مجله آبیاری و زهکشی ایران
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1401)

The use of appropriate and reliable soil moisture sensors can greatly help the process of soil moisture monitoring and irrigation scheduling. The purpose of this study is to evaluate optical sensors for measurement of soil moisture under different conditions of irrigation water salinities. These sensors are based on the active proximal sensing techniques in which measure the reflections emitted by the objects in a specific range of the wavelength (300-1100 nm). In this study, four irrigation water salinity treatments (2, 6, 10 and 16 dS.m-1) were applied to the soil columns (or Lysimeters). Each Lysimeter have been equipped with an optical sensor, connected to a data logger and monitoring screen. Simultaneously, gravimetric and volumetric soil moisture of the Lysimeters have been measured to calibrate the readings of these sensors and to estimate the accuracy of calibration equations. The results showed that the highest accuracy of the sensors occurred at the salinity level of 2 dS.m-1, where the coefficients of R2, RMSE and NSE were to around 0.92, 0.02 and 0.92, respectively. In addition, declines in the accuracy of the sensors were observed for the salinities of 6 and 10 dS.m-1, but were in the acceptable range. While, for the salinity level of 16 dS.m-1, the accuracy of the sensors was drastically decreased and the NSE reduced to the unacceptable value of 0.55. According to the results of this study, these optical sensors can be confidently recommended for measurement of soil moisture and irrigation scheduling for salinities of less than 10 dS.m-1.

Groundwater quality degradation due to geogenic and anthropogenic factors can endanger the human health. Therefore, designing a groundwater pollution monitoring network can provide the information needed for achieving water resources management goals and improving water and food security. The main objective of this study was to introduce an integrated approach for designing a groundwater pollution monitoring network based on index-based groundwater “protection-monitoring priority” maps created with GIS. The raster layer of “protection-priority index” was prepared by combining aquifer intrinsic vulnerability maps, produced based on the DRASTIC model, and estimated groundwater value based on the quantity and quality of groundwater. Moreover, by overlying pollution-sources risk maps and capture zone maps for wells, qanats and springs, the “monitoring-priority index” was obtained. By overlying the "protection-priority index" and "monitoring-priority index" layers as well as considering the direction of groundwater flow, sampling points were determined. By applying the proposed method, 15 wells were selected for groundwater sampling in Khash-Poshtkuh study area. Water samples collected from these wells revealed that, the concentration of toxic elements such as Arsenic is higher than the permissible limit for drinking in some wells in the southeast and north of Khash aquifer and the north of Poshtkuh aquifer which have geogenic origin.

In the present study, to evaluate and analyze social issues and their role in the implementation of pressurized irrigation system on a case-by-case basis in the water intake lands of Khorasane dam in Buchan city in West Azerbaijan province with an area of 400 hectares. The consolidated and aggregated form is considered, paid. The results of the relationship between different variables and effective parameters in social issues showed that the majority of residents of the studied villages are satisfied with the use of pressurized systems. Also, there is a significant relationship between the type of cultivation and irrigation method in the region and according to the results, it can be seen that the most cultivation is related to beets and wheat. Results of the relationship between education and knowledge of the irrigation system There is a significant difference. This difference is due to the grouping of education. In addition, the results of the relationship between education and respondents' income show that there is no significant relationship between education or There is no income with the said items. In other words, the low or high education or income of the respondents has no effect on cultural prejudices.

Khuzestan plain has a high potential for sugarcane production due to its extremely high solar energy and fertile sedimentary soil. Sugarcane is a perennial plant with a long growth period and high water requirement. Therefore, proper irrigation management with the aim of saving water consumption and increasing sugarcane yield is of particular importance. On the other hand, plant growth modeling is an important tool in evaluating the effects of field management on crop yield and, consequently, decision-making for appropriate management methods. In this study, the yield of sugarcane in a 25-hectare farm of Salman Farsi agro-industry in Khuzestan province in different state of farm management was investigated. Also, using the measured data, the Aqua crop model was calibrated and using it, eighteen management scenarios (including three 0, 80 and 100% mulch modes, two surface and subsurface drip irrigation methods and three fertilizer levels of 300, 350 and 400 kg/ha) were implemented for the farm and the results calculated. The results showed that increasing fertilizer consumption by 50 kg/ha causes an increase of approximately 2.5 tons of crop per hectare. The use of drip irrigation on average 1.5 tons per hectare increases crop yield compared to surface irrigation and also the use of mulch coating by 80% increases the yield by 3.5 tons per hectare. Finally, based on the results of this study, the highest yield is related to the drip irrigation scenario with 80% mulch coverage and 400 kg /ha fertilizer. By applying these conditions, biomass production will increase by 8.6 tons per hectare and it is suggested to use this method in sugarcane fields of Khuzestan province.

Sea water intrusion is a major environmental threat to groundwater resources in coastal areas, where groundwater is the main source of water supply in demotic agriculture sections, etc. Due to the over-exploitation of this source, we are witnessing increased pollution in coastal aquifers. In this study, the GALDIT method was used to assess the water vulnerability in the Urmia plain. Then, to improve the model accuracy, the two parameters i (hydraulic gradient) and P (pumping rate), were added to GALDIT. The results of the correlation coefficient between the GALDIT and GALDIT-iP indices with the parameter of EC showed that the correlation coefficient was increased from 0.42 to 0.66, which showed a significant improvement for the modified model. Therefore, the GALDIT map presents a more accurate vulnerability. The results also showed that the vulnerability index is high in the eastern and central parts of the plain and the areas near the coast of the plain, and also the index is low in the western parts and the areas distant from the coast. Also, the sensitivity analysis for removing the model parameters showed that the change of the vulnerability index by removing the status of Impact of seawater intrusion (I) in GALDIT and the hydraulic gradient (i) in GALDIT-iP is more than other parameters. Then, based on the single-parameter sensitivity analysis, the aquifer type (G) and thickness (T) are the most effective parameters in both methods, and in addition, the hydraulic gradient and pumping rate are effective parameters in evaluating the GALDIT-iP index. Overall, the results of the study showed that by using the modified GALDIT method, the percentage of areas swept by the high and very high vulnerability indices increased, while the areas with very low to medium vulnerability indices decreased.

The current study aimed to measure the water use and water productivity in 44 soybean farms (37 irrigated and 7 rainfed farms) under the management of farmeres in 3 regions including Gorgan, Aliabad, and Kordkuy-Bandar Gaz in Golestan province in 2020. Required information including physicochemical properties of soil and water, irrigation method, volume of irrigation water and cultivation properties were measured. Results showed that in the mentioned regions only 13, 7 and 28 percent of farms were irrigated by sprinkler irrigation and others were irrigated by surface irrigation, respectively. The volume of water use was measured by flume in the surface irrigation and was determined by measuring water flow in the sprinkler irrigation and were compared with the soybean water requirement. Results showed that the net water requirement of soybean in 2020 for Gorgan, Aliabad and Kordkuy-Bandar Gaz regions was 593, 435 and 516 mm for planted in spring, and was 525, 398 and 486 mm for planted summer, respectively which compared to when long term meteorological values are used is increased by about 25 and 22 percent and 45 and 64 percent to National Water Document values for planted in spring and summer. The mean irrigation water use in 2020 in Gorgan, Aliabad and Kordkuy-Bandar Gaz was 4460, 4620 and 1500 cubic meters per hectare, respectively and in these regions, 80%, 45% and 100% of farmers applied deficit irrigation, respectively. The rainfall provided 20, 21 and 33 percent of irrigated soybean water requirement in Gorgan, Aliabad and Kordkuy-Bandar Gaz, respectively. The average applied water productivity in Gorgan and Aliabad was 0.46 and 0.51 kg/m3 and in Kordkoy-Bandar Gaz was 1.6 kg/m3 for irrigated farms and 2.9 kg/m3 for rainfed farms.

Spatial variations in the qualitative indicators of groundwater resources are among the factors influencing the policies of harvest management and consumption of these resources. In arid and semi-arid climatic zones, groundwater is one of the important resources for exploitation for various purposes, especially agriculture and drinking and importance study of its quality indicators in order to assess the possibility of using water resources. In this research, the accuracy of kriging and cokriging statistical methods as well as definite inverse weighted distance methods and radial base functions to predict the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters including chlorine, sodium, magnesium, calcium Sulfate, sodium adsorption ratio, total solute concentration and electrical conductivity were investigated in Turkmenchay region. In order to evaluate the results, cross-evaluation method and MAD, RMSE and R indices were used. Based on the obtained results, the cokriging method is the best method for zoning all the studied indicators. RMSE values for electrical conductivity are 130.67 μmohs/cm, total solute concentration is 61.13 mg/lit, calcium concentration is 0.84 meq/lit, magnesium concentration is 0.53 mg/lit, sodium concentration equal to 0.63 meq/lit, chlorine concentration equal to 0.41 meq/lit, sulfate concentration equal to 0.58 meq/lit and Sodium absorption ratio was obtained as 0.31 meq/lit were reported. Also, the evaluation of the results obtained from the spatial distribution of indicators showed that the groundwater resources in the whole study area are in a favorable condition for use for various purposes, which is more evident in the northern half of the study area. Due to the trend of changes in the concentration of elements in the area of Khajeh Ghias village, in order to improve the conditions and provide policies for extraction and consumption of groundwater in order to prevent a decline in water quality, it is recommended to monitor water quality regularly.

In this study, sediment load in Shirin Darreh Dam basin was estimated based on hydrological, UNESCO and FSM methods. Comparison between the total deposited sediments in the reservoir (17 Mm3) and results of the three methods showed the hydrological and FSM methods with the estimated value of 1158000 and 5565000 m3/year were the most proper and the most improper ways to sediment load estimation, respectively. Annual erosion intensity based on EPM was obtained about 1426300 m3/year, and the actual sediment delivery ratio was calculated about 0.78. The predicted sediment delivery ratio based on the results of EPM method and the three methods of total sediment load, and some of empirical models, was calculated. The results of the calibration showed that the hydrological method and the empirical model, in which the slope is the most important factor to obtain the sediment delivery ratio, with minimum error and maximum accuracy were the most proper methods.

One of the methods to reduce nitrate leaching is the use of slow release fertilizers as well as the application of soil conditioners. In order to investigate the effect of slow release fertilizer, bagasse and sugarcane biochar on grain yield, water consumption productivity and nitrogen leaching in maize cultivation, factorial experiment in a complete-random block design with two factors including types of fertilizer (N1: ordinary urea fertilizer and N2: nitrogel urea fertilizer) and ratios of soil conditioner (B1; 0% bagasse and 0% biochar, B2; 100% bagasse and 0% biochar, B3; 75% of bagasse and 25% biochar, B4; 50% bagasse and 50% biochar, B5; 25% bagasse and 75% biochar, B6; zero percent bagasse and 100% biochar) in 3 replications in 2019 was performed in the research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural Research and Training Center.The results showed that the use of slow release fertilizer increased grain and biomass yield, water consumption productivity, nitrogen recycling efficiency and crop efficiency of 17.1%, 25.5%, 16.7%, 75.4% and 16.8% respectively, compared to control treatment (N1B1). Also, the use of soil conditioners increased grain and biomass yield, water consumption productivity, nitrogen recycling efficiency and crop efficiency of 19.1%, 29.8%, 19.0%, 85.7%, and 19.1% respectively, in compare with control treatment and decreased drainage water and nitrate leaching of 36.2% and 58.3% in compare with control treatment. The maximum water consumption productivity occurred in N2B3 treatment with 1.26 kg/m3, the minimum nitrate leaching related to N2B6 with 7.1 kg/ha and the maximum nitrogen recycling efficiency occurred in N2B6 treatment with 74.8%. In general, the obtained results indicate the ability of slow release fertilizers and soil conditioners to decrease the problems caused by nitrogen leaching and increase the yield and water consumption productivity in summer maize cultivation.

Due to extensive agricultural activities and the need for significant irrigation, water consumption in the agricultural sector has increased. Therefore, providing solutions to reduce water consumption is an important issue. For this purpose, the optimization model was calculated and presented separately using the multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with two functions of net profit and agricultural water consumption in the Shahriar plan(Tehran, Iran). Also, the optimal values of net profit, cultivation pattern, irrigation uses and gross irrigation requirement were estimated in the optimization model. The results showed that the highest net profit, cultivation area and the volume of optimal water demand are related to Islamshahr area, then Shahriyar area and finally Robat Karim have the most desired values. Shahriar area has the highest optimal water consumption in the agricultural sector, then Islamshahr and finally Robat Karim has the lowest optimal amount of agricultural water consumption. The highest ratio of net profit to cultivated area in the optimal condition was related to Robat Karim area, then Shahriyar area and finally Islamshahr area. Also, according to the cultivation area and the optimal water consumption of grape, pomegranate, onion, vegetables in each area, their net profit is appropriate and ideal. And grape is the best possible crop among them.The policy of optimal utilization of water resources has led to a reduction in the area under cultivation, the volume of optimal water consumption and the volume of water needs in the whole area compared to the current situation by 20.44, 49.71 and 20.35 percent.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of three rice cultivation systems including traditional flooded cultivation, improved cultivation and system of rice intensification (SRI) with different irrigation regimes on water productivity, yield and yield components of Hashemi and Kuhsar cultivars in the first and second crops. It was done in factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design in two cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 of Mazandaran province in Iran.  The results showed that the effect of these three cropping systems on the number of seeds per panicle, number of full and empty seeds, grain yield, plant height, cluster length, water requirement and plant evapotranspiration was statistically significant at 1% level. The highest amount of irrigation-based productivity with a value of 2.24 for Kuhsar cultivar in the second crop (intensive rice cultivation management) and the lowest amount for Kuhsar cultivar in the first crop (traditional flooding system) with a value of 0.66 kg / m3 Kg of paddy per cubic meter of water was allocated. The results showed that the use of improved and intensive rice cultivation management systems increases water productivity and therefore can be one of the recommended solutions to officials and farmers in rice fields. Due to the increase in plant growth period in the intensive rice cultivation management system due to the young age of the plant and the possibility of its collision with the cold season and a significant reduction in yield, its use in the second crop, especially when delayed transplanting is not recommended. Be.

Predicting the potential of groundwater is very important for the systematic development and planning of water resources. The main purpose of this study was to develop ensemble machine learning models including random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR) and Naïve Bayes (NB) by random subspace Classifier (RS) algorithm to predict groundwater potential areas in Birjand plain. Therefore, for implementation, geo-hydrological data of 37 groundwater wells (Number of wells, location of wells and groundwater level or Water table) and 17 hydrology, topographic, geological and environmental criteria were used. The least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) feature selection method used to determine the effective criteria to increase the performance of machine learning algorithms. Finally, groundwater potential prediction maps were prepared using RF-RS, LR-RS and NB-RS models. The performance of these models evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) and other statistical indicators. The results showed that the RF-RS hybrid model (AUC = 0.867) has a very high predictability for groundwater potential in the study area. It was also found that the elevation criterion is most important in predicting the groundwater potential in the study area. The results of the present study can be useful for making appropriate decisions and planning regarding the optimal use of groundwater resources.

To maintain and sustainably management the limited water resources, modeling and estimation of soil water balance needed. Soil water balance modeling examines the trend of rainfall division into runoff, evaporation, and changes in soil moisture. Since these factors are variable during the time and space, the use of a distributed model for accurate estimation and better management can be helpful. The purposes of this study are to use the SWB model based on the Thornthwaite-Mather method and to estimate the components of soil water balance and net infiltration. The depth of the root zone is considered as the control volume to calculate the net infiltration. The model, after affecting rainfall, runoff, evaporation, etc. on changes in soil moisture, calculates the maximum available Water in the root zone and by subtracting them from each other, calculates the net infiltration. The study area, Neishabour catchment area with a total area of 9157 square kilometers and cell size of 50 by 50 meters was selected. The model was implemented for four years from 79-83. The average share of evapotranspiration, runoff and infiltration for 4 years was estimated to be 288.9, 23.9, 42 mm, respectively Which shows that the share of evapotranspiration in the region is higher than runoff and infiltration. Net infiltration and available water capacity (2/7) in cultivated lands with soil hydrological groups A and B has a higher rate in rainy years. Most of the soil in mountainous areas is part of hydrological group B with high permeability but due to the steep slope, it does not penetrate deeply and most of the rainfall flows as surface runoff. The calculated evapotranspiration was compared with the measured data. The correlation coefficient was 0.85 which is an acceptable result.

Irrigation water has a great impact on the yield and water productivity of pomegranate orchards. There is few information about the irrigation of pomegranate orchards in Fars province. In this study, yield, irrigation water volume, water productivity and the difference between irrigation water volume and gross water requirement were investigated. 40 pomegranate orchards in four main regions of pomegranate production in Fars province (Shiraz, Estahban, Neyriz and Arsanjan) were selected. Yield, irrigation water volume and water productivity were measured during one year (2020). Three scenarios of crop water requirement, Water National Document, Penman Montith method in the year of research and Penman Montith method based on long-term meteorological data were considered. The irrigation water volumes were compared with the water requirement by t-test in the regions and different irrigation systems. Results showed that the average yield, irrigation water volume and water productivity of the were 22.4 t/ha, 15133 m3/ha and 1.36 kg/m3, respectively. There was no significant difference in the volume of irrigation water in Shiraz, Estahban and Arsanjan, but for Neyriz with other regions were significant. The yield differences in the studied areas was not significant. The water productivity differences of Shiraz pomegranate orchards with the other three regions was significant, but the difference in water productivity of Arsanjan, Neyriz and Estahban were not significant. The differences between yield, irrigation water volume and water productivity in the two types of surface and drip irrigation systems were not significant. In general, the volume of irrigation water was less than the gross water requirement. The difference between the volume of irrigation water and the water requirement of National Water Document, Penman Monthith in the year of the research and long-term Penman Monthith were significant at the level of 1%, non-significant and significant at the level of 5%, respectively.

Evapotranspiration is one of the important components in planning and managing water and irrigation resources. Conventional methods of estimating evapotranspiration use point measurements, but in remote sensing techniques, such as the surface energy balance algorithm, the amount of instantaneous evapotranspiration flux during satellite transit as the remainder of the equation the energy balance is calculated for each pixel. In this study, two common mono-source evapotranspiration models estimated from SEBAL and PYSEBAL were compared with the results of a drainage lysimeter planted with alfalfa in the Qazvin plain. Satellite data were based on data from three sensors, MODIS, LANDSAT-5-TM and LANDSAT-7-ETM, from 2000 to 2003. The results of this study showed that the PYSEBAL model in all three sensors with RMSE (0.45, 0.46, and 2.02 mm/day) respectively had better performance than the SEBAL model. Also, the studies performed from the three sensors showed that the MODIS sensor with standard error value (0.15 mm / day) and correlation coefficient (0.98) compared to the two ETM and TM sensors with correlation coefficient values (0.97 and 0.53), standard error (0.17 and 2.26 mm/day) as well as higher spatial resolution have been able to produce better results.

Due to the lack of water resources in the world and in our country, saving water consumption and increasing its productivity, especially in the agricultural sector, has received more and more attention. Tape drip irrigation improves water productivity and saves water compared to traditional irrigation systems. However, tapes are usually used for one or two growing seasons, and after the end of their useful life, environmental problems arise due to the accumulation of their waste in the fields. To solve this problem, they can be produced from or with biodegradable materials. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility of using biodegradable materials in the production of tapes. To achieve this goal, a two-part study was conducted. In the first part, potato starch was extracted as a biodegradable material. In the second part of the research, films were made from two materials, corn and potato starches and their combination. Then, the mechanical properties of the produced films were compared with polyethylene film. Potato starch and polyethylene films differed significantly in terms of elongation to break, Young's modulus and toughness indices. On the other hand, tensile stress at rupture point and tensile stress at yield point were not statistically significant. The results of mechanical tests of starch film and comparison with polyethylene showed that the use of starch alone cannot lead to the manufacture of tapes and to produce a tape of starch must be used with other materials or used after its correction.

To evaluated ORYZA2000 model, an split-Plot in RCBD experiment with three replication. A two-year field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Iranian Rice Research Institute in Rasht, from 2012 to 2013. The main factor was irrigation management at three levels (flooded and water stress) and sub-factors include rice genotypes. The goodness-of-fit between observed and simulated grain yield and final biomass was assessed by means of the coefficient of determination (R2), the absolute and normalized root mean square errors (RMSE). The results indicated, the RMSEn for predicting grain yield in calibration and validation phases for rice genotypes was assessed in the range of 4 to 16 and 9 to 17 percent respectively and the RMSEn for predicting amounts of biological yield in calibration validation and phases for rice genotypes was assessed in the range of 8 to 15 and 9 to 19 % respectively. Results show that, coefficient of determination values for grain yield and biological yield, 0.78-0.94 and 0.84-0.88, respectively. Results show that, ORYZA2000 could be used successfully to support irrigation management under the pond and vegetive water stress conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer, plant densities and irrigation treatments on yield and water productivity in maize, a study was conducted as a split factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2017 and 2018 in Gilan province.The main plots were irrigation treatments (complete irrigation, non-irrigation) and sub-plots with four levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) and three levels of planting density (10, 20 and 30 cm per row). Analysis of variance showed significant differences between treatments on yield, yield components and water productivity. Results of mean comparison showed that the highest grain yield, biological yield, number of kernels per ear, ear length, harvest index in complete irrigation treatments with 300 kgN/ha and 75×20 density and highest plant height in irrigation and 300 kgN/ha treatments and density of 75×10 were obtained. In addition, the highest grain and biological water productivity were 1.85 and 3.53 kg/m3 for full irrigation and consumption of 300 kgN/ha nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. The final results showed that although annual rainfall was high in the study area, complete irrigation and 75×20 densities and 300 kgN/ha were recommended as the best experimental treatment to achieve optimal corn yield.

Water scarcity, the reduction of very high costs for the development of new water resources and the protection of the environment necessitate the use of unconventional water in agriculture. These waters include two main groups of effluents and saline waters, the direct use of which causes environmental problems and soil pollution. One of the ways in which water and soil can be improved and the total amount of water used for irrigation can be reduced is the use of magnetic water technology, which increases crop yield per unit volume of water used. In this study, the effect of using treated magnetic effluent on maize water productivity was investigated. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2020 at Babolsar city. Treatments include irrigation with well water (W1), irrigation with mixing 25% of effluent and 75% of well water (W2), irrigation with the mixing of 50% of effluent and 50% of well water (W3), irrigation with mixing of 75% of effluent and 25% of water well (W4), irrigation with 100% effluent (W5) under magnetic field (I1) and without magnetic field (I2) was. The results showed that the effect of irrigation type and water and wastewater mixing on biological, physical, wet and dry forage productivity was significant. On average, irrigation with magnetic effluent significantly increased biological (10.33%), physical (9.35%), wet forage (10.07%) and dry forage (11.49%) productivity compared to non-magnetic effluent. Also, all the mentioned parameters increased with increasing the percentage of effluent used in irrigation. Using magnetic technology, effluent can be used to increase the productivity of maize.

In countries with arid and semi-arid climates, conserving water resources is important. For this purpose, different models were presented to determine the vulnerability of areas. In this research, a vulnerability map of Sabzevar aquifer has been prepared using a drastic model. Sabzevar aquifer located in the northeast of Iran with an area of 5455.4 square kilometers has a dry and desert climate with hot and dry summers and cold winters. The drastic model is obtained through 7-layer overlap (groundwater depth, net nutrition, aquifer environment, soil type, topography, influence of unsaturated area and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer) and shows a detailed map of the aquifer vulnerability. ArcGis10.5 software was used to draw the drastic model map. The numerical value of the drastic model in the study area is between 81 and 159 (from low vulnerability to high vulnerability). Drastic map showed that a very small area from the west of the study area has low vulnerability and the central areas of the plain have high vulnerability. Other parts of the region are moderately vulnerable. Shallow groundwater depth in the central areas of the plain and also low slope in the above area has the greatest impact on the vulnerability of the region. Due to the volume of agricultural activities in the central areas of the plain, measures should be taken to prevent possible contamination of the aquifer. Due to the fact that the concentration of nitrate in groundwater sources was not available in the study area, so electrical conductivity was used to validate the zoning of the drastic model. The overlap of electrical conductivity with the drastic map showed that the electrical conductivity was high in the center of the vulnerable plain. This can also confirm the accuracy of the drastic model.