shift work patterns in the Tehran urban and suburban railway drivers could cause sleepiness and increase the incidence of health disorders. And, such phenomenon was intensified by increasing the working time from 9 hours to 12 hours. The need to increase the awareness of metro drivers for improving passenger safety is one of the goals that should be taken into account in planning the work pattern system. Hence some modifications in management control measures are needed for improving working conditions and satisfaction of metro drivers. Further studies for identifying the impact of demographic and environmental characteristics on the health effects of shift workers could be beneficial for their working conditions.

Nowadays, due to the increase in violence against emergency medical technicians and the adverse effects of these behaviors on physical and mental health, as well as employee productivity, it seems necessary to investigate occupational violence and try to reduce it. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the level of violence in the workplace against emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and related factors.

Methods and Materials:

 This was a cross-sectional study performed on 204 emergency medical technicians of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was census. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical tests including chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance using Stata software.

The response rate was 19.2%. Findings showed that 78.92% of the subjects in the past year have experienced at least one type of violence. The most common type of violence was verbal violence. 70.10% of the violence occurred at the scene of accident and the patient's family was the main group of perpetrators of violence (59.31%). There was a significant relationship between the rate of physical violence with the rate of verbal and cultural violence (P-value≤0.05).

Emergency medical technicians are always exposed to different types of occupational violence, so training in violence management and communication skills, as well as follow-up of violence by the relevant authorities, is recommended to reduce the violence.

The COVID-19 pandemic put a lot of strain on staff and the health care system. The aim of this study was to determine the stressors in nurses involved in caring for COVID-19 patients in the hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on nurses working in the care of COVID-19 patients (Rohani and Yahainejad hospitals) in Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2020. The number of samples was estimated using Cochran's statistical formula was 224 people. Then, the proportion of nurses involved in corona in each hospital, stratified sampling of corona departments was done. Data collection tools were a researcher-made questionnaire. The Stressors Questionnaire in Nurses was in five areas (interpersonal, patient care, physical and environmental, individual and managerial) and the questionnaire was about the demographic characteristics. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and parametric statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance and independent t-test were also performed in the absence of non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.

Physical and environmental stressors with an average of 29±10.12 and the patient care stressors with 13.38±5.02 had the highest and lowest intensities of stress, respectively. The most important stressors in nurses are insufficient support (68.2%), high workload (63.9%), tight work schedule (63.5%), heaviness and discomfort of the nurse with protective clothing and boots (63.3%), lack of nurses (61.5%), lack of suitable space to change protective clothing (60.2%), etc. Nurses' occupational stressors were significantly associated with gender, work experience and type of hospital, physical and environmental stressors with shift work, interpersonal stressors with education and patient care stressors with overtime (P<0/05).

Since physical and environmental factors were recognized as the most source of stressors, with appropriate measures, it is possible to eliminate or correct these factors, to help reduce stress and improve the health of nurses.

Occupational events that sometimes occur due to improper safety management can have a significant impact on workers' productivity; Therefore, by improving the habits and increasing the level of awareness of workers, behavioral safety can be achieved; Because people play a central role in managing their health, they can prevent risks with a range of individual, environmental, and organizational activities in which occupational health literacy is a key factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between occupational health literacy and safety behavior with the mediating role of health.

The cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population is made up of the employees of 15 units of Imidro's mining industry, from which 283 people were selected by random sampling. They answered the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) Goldberg (1989), Safety Behavior Mahdi Nia (2016) and Occupational Health Literacy (TOHLS-IF) Suthakorn (2020). The research data were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS and AMOS software.

The results with values (AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.949, RMSEA = 0.036) indicated a good fit of the model. Based on direct coefficients of the relationship between occupational health literacy and health (β = -0.369, p <0.01), occupational health literacy and safety behavior (β = 0.483, P <0.01), safety and health behavior (β= -0.592, P <0.01) was significant. Therefore, in the indirect coefficient study with Bootstrap test, considering the role of health mediator, the relationship between occupational health literacy and employee safety behavior (β= 0.218, P <0.01) was significantly evaluated.

Utilization of health factors can be used as a determining factor in the impact of occupational health literacy on the safety behavior of mining workers to reduce occupational hazards and achieve a more desirable level of safety.

post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the most important complications of war in people with war experience, which makes them susceptible to secondary mental illnesses. The present study aimed to predict post-traumatic stress Based on the religious beliefs of the warriors defending the shrine, it was done.

This research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population in this study was all the warriors who defended the shrine in the number of 11650 people. The study sample was determined based on the formula of Fidel and Topaching and 106 people were selected by the available sampling method. The data was collected using the Golzari religious beliefs questionnaire and the military version of the post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire, then it was analyzed using the simultaneous linear regression test and SPSS version 22 software.

The results showed that post-injury stress can be negatively predicted based on religious beliefs in warriors defending the shrine (p < 0.01). Also, all components of post-traumatic stress, including emotional numbness, signs of arousal and re-experience, can be inversely predicted based on religious beliefs in warriors defending the shrine (p < 0.01).

Conclussion:

 Based on the results of the research, those who have higher religious attitudes and more spirituality are less emotionally numb and have better mental health. By increasing people's religious attitudes, the level of their anxiety and stress decreases.

Covid-19 disease has shocked the lives of developed and developing societies and has affected various aspects of individual and social life of citizens by creating devastating and irreparable effects. While everyone was counting down the hours to get treatment for the disease, the unveiling of emergency-licensed vaccines sparked a variety of social and legal issues. In Iran, according to the decision of the National Corona Management Headquarters, government employees along with some other groups of people were obliged to be vaccinated, and absenteeism was the punishment of deniers. Consequently, legal validity of these enactments has also been discussed by scholars. Clarifying the position of domestic law and international human rights regarding mandatory vaccination can have an effect on persuading citizens and whether or not to do vaccination. central issue of the following research is the evaluation of compulsory vaccination according to the provisions of Iranian law and the rules of international human rights. Based on library resources and in a descriptive-analytical method, it was concluded that according to the laws and regulations of Iran, the obligation to vaccinate and in particular the provision of punishment is within the competence of the Parliament and according to the Charter of Patients' Rights They were required to provide information about the vaccine and its effects, and to monitor the health status of individuals during and after the injection. In international law, it is also possible to make specific treatments mandatory, such as vaccinations under the right to health, in order to guarantee the right to life in the event of an epidemic. In addition, although this requirement conflicts with citizens' right to privacy, international law provides for restrictions on individual rights to ensure public health, subject to conditions such as appropriateness and necessity.

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a risk-management method used in industries promote the safety of processes and systems. Fuzzy multi-criteria decision methods are methods that choose the best option from several different criteria. The purpose of this article is to assess the risk using the FMEA method based on stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) - relative-entropy (RE) - VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods in an urban gateway gas pressure reduction station.

In this descriptive-analytical study, SWARA fuzzy methods were used to determine the weight of risk factors, RE was used to weigh team members, and VIKOR was employed to rank failure modes, such that these modes were identified and evaluated based on the opinion of four experts with at least five years of experience. At the end, the sensitivity and comparative analysis of the proposed approach was performed.

Six failure modes were identified in the main equipment of Darveza Shahri gas pressure reduction station. The failure mode of the regulator, filter, and the odorize system ranked first, second, and third in terms of risk priority. The risk intensity index had a higher priority than other indices. Twelve sensitivity analysis tests were performed, and the failure mode of the regulator and the heater were the least and the most sensitive, respectively. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity and comparative analysis supported the validity of the proposed approach.

According to the results of SWARA, RE and VIKOR fuzzy methods, the proposed approach eliminates the problem of the same weights of risk factors, the uncertainty in the data (experts' opinions) and the prioritization of failure modes, compared to the traditional FMEA method. It can also prioritize risks more effectively.

In the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global burden on health care systems increased significantly (1), And led to unprecedented changes in the organization and provision of health care at the national, systemic, and organizational levels. Nurses are recognized worldwide as a focal point for health care in a pandemic field (2). Nurses are at the forefront of care and are more vulnerable. Life-threatening situations during the outbreak of Covid-19 make the nurse's physical and mental condition very stressful (3). A developing body of research highlights deep concerns about the impact of work during the Covid-19 pandemic on this group’s health and well-being. Until today, thousands of healthcare professionals around the world have died from Covid-19 (4). There is also evidence of high levels of psychological stress and burnout due to a sudden increase in demand and the resulting workload (2). On the other hand, during the crisis, people are trying to adapt to the new normal conditions; while health care personnel, including nurses, are still struggling under the heavy burden of the pandemic, many of them become ill themselves due to lack of protective equipment and constant exposure to the virus during hours of daily contact with patients (5).Nurses face major problems in this situation such as lack of nurses, beds and medical equipment including personal protective equipment and psychological changes and fear of critical infection. Further research is needed to explore the experiences of front-line nurses for further development, preparedness and responsive actions for the future (6). Checking the issues that nurses face during the battle with COVID-19 helps to support them and develops protocols and programs to improve their preparedness. The implications of these findings may help provide support and identify the needs of nurses (5). Nurses have a vital role in providing rapid and creative solutions; since their opinions to determine research priorities are mostly not determined, the need for more information in this regard can be beneficial to patients and their families (2). Determining research priorities is critical to the practice of the nursing profession that uses evidence to provide optimal care (5). Determining research priorities is considered as a key point and the beginning of the research management cycle, so that practical issues are determined according to the limitation of budget allocation (7) and it can make more connection between research topics in nursing with the government and investment institutions and provide services and regulate research and prevent uncoordinated and scattered nursing research (which leads to inefficiency and rework) (8). Using these priorities can be useful in organizing the nurses' response to COVID-19. Also, setting research priorities in Corona nursing can be effective in compiling health policies and innovations. On the other hand, the existing COVID-19 nursing cannot be depicted without information (2). ). Based on the Research Committee overall review of COVID-19 in IRAN, the three main areas of clinical management, health measures and socio-economic responses and eight sub-areas of screening and testing, drug treatment, intensive care, prophylaxis, prognosis, management Clinical effects of pandemic on health, infection prevention and personal protection have been identified (9). However, until today, despite the abundance of research activities, there has been no coordinated approach to attract nursing priorities for research during the Covid-19 pandemic (2), so the present study aims to determine the nursing research priorities in the Covid-19 pandemic in Iran- designed with Delphi technique.

Materials:

This is a descriptive modified classical Delphi study that was conducted to determine Corona nursing research priorities. The Delphi technique is a structured process for predicting and assisting decision-making during survey rounds, gathering information, and ultimately group consensus (10). The purpose of using the Delphi method is to identify one or a limited range of numerical estimates of corona nursing research priorities. The researchers, first by reviewing the related texts extracted a list of research topics and sub-topics (questionnaire design).   Then, a group of 55 experts (considering 25% dropouts)  with at least three years of experience were selected purposefully from people in charge in the field of corona nursing, including members of the nursing board of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, nursing members in the corona headquarters, heads of all research centers and managers of nursing department, vice chancellors of a number of nursing and midwifery schools in Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Yazd, Sari, Ahvaz, Hamedan, Urmia, hormozgan and Zahedan. The individuals were included in the study with their own consent and agreement after their contact number and postal address were extracted. Subsequently Delphi steps were performed after compiling the initial questionnaire and identifying the group of experts. The questionnaire consisting of three parts: The first part includes personal characteristics including age, gender, educational and clinical background, type of responsibility, education, and place of activity. The second part includes a list of research topics for prioritization with a scale of 1 to 3(low (1) - medium (2) - high (3).The third section includes an open-ended question to prioritize other research topics that, according to participants, were not considered in the suggested list. The designed questionnaire was sent to eligible samples to determine the priority of the items in the questionnaire based on the criteria to express their opinions regarding the degree of importance from 1-3. The questionnaires were distributed by e-mail or in person along with a letter in which the objectives of the project, the application of the results and the deadline for submitting the answer were specified. An online questionnaire prepared via WhatsApp was also sent for those who did not respond. The samples were continuously followed up by phone and SMS to answer within the specified time.After receiving the questionnaires, quantitative data were analyzed by calculating the mean and standard deviation of the response score for each of the topics with SPSS software version 21. Also, after qualitative analysis by content analysis method, new items were set up in different areas and some cases were merged based on participants’ opinions in the open-ended question.  Based on the analysis of the results, the items that were given a score of 2 or higher were identified as a priority and were listed based on a higher mean and less standard deviation. In the second stage, the issues raised in the first stage were submitted to the experts in the form of a questionnaire to determine the degree of their agreement with the priority of each case with a score from 1 to 7. At this stage, the issues were included in the list if they had a degree of agreement higher than 5. At the end of this phase, the final list of COVID-19 nursing research priorities in Iran was extracted.

Out of 55 invited people, 30 people participated in the first round and 20 people accompanied the study until the end of the second round. 55% of participants were female and 45% were male. The mean age of the samples was 52.2(+_8.37) years. 100% of the participants had a doctorate degree in nursing. In terms of professional work experience, the samples had an average of 8.8(+_ 9.84) years of clinical work experience and 23.1(+_7.78) years of educational work experience.The initial draft of the research priorities list extracted from documents in six areas included 87 priorities as follows: Emotional psychology (16 items), educational research (16 items), nursing management (18 items), nursing care (13 items), prevention and epidemiology (18 items) and health technology (6 items).In the first round of the study, 30 out of 55 invited individuals (54% response rate) answered the first round questionnaire .In this way, 19 items were removed, 8 items were merged and 13 items were added and finally 77 research priorities were extracted and formed the basis of the second round structured questionnaire. In the second round of the study, with repeated follow-ups, 20 individuals (67% response rate) completed the questionnaire of this stage of the study .all subjects had a degree of agreement higher than 5 in all items. The results of the Delphi study in response to the first and second round questionnaires led to the completion of priorities from 87 priorities to 77 final priorities. They were finally listed in order of priority in each of the six areas of emotional psychology (8 items), educational research area (16 items), nursing management area (16 items), nursing care area (11 cases), prevention and epidemiology area (21 items), and the field of managerial health technology (6 items) (Table 1-7).

Based on the results of this study, nursing research priorities were determined in six areas .These priorities can be a framework for research in the field of corona nursing in the country. As nurses play a specific and broad role in health care planning and service delivery in response to the level of health service demand and changing patterns, the nursing profession is increasingly at the forefront of research, clinical and Health services policy (11). This study in line with previous studies (4) showed that mental health is an important area for the sustainability of health and nursing services during the pandemic. Nurses and health visitors are in an ideal position to develop and provide focused psychological interventions to patients and the public. Also, a growing body of evidence of the negative impacts of this pandemic on the mental health of the nursing workforce is emerging, necessitating research to improve long-term resilience and well-being in the context of more optimal staff conditions (12,13,14). On the other hand, the unprecedented psychological problems and social health challenges associated with this terrible pandemic are important issues that require further scientific research and evaluation and scientific solutions to mental health (15). Findings of the study showed that due to the high prevalence of patients' mental problems, even after recovery from COVID-19, a comprehensive study of mental health is needed to improve their quality of life (16). The development of remote practical plans of nursing care during the pandemic and presenting information technology solutions in nursing education during the Covid-19 pandemic had a high priority in this study. The need for research on technology in nursing has started since 20 years ago and it has been used to support daily care, help patients interact and also educate them (5). Therefore, distance nursing has become an essential component of nursing care. Nursing care has been provided directly or virtually during the Covid-19 pandemic. Today the majority of people use virtual nursing care in the community if possible. Therefore, the concept of virtual care and the model of nursing care with non-verbal communication should be developed and examined. (17). This study highlighted the priority for focused research on occupational hazards and safety (environment, nurse, and patients) in the field of prevention and epidemiology. The World Health Organization agrees that alternative approaches to reducing the shortage of personal protective equipment should be based on scientific evidence and the principles of safe care (18). This approach is vitally important because concerns about personal protective equipment may arise not only from nurses' personal safety issues, but also from other patients and the transmission of the virus to other people outside the workplace (4). In a study, in order to determine a model for research priorities in the Corona pandemic, the need for research on social psychology to plan preventive measures has been emphasized (19) ,and in this regard, the image of nurses in society and the media can affect the fulfillment of their role(5).Research related to human resource management and equipment and crisis management had a high priority in this research. Undoubtedly, we must plan for a future with a sufficient number of nurses from now on, and the entire nursing staff must be paid better (20). There is also a generation gap to replace retired nurses. Designing staff models and innovative human resource strategies are essential to replace the new forces. In addition, organizational commitment among nurses needs further consideration due to high workload, low pay, high patient / nurse ratio, and other factors (21). Lack of manpower and medical equipment and resources such as personal protective equipment is the second most important category that nurses stated in the evidence, facing covid-19, which has led to the spread of infection among physicians and nurses and their death (22). During the Covid-19 pandemic, the training section was one of the most vulnerable (23). To deal with the consequences of the closure of educational centers and the cessation of educational processes, learners and professors in all stages had no choice but to use e-learning in various forms (24). E-learning in nursing education may affect patients' health. There is little consistency between the content, the educational method and the goals of the university (26). Another problem in this section is related to the practical nature of some courses that cannot be presented online (27). Therefore, innovative teaching-learning strategies, utilizing the experience of students and faculty from distance education, educating the patient and their families, and developing an educational guideline are among the priority items that should be considered. In this study, research in the field of nursing services for patients with COVID-19 at the time of hospitalization and after discharge at home as well as dying patients was given high priority. Families felt a deep sadness for the death of their loved ones who died alone. It is necessary to check and follow up these families and the impact of palliative care (4). One of the strengths of this study was the presence of experts and the use of the Delphi method to reach a consensus to determine priorities. The Delphi method was used with the spread of samples in Iran, which strengthens the validity and generalizability of research priorities.This study confirms the pivotal role of nurses in the continuous development of health care services by identifying priority fields that can be the basis for care measures and nursing practices at the national level. It is suggested that the identified research priorities in each of the areas be examined separately and that clinical nurses be used to review future research priorities. Conducting research in the areas identified in this study could guide future nursing research and the allocation of research grants and subsequently lead to the development of nursing knowledge; it could also improve patient outcomes and the quality of nursing care and ultimately lead to maintaining and promoting the health of the individual, family and community. It is recommended that nursing research in the post-corona period be continued due to the effects of this pandemic in the psychological and social fields on nurses and patients.

In this study, the research-nursing priorities of COVID-19 were determined in Iran, via Delphi method, based on nursing experts' opinion in various fields. Developed research priorities could guide the study audience in selecting topics and focusing on future research activities even in the post-corona period. Also purposefully target the allocation of research resources and budgets. Priority evaluation was done virtually via e-mail, which was difficult and time consuming due to the busy schedule of experts Research priorities with an average score equal to and above 2.5 were listed (table 1).Acknowledgments:This study was suggested by the Nursing Research Network, "Corona Research Working Group", Mr. Dr Nejatian,Mr. Dr. Mazloum, especially Mrs. Dr. Leila Valizadeh, who are appreciated. We would also like to thank the Research Vice Chancellor of the University of Medical Sciences and the Midwifery Nursing Research Center of the Shahid Sadoughi School of Nursing and Midwifery in Yazd, and all the valuable experts and professors who helped us in this research.Ethical considerations:This study is the result of a research project No. 12085 approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences of Yazd with the code IR.SSU.RSI.REC.1400.024Conflict of interest: This study has no conflict of interest.Funding source: This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies.Author contributions: khadijeh dehghani: design of the work, methodology, analysis, drafting, editing, revision and Supervision of the work.  danial shadi  : methodology , research review , drafting and editing.

Maintaining the health of its municipal saints is very important in various aspects, namely personal hygiene, public health and environmental health. Pakbanan is one of the occupational groups that are more exposed to all kinds of occupational hazards and injuries than other workers, which according to their occupational nature are potentially and actually exposed to various types of hazards: infectious / non-communicable diseases, mental problems, nutritional problems, Safety problems are skeletal problems. In such a situation, it seems that self-care management will be the best behavioral response to prevent common diseases in this group. Self-care management clearly increases the efficiency and skills of the individual in the face of the health problems of the virtuous. On the other hand, managing self-care activities can lead the virtuous to maintain health and well-being and increase the ability of the virtuous to take care of themselves and reduce the incidence of disability and treatment costs. Therefore, the pure should feel responsible for their own health and the health of the community, and this sense of responsibility will be realized through self-care.

With the epidemic of the Covid-19 virus and the increasing development of information and communication technology, an opportunity has emerged for medical and therapeutic service providers to develop telemedicine services. In the current research, the authors tried to explain people's turn to this technology by expanding the Unified Theory of Use and Acceptance of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) and adding the features of telemedicine services.

The current research is applied from the point of view of the objective, and in terms of data collection, it is considered to be descriptive research, which is carried out by the correlation-causal method. The data collection tool is a standard questionnaire with a Likert scale, distributed by random sampling among the population with a history of using telemedicine services in Ahvaz city. Finally, 407 usable questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS.

The results show that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, perceived product advantage, and perceived security have a significant and positive effect on the intention to use telemedicine. Also, the moderating role of innovativeness and gender was confirmed.

UTAUT2 and some characteristics of telemedicine services can well explain the intention to use this technology in the context of Covid-19. Also, considering the moderating role of personal innovation and gender in some relationships between the model and product features confirmed, it is necessary to pay attention to the individual characteristics of people using these technological services in the design of telemedicine services.