Despite the increasing attention to the role of the father and its importance in child development, little research has been done in this area compared to the mother's role.

In this article, the father's role in child development was systematically reviewed from the perspective of different theoretical approaches as well as different cultures.

The findings showed that the role of men as fathers is changing and evolving from a mere breadwinner to a supporter. Most new generation fathers seek to participate in their children's lives and are more caregiving and emotionally responsive than the previous generation. Fathers have a unique role in raising children, which is different from the mothers’ role. The role of the father varies under the influence of culture and social structure. In Asia economic problems have changed the clear definition of the role of father. In the Middle East, Islamic beliefs determine the role of the father as the head of the family. In Europe, the role of the father as a participant and responsible person is improving. The modernization of society in Africa has complicated gaining a coherent and clear image of the father’s role for children. In North American countries, parents play an almost equal role in raising children. Expectations from fathers are vague in South America, but these expectations seem to be changing more rapidly.

Studies confirm the important role of fathers in parenting from different psychological approaches and the change in men's definition of fatherhood. However, the father's roles are different in different cultural and social contexts.

Social distance is important for reducing the spread of the new COVID-19 pandemic, especially in public places. In addition, urban stores are one of the crowded places where observing social distance is considered necessary. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the social distance between customers in urban stores during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic using a simulation method.

Research data were collected from the closed-circuit television footage of a store from a hypermarket in Iran, and then customers’ social distance was analyzed through their movement behaviors by two modes of 1 and 2-meter distance using software similar to the Pathfinder simulator. Further parts of the urban store required corrections considering the first scenario and the two-meter distance between people compared to the second scenario and the one-meter distance between them.

Based on simulation results, dense areas were identified in different sections of the hypermarket, namely, places where the shelves distance was 1 meter to 2 meters. More precisely, this research provided a method for evaluating different parts of the store in terms of population density regarding maintaining social distance.

several suggestions were presented to stores for maintaining social distance based on research findings.

Since 31 December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in a state of hyperinflammation syndrome and multiorgan failure. In areas with pandemic outbreaks, despite several emerging vaccines, supportive treatments to mitigate fatality rates were required. Growing evidence suggests that several small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNA (siRNA) could be candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 by inhibiting the expression of crucial virus genes. small RNAs by binding to the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) or 5′-UTR of viral RNA play an important role in COVID-19-host interplay and viral replication. In this review, the authors sought to specify the efficacy and safety of miRNAs and siRNA expressions of patients with COVID-19, which has an axial role in the pathogenesis of human diseases.

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide an estimate of the prevalence of anxiety disorders during 2010-2020 among Iranian men.

We searched international and national databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, SID, and Magiran with related keywords. The selected studies were also qualitatively evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. I2 test was used to measure the heterogeneity of the studies and a random strategy for meta-analysis was considered using the result.

We reviewed 782 articles identified through our search. Then, 51 articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria and, data were extracted from 24 articles. After carefully reviewing these articles, 24 articles were ultimately selected for meta-analysis. The overall estimated prevalence of anxiety among men was 12% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.13). The highest prevalence of anxiety was 50% (95%CI: 0.38-0.62) in Tehran and the lowest prevalence of anxiety was 0.014% (95%CI:0.003-0.025) in Shiraz.

Anxiety disorders are common and the substantive identified here explain much of the prevalence of mental disorders. These results showed the potential in men to suffer from anxiety disorders.

We aimed to investigate the association between prostate specific antigen (PSA) density and Gleason score of the positive surgical (PSM) margin after radical prostatectomy with biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer.

In this retrospective cohort study, patients with prostate cancer referred to Hasheminejad Hospital in Tehran, Iran, during 2009-2019, who underwent radical prostatectomy were enrolled through the convenience sampling method. The follow-up period was determined as at least one year after radical prostatectomy to determine biochemical recurrence. Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) and the Gleason score of surgical specimen and positive surgical margins (PSM) were evaluated and their association with biochemical recurrences was investigated.

One hundred and three patients were assessed. The overall biochemical recurrence rate was 48.5% with a mean follow-up of 24 months (12-42 months) and an average time to biochemical recurrence of 18 months (16-20 months). BCR-free (Biochemical recurrence-free) survival rates of patients divided based on the PSAD cut-off point (0.205 ng/ml/cc) were significantly different using the log-rank test (P= 0.008) (85.7%, 57.1%, and 14.3% for values ≤ 0.205 ng/ml/c versus 55.8%, 20.9%, and 0% for values ˃ 0.205 ng/ml/cc, respectively for 1-, 2- and 3-year survival). Moreover, Cox regression showed that the Gleason score of PSM, the Gleason score of the surgical specimen, and the PSAD predicted biochemical recurrence more, respectively.

PSAD and PSM Gleason scores were strong predictors of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and their use along with other common indicators including tumor grade and stage and PSA level can increase the accuracy of risk assessment in patients with prostate cancer.

Atypical infections are often considered as a potential etiology for men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). We aimed to describe the prevalence of atypical infections in this patient population to inform clinical management for male patients complaining of pelvic pain.

We retrospectively reviewed patients at a single center from January 2016 to January 2019. We included patients with CP/CPPS Type III diagnosed with pelvic or genital pain in the absence of bacterial infection. All patients underwent an atypical infection panel. The primary outcome measure was the presence of any atypical infection.

In total, 345 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 9/345 (2.6%) had an atypical infection (5 mycoplasma and 4 ureaplasma). The mean age of patients with positive atypical infections was 34 compared to the overall study population (44 years, P=0.01). Two patients with atypical infections were also followed for infertility. Urinalysis was available for 6 of the 9 patients with positive atypical infection: 50% (3 out of 6) were normal and 50% (3 out of 6) had >5 WBC/hpf. Symptoms resolved in 66% (2 out of 3) of the patients with positive atypical infection with available follow-up data.

Atypical infectious agents were uncommon causes of CP/CPPS. Screening for atypical microbes such as chlamydia, ureaplasma, or mycoplasma may not be necessary for male patients complaining of pelvic or genital pain.

Urethral, penile, and scrotal cancers are rare and represent less than 1% of all malignancies. However, they are associated with a high mortality rate and have a significant effect on patients’ quality of life. Penile and urethral cancers comprise 0.6% of all urological cancers. Because of ethnic, geographical, and cultural diversity, risk factors and cancer patterns vary in different communities. We aimed to provide valid information on the prevalence, incidence, and epidemiology of urethral, penile, and scrotal cancers using the National Registry on Cancer of Iran.

This retrospective study of 465 patients included all known cases of urethral, penile, and scrotal cancers from the Department of National Registry on Cancer at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education in Iran during 2004-2015. This study examined the demographic characteristics of patients and discussed the risk factors and possible causes of the above-mentioned cancers.

The mean ±SD age at the time of registration was 58.49±20.82 years. The highest and lowest proportions of cases belonged to Tehran/Alborz (14.2%) and Mazandaran (0.65%) provinces, Iran, respectively. Regarding the distribution of records according to a year of registration, these cancers were more prevalent in 2014, and less prevalent in 2004.

Urethral, penile, and scrotal cancers were more common in Tehran and Alborz. There was a strong possibility that the prevalence of these cancers is linked to the industrial nature of Tehran and Alborz and the prevalence of human papillomavirus.

Self-efficacy is a construct that can greatly influence sports development. Individuals with a high self-efficacy level are more likely to set tougher goals and work harder to achieve them. We aimed to investigate the relationship between sports aggression and sports mindfulness with sports self-efficacy in male athletes through the mediating role of family cohesion.

The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study covered all male athletes who are members of the youth and adult male football teams in Masjed Soleyman (Iran) in 2021. The 258 athletes were selected using convenience sampling. The research tools included the Sports Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Mindfulness Inventory for Sport, and the Family Cohesion Questionnaire. The proposed model was evaluated using path analysis and indirect correlations were tested with bootstrapping.

The results suggested that all direct paths to sport self-efficacy were significant except sports mindfulness (P<0.01), and indirect paths to sports self-efficacy became significant through family cohesion (P<0.01).

The proposed model had a good fit, and was a major step toward recognizing the factors affecting sports self-efficacy in male athletes, and can help in designing programs to reduce their experienced tension and improve their sports self-efficacy. 

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer after lung cancer worldwide. In 2018, there were 1276106 new cases and 3.8% (358989 cases) of the population who died of this cancer were men. (What do you mean? All were men because we are talking about prostate cancer, but do you mean the mortality rate?) We aimed to evaluate men's knowledge, attitudes, and performance toward prostate cancer.

A descriptive analysis was done on 385 men in the urology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital. Men aged at least 40 with no history of prostate cancer were included in this survey. The researchers made a questionnaire including two parts: the first part comprised information about knowledge, attitudes, performance, and the second part consisted of demographics. The men’s function was divided into two groups according to performing the PSA test: the good function group (PSA tests were done) and the weak function group (PSA tests were not done). Data analyzed were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20.

The mean±SD age of the men was 63.9±8.9 years and 56.6% of them were city dwellers. 22.7% had a university degree. Most (38.5%) were Self-employed and most (76.3%) had no family history of prostate cancer. Most participants answered the general questions about prostate cancer, but they did not have suitable and reliable information about related risk factors, diet, and sexual activity. ‌

Considering the positive effect of people's knowledge on their attitude and their attitude on their performance, by holding training classes and education for people at risk their attitude and ultimately their performance towards prostate cancer prevention would be improved.

Diabetic male patients are more likely to have ED and subnormal testosterone levels than non-diabetic men. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of ED and low serum testosterone level in diabetic men, and to study the patient’s age, duration of diabetes, body mass index (BMI), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and spot urine albumin to urine creatinine ratio (uACR) as risk factors for ED, and their correlation with serum total testosterone level.

This was a cross-sectional observational study, including 103 male patients aged 30-60 years, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with score less than 22 on the abridged 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire were diagnosed to have ED, and patients with serum total testosterone level less than 2.3ng/ml (8nmol/L) were considered to have low serum testosterone.

The prevalence of ED was 46.6%, and that of low testosterone level was 18.4%. Men with ED had significantly higher prevalence of testosterone deficiency than those without ED (31.3% vs 7.3%, P=0.004). Mean age of the patient (50.73±7.22 vs 47.51±8.67 years, P=0.045), mean duration of diabetes (10.66±5.56 vs 8.53±5.60 years, P<0.001), mean BMI (28.51±4.05 vs 24.51±3.32 kg/m2, P<0.001), and mean HbA1c (8.49±1.15 vs 7.70±1.05 %, P<0.001) were higher, while mean total testosterone level (3.18±1.65 vs 4.61±1.92 ng/ml, P<0.001) was lower in patients with ED, compared with those without ED. Total testosterone level negatively correlated with BMI (R=-0.682, P<0.001), HbA1c (R=-0.279, P=0.004), and uACR (R=-0.241, P=0.014); and positively correlated with IIEF-5 questionnaire score (R=0.519, P<0.001). BMI (P<0.001) and uACR (P=0.048) independently and negatively correlated with total testosterone level.

ED is a common complication in Indian men with T2DM. Excess weight is a risk factor for ED as well as low testosterone level. Older age, longer duration of DM and poor glycemic control are risk factors for ED, and presence of microalbuminuria is associated with low testosterone level. Serum testosterone levels should be measured in diabetic men suffering from ED.

 With the emergence of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, a high toll of mortality and morbidity was imposed on Iran. Despite endeavors to control the disease using the social distancing protocols, isolations, quarantine and vaccination, COVID-19 is still afflicting individuals by mutation and development of new variants. Studies suggest higher morbidity and mortality among men compared to women, and in men with underlying diseases. Studies suggest low serum testosterone level as a risk factor for more severe diseases. We aimed to assess the relation of testosterone level with laboratory investigation and its effect on COVID-19 disease outcomes. 

 Seventy patients were selected from those referred to Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital during February 2022 till July 2022. The patients were further categorized in two groups regarding their need for respiratory support: patients who did not need invasive respiratory support and patients who needed invasive respiratory support and were admitted to the intensive care unit. Blood samples were collected for laboratory examination. Each patient was followed for one month, and the outcomes were recorded. 

 The mean age of the participants was 64.44 years including 33 men and 37 women. Mean serum total and free testosterone level was 0.45 nmol/L and 1.22 nmol/L, respectively. Demised patients were significantly older and had significantly lower total testosterone levels. D-dimer was significantly higher in demised patients. 

 Serum total testosterone levels can be used as a prognostic factor to predict COVID-19 patients’ prognosis. Serum total testosterone is inversely associated with disease severity, and lower serum total testosterone level is significantly associated with higher mortality. Moreover, inflammatory markers such as D-dimer can be used to determine prognosis and severity.

Emotional divorce is the first stage of divorce in which the marital relationship deteriorates andthe couple’s relationship lacks love and affection. Given that the family is one of the foundations of the society,emotional divorce can have devastating effects on society and negative effects on family members. Therefore, itis essential to study this issue.

Patients with Pelvic Fracture Urethral Distraction Defect (PFUDD) admitted consecutively toShohada-e-Tajrish Hospital (Tehran, Iran) from May 2020 to May 2021 were enrolled in the study. In this study allpatients were evaluated by two questionnaires: Gottman emotional divorce questionnaire to assess the patient’smarital status, and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire to assess the patient’s sex-ual situation.

The mean score for the IIEF-5 scores in the case and control groups were 18.32 and 21.04, respectively.The mean Gottman Scores in the case and control groups were 3.84 and 2.12, respectively. There was no signifi-cant difference between IIEF-5 and Gottman Scores between the two groups.

Considering the lack of differences between the two groups, it can be inferred that the effect of thespiritual and emotional dimension in strengthening marriage was more than the physical dimension. When aman encounters a physical problem, his wife will play a supportive role and seek to strengthen relationship andsolve problems.

A criterion for the right termination of marriage is a disadvantage of the spouse, which burdensthe other party. To solve this problem, defects are considered for couples in jurisprudence and law, and if theyare incurable, the marriage contract is terminated. In this study, we examined the awareness and attitude ofmedical personnel about this issue.

In this descriptive-analytical study, which was done in the first half of 2021, the personnel of ShohadaTajrish and Shahid Modares hospitals were evaluated using a researcher-made data collection form. The effectsof demographic factors (age, sex, marriage, and education) were also investigated. Sampling was done by censusmethod and employed according to the inclusion criteria. Cochran’s formula was used to calculate the minimumsample size. Fisher and Pearson’s statistical tests in SPSS21 software were used for data analysis.

The knowledge and awareness of the participants in all age groups under the study was similar (P>0.2).All participants were aware of insanity as an obstacle to marriage and were unaware of other diseases leadingto marriage termination. After learning that 10 to 11 diseases caused the annulment of marriage, they added allthe incurable diseases to this list, and they had a negative attitude towards these restrictions.

Most medical personnel had little awareness about the number of marriage annulment cases.There was a negative attitude toward discrimination between men and women in the number of these diseases.

The management of hallux valgus is important in orthopedic surgery. The purpose of the currentstudy was to look into the techniques for reducing pain after surgery for hallux valgus.

The results ofthis study were obtained by reviewing English-language papers about foot and ankle surgery that were publishedin the PubMed and Scopus databases between 1991 and 2021. Ultimately 41 articles were retrieved.

Based on the results of this study, systemic steroids and opioids, when used without paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors II, can be used properly to provide analgesia dur-ing hallux valgus surgery.

Postoperative analgesics and sciatic nerve blocks in conjunction withother techniques are used to manage the pain after this procedure.