نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هفتم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

One of the goals of urban planning is to provide appropriate types of public services, so the quantity and quality of access to these services is one of the most important indicators to assess whether or not regions have urban land use facilities, which in the case of balanced distribution can lead to spatial justice. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate and assess the status of informal settlements in Ardabil in terms of public welfare services in the land use system and prioritize them for future planning. The research method is applied according to the purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The data required for this study have been collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study corresponds to 15 neighborhoods of informal settlements in Ardabil. Excel and Spss software were used to analyze the data. Then, in order to assess the status of public welfare services, the target area was weighted using entropy method and ranked using Vikor technique, and finally, ArcGIS software was used to display it on the map. Based on the criteria used and the results of the implementation of the Vikor technique, among the informal settlements of Ardabil, Salmanabad neighborhood with the highest score and Iranabad neighborhood with the lowest score are in the first and last level, respectively. Findings of the study reflect that the most weakness and inadequacy among the studied indicators are related to green space uses as well as sports and recreation. Therefore, development-oriented planning in accordance with the strengths, weaknesses and priorities of each neighborhood is necessary.

Today, due to the expansion of urban life as well as the industrial development of cities, we are witnessing the occurrence of various physical and mental illnesses. Accordingly, the significant importance of tourism, especially in the physical and mental sector at the global level and from various aspects, especially health tourism, has been revealed to everyone. Health tourism is a type of tourism that is done to maintain, improve and regain physical and mental health. Factors such as changes in consumer values, construction changes, aging population and the needs of the health care system can be considered as the main factors in the emergence of health tourism. The combination of these factors has made health tourism one of the most growing types of tourism. In general, health tourism is divided into three categories: health tourism; Medical tourism and medical tourism are divided. In the meantime, medical tourism is a type of health tourism, the patient may need to use medical tourism spaces and services after treatment. Medical tourism is linked through hotels, airlines and transportation, leisure activities, and all infrastructure related to the tourism industry, and is coordinated with other institutions such as hospitals, insurance companies, and travel agencies. Finds. Medical tourism includes not only essential and elective medical treatments (surgical and non-surgical), but also health treatments with services for accommodation, entertainment, hospitality, tours or attractions. According to global statistics, Iran does not have a special place among the top countries attracting medical tourists, but in terms of value in medical tourism is reported as the tenth top country. The city of Ardabil is no exception to this rule. Because this city has a special position in the country and has countless potentials and tourist attractions and has numerous capacities and potentials of national and international tourism. Today, medical tourism in Ardabil has become one of the growing sectors in the tourism industry. This city, due to its limitations in various dimensions, has a very high potential in the development of tourism, especially medical tourism for Azeri citizens. This city is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the field of health tourism in the country and even in the region in terms of geographical and climatic conditions, access to natural resources and attractions, proximity to hot and mineral waters that are known as paradise springs. The river and the market worth 400 billion tomans per year indicate the large presence of tourists in this city. But achieving these benefits will be possible only with proper and focused planning. Therefore, what is needed is to first review and analyze the current situation and, in fact, the analysis of health (medical) tourism spaces, in order to provide a basis for future planning by determining the distribution pattern of tourism spaces. It should be noted that each of these tourism services occupy a specific space of society, especially cities. Urban tourism space is a space in which there are tourism resources and the pattern of behavior of tourists is a function of its tourism resources such as attractions, accommodation, facilities and services. Also, scattering patterns can be classified into four groups: 1- point pattern 2- network or linear pattern 2- surface pattern and 2- regional pattern. In this regard, the present study has been conducted with the aim of answering the question: What model does health tourism (medical) spaces in Ardabil follow?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The method of data collection and information has been done in two ways: library / documentary and field (observation). In the field section, spatial data were updated during field visits and observations. In this regard, to analyze the tourism spaces of Ardabil city, the Vicor multivariate decision model in the form of Arc GIS software has been used. It should be noted that in order to weigh the indicators, the opinions of 10 experts were used by the snowball method and the network analysis model (ANP) in the form of Super Decision software.

One of the stages related to the research was the stage of weighting the indicators, in which the network analysis model (ANP) was used in the form of Super Decision software, which is more scientific than other models. In this regard, the opinions of experts were used and the results showed that the distance from clinics, hospitals and clinics, the distance from the water spaces (Lake Shurabil and Balghli Chay river) are the most important and the distance from the amusement park, respectively. They are the least important in terms of weight. The results also showed that the central core of Ardabil and the areas adjacent to the Balgholi River, due to the concentration of recreational and service tourist attractions in these areas, is very desirable. By moving away from the central core of the city and approaching the surrounding areas, the degree of desirability of areas in terms of health tourist attractions decreases. In fact, the central areas of Ardabil, with the focus on the Balghili River, tea and the dispersion of medical and accommodation centers can be named as the health tourism space of Ardabil. A space marked by the extraordinary focus of these attractions. In fact, it can be said that the health tourism environment of Ardabil city and areas with high ability to attract tourists is a function of the central and historical core of Ardabil city and Balghalychai river and then Shurabil lake.

Tourism is one of the industries that can have a special distribution, i.e., some areas and urban areas have a high potential and actual potential for tourism. Like the central part of Ardabil city, where both service and recreational indicators have been established in this part of the city and around the Balighli Chay River to provide the ground for the formation of Ardabil health tourism core as a regional model. In other words, health tourism services are more easily available in the central areas of Ardabil. And the farther we go from this area, the less desirable other urban areas become.

Fruits and vegetables contain many nutrients that are essential for humans and significantly protect human health. Increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables has been suggested as an effective way to significantly improve public health in the world, and researchers believe that if per capita consumption of fruit increases, a large number of deaths before the age of 65 can be prevented. Consumption of fruits and vegetables is very high in the whole world, however, in different countries and regions, there is a big difference in terms of quantity and type of fruit. The World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) advise people to consume these products as a priority to increase public health. One of the simplest operations in the post-harvest stages in a variety of fruits and vegetables is cutting the crop, which is known as sliced fruits and vegetables. In this process, the intact product is cut to different thicknesses after washing. This process is common in various products such as cucumbers, lettuce, cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, apples, peaches, citrus fruits, and watermelons and can facilitate their direct consumption for the consumer. However, one of the problems in the preparation of sliced products is the reduction of product shelf life, in which case the existence of a control and monitoring system for product safety and quality seems necessary. But at present, there is no standard method and system of tools to monitor the quality of these products. Quality in healthy and uncut products is also usually done using techniques such as soluble solids content (SSC) or fruit texture properties by measuring hardness. The fruits selected as samples for evaluation of quality parameters are wasted because they can not be returned to the shipment after destruction. In addition, the fruits selected as a sample may not accurately reflect the actual condition of the consignment because it has been proven that fruits harvested from a tree branch may also have different quality characteristics. Therefore, it seems necessary to find non-destructive alternative techniques that can analyze the whole shipment without losing samples. In the last four decades, several methods for evaluating the quality of non-destructive products have been developed, only a few of which have been able to meet the favorable conditions technically and industrially and have economic justification. Optical, mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic, and acoustic methods have played a major role in the development of non-destructive tests, but the methods used have the ability to explore the limited properties of fruits. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully review the prevailing conditions in these methods and to include them in the reporting or recording of test results. Among the mentioned methods, the application of electromagnetic waves, especially visible / near-infrared spectroscopy technology, has been commercialized due to its high accuracy and reproducibility and has had significant value for post-harvest industries.

Fresh cucumbers were prepared from the market with a uniform shape and color and without any signs of mechanical damage or fungal rot, and were immediately cut into rings with a thickness of 5 mm. A total of 48 slices of cucumber were prepared for data collection, of which 24 were uncoated and 24 were covered with light polyethylene film (cellophane) for 8 time periods. The samples were stored in a refrigerator at 5 ° C. In order to obtain the spectrum of the samples, a spectroradiometer model PS-100 (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) made in the USA was used. The soluble solids (SSC) of the samples were measured in Brix ° by a digital refractometer (PrismaTech BPTR50, Iran) by pouring a drop of fruit juice onto the refractometer glass plate. The titratable acidity (TA) was also determined using the 942.15 AOAC standard. For this purpose, gr5 of each sample was homogenized with 50 mL of distilled water using a home mixer. The mixture was filtered through a filter paper, then 5 mL of the homogeneous and filtered mixture and 1 mL of phenolphthalein (10 g / m) with distilled water were brought to a volume of 200 mL and the solution was stirred using 0.1 N NaOH (NaOH) to PH = 2.8 and the stable appearance of pink color was titrated. The amount of TA was expressed in terms of citric acid (fruit mold acid) and in percentage (grams of citric acid per 100 gr of cucumber). During spectral imaging, for some reason, some of the data obtained from the samples may be inadequate. In order to remove skewed samples, principal component analysis was used before any processing on the data. The application of non-destructive methods based on spectroscopy in the full range of wavelengths requires a lot of time and money, which makes the practical application of this method almost impossible. Therefore, one should look for a way to find the optimal wavelengths and limit the wavelengths to the minimum possible. The partial least squares (PLS) regression method seems ideal in this regard. In this study, in order to build the models, the data were randomly divided into two parts: 80% of the samples were used for cross-training and cross-validation and the rest of the data were used for independent validation. Models (PLS) were extracted for all predictions made on the data, and the statistical indices of correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE) (Equations 1 and 2) were used to determine the best model to use.

The SSC and TA values of the chopped cucumber specimens in stages during the storage period for uncoated specimens and coated with lightweight polyethylene film are shown in Table 1. Based on the results, over time in each series of uncoated and coated samples, the amount of SSC increased and TA decreased in the samples. However, the present results show that the coverage of the samples has slowed down the process of these changes. Soluble solids are one of the most important factors determining the edible quality of fruits. The amount of SSC indicates the sweetness of the fruit and increases when reached by hydrolysis of starch by catabolic processes such as respiration to simple sugars. Mean absorption spectra Vis / NIR absorption spectra for different treatments in the range of 1000-500 nm are shown in Figure 2. Environmental factors (light and heat) as well as the expression quality of the spectrometer cause perturbations in the initial and final wavelengths of the spectra, so these wavelengths are removed from the data set. Based on the results of PCA analysis, the first principal component (PC-1) describes 93% and the second principal component (PC-3) describes 1% of the variance of the samples tested. As a result, the first two main components together represent 94% of the data. Due to the fact that the relationship between the properties of different samples during the experiments, for various reasons such as technical problems of equipment, data collection, incorrect sampling in some samples may be inappropriate or corrected.

Predicting an element is one of the most effective tools in management decisions, because the final efficiency of any decision depends on the sequence of events that will follow the initial predictions in the decision. In water resources management, knowledge of the status of water resources in an area has a very decisive role in water planning, agriculture, etc. Based on this, using statistical analysis, it is possible to predict the conditions of water resources in the future. Time series models are one of the efficient tools in predicting hydrological processes in water engineering. Due to the fact that the number of required data in time series models is less than other conceptual and physical models, it has led to the widespread use of these models in the field of hydrological and water resources engineering. Due to the high importance of modeling in water resources planning, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the Holt Winters exponential smoothing model (multiplication) and its integrated seasonal integrated moving average model and their application to predict The monthly flow is the Arazkuseh hydrometric station.

In this research, the data of Arazkuseh hydrometric station on Chehelchai river, which is a tributary of Gorganrood, were used. The geographical position of this station is 55 degrees and 8 minutes east longitude and 37 degrees and 13 minutes north latitude. The height of this station from the surface of open waters is 34.5 meters and the area of its basin is 1.1678 square kilometers. Table 1 shows the discharge data of Arazkuse station. Figure 1 also shows the time series diagram of the average monthly flow of the Arazkuseh hydrometric station. The main purpose of time series analysis in hydrology is to describe the time history of motion of some variables such as the velocity of the flow in a river at a particular location. River flow and other hydrological sequences are characterized by variability and oscillating behavior. The purpose of hydrological studies is to understand and describe the quantitative statistical population as well as the process that creates this statistical population, based on a limited number of samples.

To examine the static static in the mean, the series diagram and its correlation graph can be used. If a sample degrades a lot and is cut off after a delay, it makes it necessary to differentiate. The instability in the mean is also evident from the time series diagram. It may be necessary to differentiate the initial data to eliminate the instability. Of course, experience has shown that it usually does not exceed 2.The SARIMA model can be considered as a combination of a complex and simple model that can be used for unstable time series with seasonal changes. This model has been developed by Box et al. For seasonal time series. In the initial complex state, the self-correlated (AR) model with order p is used. Determining the appropriate value for p is determined by the function and the partial correlation coefficient. The Moving Average Model (MA) is also displayed with the parameter q. The autocorrelation function and graph are used to estimate this parameter. Also, the Integrated degree parameter is shown with the d parameter, which indicates the amount of the largest distance or difference that causes the time series to be static in the moving average smoothing method. Seasonal variation components include parameters. s Specifies the length of the seasons. On the other hand, the parameters P and Q, like p and q in the AR and MA models, are determined according to seasonal changes. Finally, parameter D is added to the model as a seasonal integration to eliminate seasonal changes.In this study, first the series autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation diagrams were examined. Due to the seasonal trend and instability in the series, the data were first differentiated and static. The normality of the data was also tested by drawing a normal distribution diagram. Then, the seasonal models of the Holt Winterzoo time series of their moving average seasonal integrated model (SARIMA) were used to predict the average monthly flow of the Arazkose hydrometric station. The results showed that the Holt Winters exponential smoothing model with three smoothing parameters, and, has the ability to modify outlier data and provides a more robust forecast.The Holt Winters model is a way to examine time-dependent data. Predicting the behavior of random data requires a statistical model in which the parameters of this model are usually identified and estimated by the data. The Holt Winters model consists of three parts. The first part is called the mean (constant value), which shows the general behavior of the model and the values around it fluctuate. The second part is the trend (line slope), which is constant in time but is considered a multiple of the variable. The third section, which changes periodically, is also used to show seasonal changes. The prediction in Holt Winters method is done with the help of exponential smoothing, so the effect of data close to the prediction point is more than data that have been far away in the past. Because there are three axes or three components (characteristics, trends, and seasonal variations) in the Holt Winters time series model, it is sometimes referred to as triple exponential smoothing. In such a model, the future value is predicted by combining these three components. Such a model has several parameters. This group of parameters in this model are known as α, β and γ. Thus, the length of the seasonal change period and the number of seasonal change periods are also considered as parameters of the Holt Winters model.

Water can be considered as one of the most important factors of growth and economic development of each country. The lack of water resources and low efficiency of methods of operation in the country has made the country to use excessive groundwater resources and have environmental problems in Iran. In this study, environmental efficiency of water resources across the country in order to evaluate the efficiency of the variable - based model (slack - based) model on relaxation was considered. Then, in this study, using the dynamic panel model with the application of the generalized moments of space in 2011 - 2018 in 31 provinces, the effect of threshold extraction of water resources was studied. The results of the overall efficiency of the first stage were significantly higher than the performance of water resources in the second stage and the overall efficiency was close to the effectiveness of the second stage and the efficiency of the second stage determined the overall effectiveness of the environmental efficiency of Isfahan, Kerman, Semnan, North Khorasan, South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and Yazd. The SAR space variable had a coefficient 0.142, which indicated that the efficiency of water resources across the provinces, where the geography location was independent of political divisions, had spatial effects on the real GDP of the neighboring provinces. overall efficiency of water resources had sudden spatial effects and the overall efficiency of regions was affected by neighborhood regions. Direct and indirect effects of internal water consumption, opening degree and industrial structure had meaningful effect on the overall efficiency of water resources in Iran. The spatial effects of internal water consumption and industrial structure had a significant effect. In order to improve the efficiency of water resources, the government, citizens and farmers should focus on solutions such as reducing pollution, saving domestic water and converting industrial structures. It was suggested that in the lower - efficiency oblasts with less efficiency in order to improve efficiency, production structures and technologies with the use of more efficient water resources rather than destructive and polluting technologies, the government controled and improved the efficiency of the country 's water consumption by implementing strict laws to protect the country 's water resources.

Climate change in recent decades has led to a decrease in the amount and pattern of rainfall distribution in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including the Middle East.On the other hand, a significant amount of the world's water resources is affected by salinity. In general, the issue of water salinity in our country is a threatening factor in the success of biological projects and their effective implementation. In Iran, insufficient rainfall, severe water shortages and salinity of soils are the most important problems for the growth and production of crops and rangelands. Living and non-living environmental stresses, including salinity stress, are factors that limit crop production, which disrupt the natural metabolism of the plant and limit plant growth, and ultimately reduce yields, so solutions to combat salinity stress ‌ can have a significant impact on the process of increasing plant and livestock production, so by using some additives such as potassium zeolite under the brand name clinoptilolite in the soil can reduce moisture and salinity stresses created in the plant. Zeolites are porous materials that act like molecular sieves with their crystalline structure and, due to having open channels in their network, allow the passage of some ions and block the passage of some other ions. The selective adsorption and controlled release properties of zeolites help to improve plant growth if the correct type of zeolite used when added to the soil is selected by long-term increase in moisture and nutrients.

In the present study, the effect of zeolite on Sanguisorba minor under experimental salinity stress was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. This study was performed at four salinity levels (zero as control, -3, -6and -9bar sodium chloride). In this study, zeolite treatment included zero, 2 and 4% by weight per kg of soil. 20 Sanguisorba minor seeds were planted in plastic pots (with a mouth diameter of 25 and a height of 20 cm) at a depth of one centimeter and each pot was considered as an experimental plot. It was well disinfected to grow the pots and the bottom of the pot was drilled to create proper drainage. To accurately test all plastic pots filled with soil, they were weighed equally. Soil composition samples used in pots were transferred to a laboratory and analyzed to analyze soil characteristics. Pots containing zeolite treatments were regularly irrigated with normal water until the establishment of Sanguisorba minor seedlings (two-leaf stage) and after this stage until the end of harvest to apply stress. The number of sprouted plants was reduced to three plants after the removal of unfavorable factors. The experiment continued until the control treatment grew normally in the greenhouse. Finally, plant traits were measured. Analysis of variance was performed using SPSS software and the means were compared based on Duncan test at a probability level of one percent (P <0.01). Graphs were also drawn using Excell software.

In the study of zeolite factor on the studied traits, the results showed that the addition of zeolite along with the application of stress improved plant yield and had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on the modulation of stress due to salinity. In general, when zeolite was used in salinity treatment, the Sanguisorba minor plant showed a more favorable condition and the chances of survival of the Sanguisorba minor plant in salinity stress conditions increased -9 bar with 4% by weight of zeolite. While in salinity conditions, -9 bar and without zeolite, the plant was completely dried and destroyed. Because natural zeolites have the potential to reduce salt, the regulation of ionic and osmotic balance of the cell increases, and ultimately, yield increases as the amount of water consumed increases. Analysis of variance of Sanguisorba minor variables under salinity and zeolite stress showed that salinity and zeolite each had a significant effect on root length, stem length, underground dry weight and shoot dry weight. Also, the interaction effect of salinity and zeolite on all traits except the dry weight of underground organs has been significant at the level of one percent. In comparing the means, the effect of different levels of salinity and zeolite on the root length of Sanguisorba minor showed that there was no significant difference in root length at the level of non-salinity with 2% by weight of zeolite and zero salinity with 4% by weight of zeolite. However, at salinity levels of -3and -6bar, there was a significant difference between the consumption of zeolite. Also, no significant difference was observed in salinity level of -9 bar and zeolite of 2% by weight and 4% by weight. Also, in pots containing -3bar salinity without zeolite, they did not show a significant difference in terms of root length compared to the -6bar level and 2% by weight of zeolite. Comparison of the mean stem length of Sanguisorba minor at different levels of salinity and zeolite in greenhouse conditions indicated that there was no significant difference in the level of zero salinity with 2% by weight of zeolite and zero salinity with 4% by weight of zeolite. Also, at the level of -9bar salinity, this difference was not significant. This is while in other salinity levels with different amounts of zeolite, there is a significant difference in terms of stem length. Comparison of the average dry weight of groundwater at different levels of salinity and zeolite showed that at zero salinity level between 2 and 4% by weight of zeolite there is no significant difference. Also, there is no significant difference between salinity levels of -3 bar and no zeolite consumption and -6 bar without zeolite consumption. Also, at the level of -3bar salinity with 2% by weight of zeolite and -6bar salinity and 4% by weight of zeolite, no significant difference was observed in terms of dry weight of underground organs. The results of the effect of different levels of salinity and zeolite on the shoot dry weight of Sanguisorba minor also showed that each salinity level with values of 0, 2 and 4% by weight of zeolite is significantly different from other levels. However, at any level between 2 and 4% by weight of zeolite, there is no significant difference. The results of the correlation matrix between the studied variables Sanguisorba minor under salinity stress and zeolite showed that there is a very high correlation between root length and stem length of mulberry plant, as well as root length and stem length. They showed a high correlation with the dry weight of the underground organ and the dry weight of the aerial part at the level of one percent. The dry weight of the underground organ with the dry weight of the aerial part also showed a relatively high correlation at the level of one percent.

Safety is the distance from potential hazards, which includes a set of actions, regulations, and activities performed to prevent and reduce accidents by eliminating or controlling hazards. Human error has long been considered as one of the important factors in the occurrence of accidents and disruption of planned performance. Given that the types of behaviors performed by operators are affected by specific conditions, so the identification and evaluation of factors affecting human performance due to the great impact of these factors on the performance of the operator during the task, to prevent or reduce human error to improve safety In industry, it is considered a necessity. Since in the industry of Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk company, the existence of various processes that directly depend on the operation of the operator and creating errors in the performance of the task by the operator can cause heavy human and financial losses. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate human error in the occurrence of occupational accidents in Pegah Golpayegan Pasteurized Milk Company.

The present study was conducted in Golpayegan pasteurized milk production company in the spring and summer of 1400. In the first stage of occupational accidents for a period of 5 years (from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016), the factory was examined and then the HET technique was used to determine human error. The statistical population of the present study was all accident workers for 5 years (from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016) who were selected and surveyed by census method. Document review, observation and interview methods were used to collect data related to occupational accidents. The HET human error technique worksheet was used to determine human error. After an initial visit to the Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk production plant and a preliminary assessment of the working environment, the personnel files of all the victims along with the reports of accidents were reviewed over a period of five years (from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016). A person involved in the accident was extracted and registered. Factors examined include age, work experience, occupation, marital status, injured member, cause of accident, time and shift of the accident. Inclusion criteria were having at least one year of work experience. Finally, the safety performance of the factory in the past year was collected and recorded using available statistics and files. Then human error was investigated using HET technique. So that the workstation of people who had an accident from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2016 was selected and their human error was investigated and recorded in the HET worksheet.

Studies showed that a total of 19 accidents occurred in this 5-year period. The mean age and work experience of the injured were 37.21 and 10.84 years, respectively. The highest frequency of accidents was recorded in October with 31.57%. Hand and finger with a frequency of 64.42% was the most injured organ. In terms of injury outcome, limb amputation occurred with a frequency of 36.84% more than other outcomes. Body contact with sharp and winning objects with a frequency of 36.84% has been the main cause of accidents in the pasteurized milk industry. 36.84% of accidents occurred between 9 and 12 noon. The average number of lost work days was 13.36 days per accident, and the occurrence of 19 accidents in the mentioned 5-year period resulted in 254 lost work days. The study of accidents in Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk factory showed that according to the quantity and quality of accidents, the studied factory was in a more favorable situation in terms of accident rate and severity of accidents than the dairy industry.Examination of human error status showed that more than 80% of human errors detected in various work processes were at an acceptable level. However, it is necessary to take control and preventive measures against identified errors with high risk, due to the importance of human error in the occurrence of occupational accidents in this factory. Investigation of accidents in Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk factory in a 5-year period and comparison of accident rates with different industries in different studies showed that due to the quantity and quality of accidents, the studied factory is more favorable than other industries in terms of accident rates and There have been a number of accidents that have occurred, the most important reasons for which can be the mechanization of the production line and minimizing the involvement of manpower in the work process. Also, due to the establishment of the HSE unit, which has existed since the beginning of the industry, accident hotspots have been identified in the industry and potential hazards have been controlled. Investigation of accidents and comparison of results with the findings of other studies showed that the victims had a low age and work experience. Due to the hours lost due to accidents, it was determined that most of the accidents were not very severe and people returned to work after a few days. The findings of this study have shown that the main cause of accidents in Pegah Golpayegan pasteurized milk factory is the existence of sharp and sharp surfaces such as metal can lids or metal sheets available for making cans and colliding with people or these surfaces. Eliminating unsafe conditions can reduce the rate of accidents related to this factor. These measures include not placing metal sheets in the traffic lane and using anti-cut gloves when working. Considering that an important part of accidents is the result of human behavior and error, which in the safest conditions of this factor can lead to an accident, the study of human error status of more than 80% of human errors identified in various work processes has been at an acceptable level. However, due to the importance and role of human error in the occurrence of accidents, it is necessary to control and follow up with effective measures of identified errors that have a high risk.

In recent decades, one of the most important pillars of health and environment is the management of waste, wastes and wastes, which includes a set of coherent and coordinated regulations in the field of control, production, storage or collection, transportation and Transportation, processing and disposal is one of the most effective methods in managing and neutralizing the adverse effects of waste, converting them into compost and their optimal use as fertilizer in agriculture. Preparation of compost from mixed urban waste, green space waste and waste field waste due to its physical and chemical composition, is an important issue that should be given special attention.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the physical, chemical and microbial properties of compost fertilizer produced from municipal waste are compared with biocompost from urban green space waste and waste fields. Municipal waste compost in Aradkooh processing and disposal complex of Tehran Municipality Waste Management Organization is produced by wind method and biocompost from green space waste in Azadshahr forest park located in district 18 of Tehran municipality by bioreactor method with active aeration.

The quality of municipal waste compost fertilizer produced in Arad Kooh processing and disposal complex of Tehran Waste Management Organization and also biocompost from urban green space waste and waste fields of Tehran metropolitan area which is located in Azadshahr forest park site located in district 18 of municipality. Tehran is produced, it is in the desired level and in all parameters it is in accordance with the limits of the national standard of Iranian compost number 10716, but in general, the physical and chemical properties of biocompost are much better than municipal waste compost.Introduction Irregular population growth, especially in urban areas, population concentration and the wave of consumerism along with the advancement of technology, has led to the rapid production of a wide range of waste in the world, the growth rate of which is increasing dramatically in all countries, including Iran. Be. Certainly, this trend is due to the excessive consumption of natural resources and the withdrawal of millions of tons of materials from the consumption cycle. For this reason, in recent decades, one of the most important pillars of health and the environment is the management of waste, wastes and wastes, which includes a set of coherent and coordinated regulations in the field of control, production, storage or collection, transportation, It is their processing and disposal. According to a comprehensive study by the World Health Organization, not paying attention to the proper collection and disposal of waste can provide 32 environmental problems that can not be easily addressed. Undoubtedly, planning for proper disposal of waste and considering its harmful effects on the environment, in any country is one of the most important and necessary principles in order to ensure the long-term benefits of society and move towards sustainable development. One of the most effective solutions to combat and neutralize the adverse effects of wet waste is to convert it into fertilizer, which not only frees human communities from many of these problems, but also provides benefits and in addition to helping to preserve existing natural resources. , Also brings economic benefits. In this study, the physical, chemical and quality characteristics of compost fertilizer produced from municipal waste are compared with biocompost from urban green space waste and waste fields. Municipal waste compost in Aradkooh processing and disposal complex of Tehran Municipality Waste Management Organization is produced by wind method and biocompost from green space waste in Azadshahr forest park located in district 18 of Tehran municipality by bioreactor method with active aeration.Methodology Physical and chemical analysis and determination of various qualitative factors of samples based on the executive method in accordance with National Standard No. 13320 (Compost - sampling and physical and chemical test methods) and microbial analysis according to National Standard No. 13321 (Compost - Features Microbial and test methods) was done.Table 1. Some methods of testing fertilizer parameters based on national standards 13320 and 13321Parameter Test MethodHumidity WeighingAsh Gravimetry (weight loss in an electric oven with a temperature of 550Organic materials (OM) OM=100-(Ash+Humidity)Organic carbon (OC) Walkie-block methodTotal nitrogen Kajaldal methodPhosphorus Olsen methodpotassium Photometersodium PhotometerHeavy metals Atomic absorptionTotal and fecal coliforms Multi-tube fermentationConclusion Based on statistical calculations, the average concentration of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as the most important nutrients in fertilizer, in urban waste compost, 1.51, 1.12, 0.91, respectively, and in biocompost from urban green space waste and leek fields / 99. 1, 2.05 and 1.33 were measured. The mean pH index in compost was 7.93 and in biocompost was 7.42. The average percentage of organic matter (OM) in municipal waste compost was 41% and in biocompost 69% and the amount of organic carbon (OC) in compost was 25.4% and in biocompost was 39.70%. The average C / N ratio is 19.94 for biocompost and 16.82 for municipal waste compost. The concentrations of lead, zinc and nickel in biocompost are 0.65, 59.50, 11.95 and in municipal waste compost are 71.54, 324.83, 42.26 (mg / kg), respectively.Arsenic, mercury, cadmium and cobalt were not observed in biocompost samples but their average concentrations were measured in municipal waste compost samples 0.09, 0.14, 6.21, 17.35, respectively. The average concentrations of copper, chromium and molybdenum in biocompost sample were measured 12.32, 5.71, 0.51, respectively, and in municipal waste compost sample were 229.35, 46.29 and 1.23, respectively. Microbial analysis of samples of municipal waste compost and biocompost from green space and leek fields showed that there was no microbial contamination caused by Salmonella and fecal coliform in the manure mass.Then, examining the results of physical, chemical and microbial analysis, it was found that the quality of municipal waste compost fertilizer produced in Arad Kuh Processing and Disposal Complex of Tehran Waste Management Organization as well as biocompost from urban green space waste and waste fields in Tehran metropolis. At the Azadshahr Forest Park site, located in the 18th district of Tehran Municipality, the production is in the desired level and is in accordance with the limits of the Iranian National Compost Standard No. 10716. In this study, only compost (12 and 24 tons per hectare) was used without adding chemical fertilizer and fertilizer (NPK) to investigate the possible effects of compost on crop yield. Soil pH decreased and SAR decreased due to the acidic effect of compost, acid formation, calcium release and sodium leaching. In EC the soil increased slightly. The amount of all major plant elements (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and the content of organic matter in the soil increased. In this way, composting can improve soil productivity and soil fertility.

Effective treatment of domestic sewage and industrial effluent to maintain the quality of the utmost importance. Quality wastewater treatment, usually with parameters such as PH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, concentration of some special compounds and other parameters can be expressed. There are several methods for determining toxicity, including bioluminescence, respiration, nitrification, denitrification, molecular-based tests and sensors, and bioassay. Toxicity testing for aquatic life is a method in which the reactions of aquatic organisms are used to detect or measure the presence or effect of one or more toxic substances, wastewater, or environmental factors alone or in combination. This method has many deficiencies, including lack of recognition synchronized effects and toxicity index them. Even the most comprehensive physico-chemical properties wastewater effluent adverse effects on ecosystems will not show the effects of bio-waste only determined by bioassay tests. One of the standard methods for determining the toxicity of wastewater is the toxicity test or bioassay. Although all bioassay tests are very similar in principle, this study focuses more on bioassay with the help of microorganisms, because bioassays focus on microorganisms in addition to their specificity in controlling water pollution. There are many types for bioassay. The two most commonly used types are chronic and acute toxicity. Many organisms such as fish, algae, bacteria and freshwater and sea creatures are used in the bioassay. One of these indicators is a hard skin called Daphnia Magna. The results of research on a variety of laboratory organisms show that bioassay with Daphnia Magna compared to some organisms with high sensitivity, short reproduction, simplicity of testing and low laboratory costs and most importantly due to fertilization. They have a genetic similarity, which is one of the most important factors in the validity of the results of bio-experiments, in infants born of the same sex. It also has a special place in water pollution control measures. Today, the use of Daphnia Magna is accepted in different countries due to its high sensitivity and easier use to monitor the effluent and determine the efficiency of the treatment plant in reducing toxicity.The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of effluent from wastewater treatment plants, industrial city of Gorgan in Golestan Province Using the biology test.

The accuracy of a biological test is limited to a number of reasons, which are due to natural differences between members of a species. Study with accidentally selected species does not provide accurate information about the toxicity of a compound compared to other species and life stages. Experiments with one species, provide an accurate estimate of toxicity only to other similar species in terms of size, age, and physiological conditions in water with similar characteristics and conditions. Daphnia Magna is the largest daphnia, measuring 5 mm in size. Many of them can be grown in a relatively small space. Daphnia Magna babies are 0.8 to 1 mm long and can be seen with the naked eye. Daphnia magna is very important in biological experiments at this stage of the life cycle. The female genus Daphnia magna can survive for up to 4 months at 20 ° C. They grow in natural waters and dechlorinated tap water. Their diet consists of bacteria, algae and yeasts along with soil extracts and organic matter. Daphnia magna is grown individually in small containers and in large aquariums. According to the sensitivity of Daphnia and the reports that Daphnia magna is the most sensitive invertebrate to various organic compounds; To determine the effectiveness of the processes used in this study, Daphnia Magna was used as a bioindicator of bioassay experiments. First, the test materials, diluent water, and toxic solutions are prepared, and the test and control solutions are introduced in 100 ml volumes into wide-mouthed glass or similar containers. Necessary tests such as pH, DO, TSS, temperature, BOD, COD, EC were performed on the effluent sample. After preparing the test solutions, 10 Daphnia infants were placed in each test container and control container; then observation is performed regularly. Observation is usually done after 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 hours and then daily for up to four days (96 hours). The number of moving animals in each test vessel should be recorded. Mortality in control samples should not be more than 10% and preferably more than 5%, which indicates a sick organism in the group of 10 to 20. Then using Daphnia magna Bioandicator acute toxicity unit and LC50 at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours with probit test in SPSS version 22 was used. Composite samples of raw sewage and industrial wastewater treatment plant of the city of Gorgan were refined. It should be noted that all toxicity tests determined in the Health college laboratory of Medical Sciences university was conducted. In this study, LC50 and toxicity unit (TU) were determined.

To determine the toxicity of raw and treated effluents during different treatment times by COP method with experimental method, the results related to Magna and LC50 mortality and toxicity unit (TU) are presented in Figures 1 to 7. BOD5 and COD parameters treated wastewater Industrial Town BandarGaz, respectively 44 ± 4 and 28 ± 2 mg with 0.8% and 47% by volume of input and output LC50-96h with the TU respectively 12773 and 214 for Agh Ghala Industrial Town COD 50 ±25 mg LC50-96h with the input and output, respectively 0.8% and 39.9%, respectively 12159 and 251 were measured by the TU.

The results showed that the removal of toxic wastewater treatment LC50-96h Aq Qala and Bandar Gaz respectively from 0.8% to 39.9% and from 0.8% to 47% by volume, respectively. The acute toxicity of waste water treatment plants Aqqala from 12159 to 251and acute toxicity of the wastewater treatment plant Bandargaz after 96 hours measure fell from 12 773 to 214. Considering that the toxicity of Aqqala water treatment plant effluent is approximately 1.1 times than Bandar-e-Gaz treatment plant, according to the classification of toxic compounds based on the toxicity unit, the effluent from both treatment plants is extremely toxic. Therefore, necessary measures to monitor and reduce toxicity, in addition to observing the parameters of the standard index of wastewater treatment plants are necessary.

Today, wetlands around the world have been destroyed due to insufficient attention during the development plan. Population growth and changes in economic activities are indirect factors in the destruction of wetlands. Also, climate change, land use change, over-exploitation of wetland resources, pollution, eutrophication, infrastructure development and Invasive species are the direct causes of wetland destruction. The negative environmental, social, and economic impacts (Such as increasing the risk of floods, reducing the quality and quantity of water, adverse impacts on health, cultural identity and livelihood) have led many countries to pursue management plans. New methods of protection and restoration of these habitats are proposing today. Of course, wetland management is related to their economic and social value. Wetlands are managed for a variety of purposes, such as increasing fish production, storing water for irrigation and drinking, or for aesthetic reasons to promote tourism. In Iran, a comprehensive plan for ecological management and dealing with damage to wetlands has been adopted. Ecological management, improvement and restoration projects have been carried out for some southern wetlands of the Caspian Sea, such as Amir Kalayeh International Lagoon, Selkeh, Sorkhanhol Wildlife Refuge and Steel wetlands. Jokandan is another wetland considered in this regard. Jokandan wetland is located as a part of the Lisar and Jokandan protected area in Guilan. This wetland has ecological, economic, and tourist potential. But, lack of proper management has caused its destruction and drying up. Thus, the restoration of it with the aim of developing tourism is considered by the authorities. If wetland restoration and tourism development projects are not accompanied by proper planning and assessment of the current situation, it will cause damage to the environment. So, before taking any action, it is necessary to examine the status of the study area from environmental, economic and social dimensions to determine the most appropriate management decisions and the relationship between human activities and habitat destruction. In this regard, various models and patterns have been created. To study the environmental status, a model called (DPSIR) Driving force, Pressure, State, Impact, Response was developed by the European Environment Agency. In the first step, by evaluating the sensitivity of the study area based on this model, potential environmental problems can be identified and solved. Following the status of the wetland, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate the solutions and responses provided by the authorities on the environment. One of the most effective tools in this regard is environmental impact assessment. So, the present study was conducted with the aim of increasing the efficiency of management measures to rehabilitate Jokandan wetland to develop tourism. For this purpose, DPSIR model and EIA method are integrated.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and has been done in two stages of basic studies and environmental impact assessment studies. First, in the basic studies section, using the DPSIR model, the condition of the wetland is described, environmental problems and its management challenges from environmental, economic and social dimensions are discussed. According to this model, the driving forces and pressures are often human factors for development and are associated with the consumption of natural resources. This causes a change in the environmental condition (environmental, physical, biological and chemical conditions) of the ecosystem. In this study, based on library studies and field visits, a list of management problems and environmental issues of Jokandan wetland was prepared with the opinions of experts. These factors were then categorized within the framework of DPSIR, which are known as pressure factors in large areas of the lagoon. These pressures have changed the condition of Jokandan wetland and have led to adverse impacts on this habitat. Then, in the impact assessment phase, the restoration activities of Jokandan wetland in order to develop tourism were quantitatively analyzed using a rapid impact assessment matrix. Restoration activities include the construction phase (dredging and sediment extraction, wetland expansion, cutoff construction, construction of ecotourism structures and bird watching sites) and operation (use of tourism and ecotourism capacity). To quantitatively evaluate the impacts, scoring matrices were first constructed separately for construction and operation phases. In these matrices, the impacts of activities on environmental components are placed in rows and scoring criteria in columns. Based on individual judgments and within the framework of the rapid impact assessment matrix method, the assessment team assigned an accurate value to each of the matrix cells.

According to the identified DPSIR model indices, the driving forces that cause pressures on the resources of Jokandan wetland are divided into four categories. These factors include unsustainable use of natural resources, land use change, low level of local community participation in wetland management, population growth and settlements. The most significant changes that observed due to the pressures in this area, are the increase in agricultural-range land use, increasing demand for water, and reduces the area of wetland habitat. Also, based on the results of the quantitative impact analysis, negative and important impacts of construction phase activities that appear in the range of many significant changes include noise pollution, the impact of clearing, shrubs and Cutoff construction on habitat destruction and land use in the region. The purpose of creating the Cutoff structure is to prevent the mixing of fresh water in the lagoon and salt water in the sea. Based on the present evaluation study, the creation of this structure will be subject to specialized studies. Also, according to the results, salinity does not interfere with the growth and development of alder trees, but monitoring salinity is essential. In the operation phase, the most important negative impacts include transportation activities on air quality and ecosystem simplification activities. According to final environmental evaluations the score of the construction phase is -764 and the score of the operation phase is 338. Summarizing the results and the difference in the range of scores shows that the negative impacts from the construction phase of the operation are decreasing and the positive impacts from the construction phase of the operation are increasing. This study highlights the importance of developing a comprehensive restoration plan.

Water as one of the sources of life is one of the most important factors of growth and development in human societies. In the last two decades, especially in the late 20th century, water management has become a major international concern. Drought and dehydration in Iran are also a climatic fact, and due to the growing need for different parts of the water, the drought problem will become more acute in the coming years. Water productivity is one of the most important key indicators in large-scale planning related to the supply, allocation and consumption of water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in water productivity in industrial and agricultural sectors by country's provinces during the implementation of subsidy targeting using Malmquist index. The results indicated that the provinces of Tehran, Kerman and Hormozgan have been inefficient in all three sectors, but overall, the total productivity index has increased in the country.

One of the most important factors for the sustainability of any type of ecosystem is the biodiversity and natural diversity of the organisms of that ecosystem. Therefore, recognizing the species’ diversity within each ecosystem helps preserve that environment.Endophytic microorganisms are the most unknown species in any ecosystem because these microorganisms are inside other living species, so they are usually overlooked by biologists unless they cause a specific disease or disorder in their host. On the other hand, because most of these microorganisms are uncultivable, it is impossible to identify them through conventional methods.With the development of the next generation of sequencing (NGS), extracting total DNA from the host is only done once without further repetition of the process in order to sequence all its genomic content, so the sequence of associated species or its endophytes are also found. Metagenomics has been used for microbiota analysis within different ecosystems. However, few reports for its use to identify plant endophytic bacteria are available. Recently, in most Russian Olive trees (Elaeganus angustifolia L.) in and around the city of Tabriz, there have been very clear signs of the leaflet, dwarfing, and rosseting. The cause of this infection has been associated with phytoplasma disease. However, the type and severity of the symptoms indicated the possibility of co-infection with other phytoplasma or other plant pathogens, necessitating a careful study the pathogens in the plant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the genomic content of Russian olive trees infected with phytoplasma disease in the Tabriz region.

To evaluate the efficiency of NGS (Next Generation Sequence) for species diversity, the total-DNA of selected Russian olive trees in Tabriz city was extracted and extracted DNAs were stored at -20°C for further use after dissolving in distilled sterile water. Three different DNA samples were prepared for NGS analysis. Each sample consisted of DNA of about 15 different trees. To ensure the removal of accidental microorganisms or surface contaminants, all samples were thoroughly rinsed with sterile distilled water and surface disinfected with alcohol before DNA extraction. The quantity and quality of obtained DNA, with spectrophotometer (Genway-6850 model) and electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel were evaluated. Samples were then sent to Novagen Co. for NGS sequencing. Each sample sent was about 100μL with a concentration of 80 ng/μL. The samples were used by the Illumina 1.9 Novaseq 6000 platform to produce paired-end reads. The requested data volume was set to 12 GB. After receiving NGS data, CLC workbench and Fastqc software were used for the initial evaluation of readings. In the next step, using Metaphylan2 and Kraken software, the genome abundance of each microbial phylum (fungal, bacterial and protozoan) in the data was evaluated. Then, using Bowti2 v2.4.2 software, all readings obtained were aligned with the reference sequences in the NCBI genebank.

Based on the output of CLC workbench and Fastqc software, the quality of data received from Novagen Company was appropriate and acceptable. Data analysis showed that there were a total of 45 million READs inside the submitted file, the reading fragment length was 150bp and the GC% of the total readings in the three submitted samples was between 31-39%. The Phred Score for the readings was about 36 for the whole data, which indicates the good quality of the reads (above 20 is considered acceptable). Sequence Duplication Levels were also obtained very low, which indicates that the reads are appropriate and the data is reliable.The results obtained from Metaphylan2 and Kraken software showed that the inside of the Russian Olive plant is rich in the genomic content of various bacterial, fungal, and protozoan species and so on. Out of 45 million readings, about half a million reads (1.12% of the total) were classified into different microbial phyla and the remaining 98.88% belonged to the host genome (Russian Olive). Only the species that were found in all three submitted samples are listed. The genomes of more than nine prokaryotes within the Russian Olive trees have been identified. With the exception of one species of archaea, the rest belonged mainly to gram-negative bacteria of the Proteobacteria group. Most of the bacterial genomes identified inside Russian Olive belonged to Mollicutes and Phytoplasma species, which, contrary to expectations, did not include only one species, and the genomes of four different species of Phytoplasma were observed inside the samples.In the analysis of viral genomes, the presence of the genomes of three types of viruses and one type of satellite virus inside the examined samples was confirmed. With the exception of one virus that was identified as an entomopathogen, the rest were plant pathogens. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus, which consisted of a large part of the viral genome, is a major pathogen of insects and has been used in the biological control of several species of insects to date.In the study of eukaryotic genomes, the presence of the genomes of yeast fungi of the saccharomycete class and protozoa from the group of Apicomplexa and Amoebae in the samples was confirmed. One of the identified fungi (Eremothecium sp.) belonged to a genus that mainly plant pathogenic and some of its species cause economic damage to plants such as beans and cotton, and other species (Schizosaccharomyces sp.) was a Yeast which has been found in various environments so far. One of the identified protozoa (Eimeria tenella) has been reported to be a pathogen of birds and the other species belonged to the genus (Dictyostelium sp.) which is a type of amoeba whose species have already been identified in plant debris in different countries.According to these reports, there was no doubt that Iranian Russian Olive trees are one of the main but overlooked hosts for phytoplasma diseases and some other diseases. Therefore, identifying the internal microbiome of Russian olive trees in the region seemed interesting and necessary. Identifying every single infection inside a tree or any other environment is very time-consuming and sometimes impossible because there is no mindset about the number and type of microorganisms inside it. Recently, with the development and completion of NGS-based metagenomic experiments, it has become possible to obtain an overview of potential organisms within an ecosystem without spending much time and money.

Identifying each species in an ecosystem and obtaining genomic information from each is a very long and costly task that was impossible to imagine for several years. However, the present study, as an example, shows that the NGS technique can easily and with the least cost and time can obtain valuable information from unknown ecosystems that were previously impossible or very difficult to obtain. This study not only proved that Russian Olive trees in northwestern Iran are infected with more than one phytoplasma, but also the existence of various types of other beneficial or harmful microbes in them was proved for the first time. Knowing about the infection of Russian Olive trees to several pathogens can help plant protection officials and other experts to make better decisions about future development or removal of these trees in the area in future management plants.

Annual herbaceous rice, standing, rooted, shallow, strong, and white, belongs to the Oryza family, belonging to the Oryzeae family. Rice is the staple food of about 2.5 billion people, which is about 20 percent of the energy needed, and provides protein for 15 percent of the world's population. In general, tropical and subtropical countries Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan, India, USA, Japan, Italy, Egypt, China, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, and Australia are the main rice producers in the world. Among them, Sadri, Tarom, and Hashemi cultivars are among the best and most high-quality rice cultivars native to Iran, and the most productive cultivars of this country can be Caspian, Speedroad, Sahel, Kadous, Shafaq, Darfak, Gohar and Neda pointed out. Accurate determination and evaluation of odor in rice require identification of substances affecting odor in parallel with the development of methods for determining their amount. More than 3 decades have passed since the beginning of studies related to recognizing the creative and effective factors in rice aroma. Much research has been done in the field of using more efficient and faster methods in identifying rice volatiles and identifying the main causes. Of the more than 100 known compounds in rice, a few are effective in creating its aroma and aroma. In the meantime, the electronic nose can detect volatile compounds in rice. The electronic nose has been used in extensive research to identify and classify food and agricultural products. Pandan leaf aroma of rice is a special feature and is used to differentiate the quality of rice. Quality determines whether it has a certain percentage of cleanliness and purity or not. Aromatic rice is usually preferred by consumers due to its good quality, which includes delicacy, shape, colour, aroma, taste, and consumers use aromatic rice for celebrations and occasions due to high demand and use good quality. The quality of aromatic rice is influenced by various factors such as cultivation location, climatic conditions, genetic activities and post-harvest. Important issues in the rice industry include quality control, incorrect labelling, grading and fraud in different types of rice. For this reason, the rice industry uses standard grades based on market criteria to identify grain. Due to these factors, quality control and fraud are the main issues that are wrong labelling and grading are the main problems. The use of human expert panels is the most common technique used to evaluate the quality of aromatic rice. They distinguish rice based on its aroma. With the rapid and rapid advancement of computer technology and sensor technology, the application of the bionic electronic nose, including a semiconductor gas-sensitive sensor and a pattern recognition system as a means of detection, offers a new method for rapid classification and digit recognition. Give. The electronic nose has also introduced a new method for classifying and detecting rough rice in a non-destructive and fast way. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability and accuracy of the electronic noses using one of the chemometrics methods to distinguish pure rice cultivars from 3 gross cultivars.

First, 4 rice cultivars were prepared from the Iranian Rice Research Center located in Rasht. These 4 cultivars included 1 high-quality rice cultivar named Hashemi and 3 substandard rice cultivars named Neda, Khazar, and Sahel. Therefore, in the experiments, one genuine rice cultivar (Hashemi) and three non-genuine or counterfeit cultivars (mixture of Caspian, Neda, and Sahel cultivars with Hashemi cultivars) were prepared, so that the counterfeit cultivars each contained 80% of Hashemi cultivars and 20% of substandard cultivars. After preparing and mixing the cultivars, first, the samples were placed in a closed container (sample container) for 1 day to saturate the container with the aroma of rice, then the sample containers were used for data collection with an electronic nose. Were located. In this research, an electronic nose made in the Department of Biosystem Engineering of Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. In this device, 9 low-power metal oxide (MOS) semiconductor sensors are used, which are given in Table 1 of the sensor specifications. The sample chamber was connected to the electronic nasal device and data collection was performed. The data collection was done by first passing clean air through the sensor chamber for 150 seconds to clear the sensors of odours and other gases. The sample odor was then sucked out of the sample chamber by the pump for 150 seconds and directed to the sensors, and finally, fresh air was injected into the sensor chamber for 150 seconds to prepare the device for repetition and subsequent tests. 22 replicates were considered for each sample. The study started with the chemometrics method with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect the output response of the sensors and reduce the data dimension. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the simplest multivariate methods and is known as an unsupervised technique for clustering data by groups. It is usually used to reduce the size of the data and the best results are obtained when the data are positively or negatively correlated. Another advantage of PCA is that this technique reduces the size of multidimensional data while eliminating additional data without losing important information.

The scores diagram (Figure 1) showed the total variance of the data equal to PC-1 (99%) and PC-2 (0%), respectively, and the first two principal components constitute 99% of the total variance of the normalized data. When the total variance is greater than 90%, it means that the first two PCs are sufficient to explain the total variance of the data set. According to the shape of Hashemi's main cultivar (a) on the left side of the chart and 3 fake cultivars (b, c, and d) are visible, which are well separated by the PCA method. Therefore, it can be concluded that e-Nose has a good response to rice odor and it is possible to distinguish between original and counterfeit rice cultivars, which shows the high accuracy of electronic nose in detecting the smell of different products. The correlation loadings plot diagram can show the relationships between all variables. The loading diagram (Figure 2) shows the relative role of the sensors for each principal component. The inner ellipse represents 50% and the outer ellipse represents 100% of the total variance of the data. The higher the loading coefficient of a sensor, the greater the role of that sensor in identifying and classifying. Therefore, sensors mounted on the outer circle have a greater role in data classification. According to the figure, it is clear that all sensors have played an important role in identifying rice cultivars, including the role of sensors No. 1 and 9, which are the same sensors MQ9 (to detect carbon dioxide, combustible gases) and MQ3 (to detect). Alcohol, methane, natural gases) were slightly less than the other sensors, which can be reduced by removing these two sensors to reduce the cost of making the olfactory device (to detect genuine and counterfeit rice) and save costs. In this study, an electronic nose with 9 metal oxide sensors was used to identify and distinguish between original and counterfeit rice cultivars. PCA chemometrics method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex data, an electronic sensor array was used. PCA was used to reduce the data and with 99 main components PC1 and PC2, it described 99% of the variance of the data set and provided a preliminary classification. The electronic nose has the ability to be used and exploited as a fast and non-destructive method to detect genuine and counterfeit rice cultivars. Using this method in identifying rice cultivars will be very useful for consumers, especially in restaurants and halls, in order to select pure and high-quality cultivars.

Most of the problems in the environment are due to a lack of sufficient knowledge and cultural weakness in the relationship between man and nature. This issue is in fact a kind of cultural problem, so it requires national and international efforts to strengthen the culture of environmental protection at different levels of society, especially in children.One of the most important concepts that a child interacts with during his or her influential years is nature. The direct and indirect experiences of nature have been one of the most important factors in the physical, perceptual, emotional, and even moral development of human beings. The researches show that children spend a large part of the day watching TV and playing computer games. It is estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 species become extinct each year, and many species are endangered.This reduction in diversity indicates a widespread decline in species populations and the disappearance of familiar ecosystems to children. On the other hand, education is a kind of long-term investment and of course valuable for society and the key to development. Therefore, strengthening the curiosity and cultivating the scientific spirit in children and adolescents is something that guarantees the scientific and technological progress of the country. Since one of the most sensitive and widely used issues that all members of society face throughout their lives in the environment, therefore, education related to it is very important. This study was conducted with the aim of creating environmental concerns, understanding, and impact of students in schools in Delfan and Selseleh districts.

In the present study, the statistical population was selected from all primary school students in the central and Kakavand districts (Delfan and Selseleh cites), and then a stratified proportional to the volume of 252 students was selected. In order to collect data, 504 standard questionnaires were distributed in pre-test and post-test. For this purpose, environmental skills training in primary schools was prepared using photos, videos, animations, PowerPoint, flashcards, posters, etc.Based on this, an estimate of the biodiversity of the regions was made first. In the next step, 252 randomly selected students filled out the pre-test questionnaire and after getting acquainted with the environmental issues and plant and animal species that were identified and evaluated, completed the post-test questionnaire.At the first, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk test were used to evaluate the normality of the data. Indicators based on information theory were used to assess biodiversity. The results were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and Shapiro-Wilk test and evaluated by box chart. Also in this study for statistical analysis of differences in the subgroups of students' gender (girl or boy), students' place of residence (city or village), and students' educational level (preschool, first grade, second grade, third grade, fourth grade, fifth grade and sixth grade Mann-Whitney test was used.

According to the results of the Wilcoxon test, a significant difference was observed between pre-test and post-test results. However, there was no significant difference between the sexes of the students in the pre-test. According to the results, the level of skills enhancement of urban students was higher than students living in rural communities, but in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test stage, the result changed. One of the reasons for this increase in post-test changes in the rural student community is the possibility of potential talents due to skills development, but in the urban student community, this potential is not possible due to access to educational facilities at a higher level of the village.According to Figures 3-5 and 3-6, the level of knowledge of students in preschool to sixth grade is relatively increasing. Comparison of the fifth and sixth grades shows that the range of changes in the post-test stage is much smaller than the pre-test stage. This indicates an increase in the level of knowledge due to the test at higher levels, but according to the results obtained in the pre-test and post-test stages in preschool students, the first and second amplitude of changes in the post-test stage is greater than the pre-test stage.The difference in the level of education was such that the third grade can be considered as a prerequisite for teaching environmental skills training among male and female students and rural and urban communities. Understanding the importance and necessity of public environmental education becomes apparent when one considers the fact that environmental education increases public knowledge and awareness of the environmental consequences of human activities, which develops the skills necessary to preserve the environment throughout life and creates a sense of responsibility for the general public to achieve a healthy environment and a commitment to preserving the environment for future generations and achieving this important goal and sustainable development requires environmental education.

In general, education to increase insight, knowledge, awareness, and skills in the development of environmental literacy is a major task for researchers in a community. Many sections of society, such as home, family, school, community, workplace, interest groups, and the media, can play a key role. Achieving the necessary environmental literacy is the main task of our schools. Environmental education is a tool for developing environmental literacy. As a society, we need to know to what extent environmental education in schools is appropriate for achieving skills enhancement in an environment that is becoming increasingly complex. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the following:- The third grade can be considered as a prerequisite for teaching environmental development skills among male and female students and rural and urban communities. Therefore, if local governments and decision-makers want to provide skills development training, especially in the field of environment, they can consider this training from the elementary third. Establishment of green schools in different parts of the west of the country, especially Selseleh and Delfan regions (due to high biodiversity and readiness to accept environmental sciences)  Inclusion of environmental protection and protection issues in the textbooks of students of all levels of education, especially primary school. Organizing training workshops on environmental issues for teachers, villagers, village elders, and especially mothers.

Urban development and land use pattern changes have far-reaching environmental effects. Increasing the size and number of cities in the future Human activities such as changing land uses, consuming more resources and emitting pollutants have negative effects on the functioning and structure of the urban system and disrupt the circulation of materials and energy. Population growth, different social and economic conditions of cities, providing high quality housing in cities, fragmentation, destruction of natural habitats due to urban development, while becoming one of the major challenges for managers and planners, It has forced cities to withstand pressures beyond the carrying capacity of environmental refinement and reabsorption capacity. Urban carrying capacity refers to the amount of population or development that can continue in an area without any impact in the area that is too acceptable. This article tries to look at the city of Karaj as a system that has been disrupted due to human intervention, structure, function and processes, and through the correct identification of pressure forces, resources and reservoirs and analysis of their status. To study and monitor the pressures resulting from development in urban regressed systems and by monitoring the indicators of pressure on the urban environment, the stability of the city in the form of load number index and finally in the process of planning and environmental management the life of Karaj city should be used. The study of the Total Load Numbers (TLN) obtained in the districts of Karaj shows that none of the urban districts at the time of the study, according to the 18 indicators, is in the range of the optimal total load number. district 1 of Karaj city had high-to-very high range.

In this study, in order to evaluate the pressure on the urban environment in the city of Karaj, after reviewing information sources and frost documents and preparing existing maps, a number of effective indicators based on weighting analysis and calculating the coefficient of importance of indicators using the method entropy and SMART FILTER were determined. Then, the loading numbers were calculated for each of the indicators in the degrees of carrying capacity and the mapping of these indicators was done in GIS and in each of the areas based on these loading numbers. Finally, the zoning and status of each area of Karaj was determined based on environmental pressure and loading number model (Figure 1).In this research, using the PSIR framework, in addition to structuring information, it is possible to determine important relationships as well as achieve a comprehensive understanding of environmental problems and finally to achieve practical and environmental management solutions. Therefore, effective indicators in the context of pressure-status-effect-response are selected to assess the state of the urban environment (table 3).In order to create a model of loading number from the city board, each of the indicators, in case of minimum allowed (desirable) and maximum allowed or allowed (threshold) is classified into 6 categories and according to the amount and intensity of the index within the allowed limit Winning is given to them to the degree that is called the degree of carrying capacity (DCC) (table 1).In this model, indicators are placed in 6 categories called "Degree of Carrying Capacity (DCC)".In order to calculate the degree of carrying capacity of the indicators, the standards, base values and tariffs for each indicator have been used, which have been calculated for the group of selected indicators, including status, pressure and effects indicators (table 2).In order to compile the spatial model of urban board capacity based on PSIR framework, the indicators are selected using Smart Filter and entropy methods and their importance coefficient is determined. Table 3 shows the importance coefficients of indicators.After determining the importance coefficients of indicators by the importance coefficient matrix, DCC of each indicator was multiplied by its IC. The resulting number represents the pressure on the urban ecosystem based on the concept of carrying capacity. It also indicates the priority of pressure indicators called the load number (LN). LN= DCC x ICTo evaluate the total carrying capacity of 18 pressure indictors, the carrying capacity table and the total pressure number of 18 indicators were used (Table 4).

After determining the DCC and LN of 18 indicators in Karaj, the total load number of these indicators was calculated (Table 6) and the LN maps were prepared (Figure 3, 7). This maps shows the distribution of pressure in different areas of Karaj and is an appropriate tool to investigate and locate critical points and to compare the overall situation in different areas. The total load numbers of the studied zones in the areas of Karaj city and the areas with the highest number of loads were identified and prioritized. Then. In each region, the priority of each indicator in creating pressure was examined (table 5).After calculating the values of the load numbers of each indicator in the study zones, district 1 with the loading number of 312.845, which is in the 3rd to 4th group of the carrying capacity of the total loading number degree, has the highest amount of loading number, the highest of which in the group of indicators is equal to 236.18 and belongs to the indicators, The situation. Then the pressure indices with loading number 47.88 and in the third place are the effect indices with loading number 28.785.The results of this study show that the city of Karaj exceeds the desired environmental level with high pressure on the urban carrying capacity and reveals the need for management and planning to reduce the pressure on the land in the urban areas of Karaj.It should be noted that obtaining the final loading number means a very high pressure and is within the threshold of all indicators, which seems unbearable to achieve, placing the loading number in this range can indicate a high and threshold of most Indicators and requires special attention to the situation of the land in the area whose loading number is mentioned in the range.According to the load number model studied in this study, the applicability of this model in all urban areas is shown and it is easy to compare the load numbers from each urban area to compare the environmental pressure on the urban ecosystem.

Energy use has increased in every aspect of life while the lack of fossil fuels is a major threat to us. Accordingly, the use of alternative energy sources like biofuels is increasingly observed. Vehicles with non-fossil energy sources such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles are the future of transportation that will eventually eliminate fossil fuel vehicles. Water is an additive for biodiesl that has been used in recent years by various researchers in very small amounts in diesel and biodiesel blends. However, this additive has properties that can improve the emission of pollutants. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to model and optimize the performance and emissions of diesel engines have been used by many researchers. In the present study, the effects of biodiesel substitution on the characteristics of a combustion engine in the presence of water and natural gas were analyzed by an artificial neural network (ANN). The present work can be considered new in terms of the strategy used because in the research literature, there is no work similar to the present study. In this study, it has been tried to supply part of the engine power from non-fossil fuels. Although many engine studies have been performed, no significant research work has been described in engine studies with water-biodiesel-diesel mixtures in the presence of natural gas. The present study uses the response level method to validate the predicted output constraints.

This study was conducted in three general stages including fuel sample preparation, engine testing and modeling. The first part presents the method of preparing fuel samples and examining their thermal-physical properties. Span and Twin emulsifiers were used to prepare the samples. A ratio of 0.1% was used in all samples to have the same effect of these surfactants in all samples. So that in waterless samples, the mentioned surfactants were added in the same proportion. Micromaginizer technology was used to stabilize the emulsion. The samples were placed in a homogenizer at a rotation speed of 15,000 rpm. The mentioned surfactants are the most effective materials for creating emulsions with suitable stability. The results of the emulsion preparation also clearly confirmed this claim. Samples included blends of B5, B20 and pure diesel. In all three cases, different water ratios (weight percentages of zero, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%) were used. In order to test the engine, the samples were performed on a diesel engine and a dual-burner cylinder with natural gas and constant speed in the renewable energy laboratory of the Biosystem Mechanics Department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Were evaluated and tested. First, pure diesel fuel samples were used to determine the baseline data for comparison. Then all the samples were tested in the mentioned engine. To extract the data, the required tools and displays connected to the engine were used, including engine speedometer, torque meter, thermocouple to measure body temperature, inlet air temperature, outlet air temperature, inlet water temperature, outlet water temperature, exhaust gas temperature. It was a pollutant and a flow meter. The modeling process was performed to correlate the independent and dependent variables. The main purpose of using soft computing methods to develop a model was to eliminate the dependence of this relationship on complex mathematical models. Matlab software was used to develop the models. Modeling was done in two stages of training and network testing. The network training stage is an important step in the formation of modeling.

The first part of the results examines the physical-thermal properties of fuel samples. Table 2 shows the results of the study of the thermophysical properties of fuels. Based on the obtained results, it can be seen that increasing the amount of water in the fuel samples did not change the density and viscosity of the fuels. In diesel fuel, the density values decreased with increasing water content in the fuel sample from zero to 0.1%, then increased with increasing water content from 0.1 to 0.3% and then increased from 0.4 to 0.5% relative to diesel. In B5 fuel sample, the presence of water by 0.1% first increased the density compared to B5 fuel, then by increasing the amount of water from 0.1% to 0.5%, the density decreased. But in the case of the B20, no specific trend can be observed. In terms of viscosity, in diesel fuel, the presence of water generally causes an increasing trend from 0.1 to 0.3% and a decreasing trend from 0.3 to 0.5%, but in all cases, compared to diesel fuel, the viscosity of water-containing samples increases. Finds. But in the case of fuel samples B5 and B20, in general, the viscosity of the fuel sample in the presence of water is less than that of fuel samples B5 and B20, but there is no specific trend. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the presence of biodiesel in the fuel sample, the presence of water reduces the viscosity, which is not observed in pure diesel fuel. The presence of water in the fuel sample reduces the calorific value of the fuel due to the low calorific value of the water. Increasing the percentage of biodiesel and water does not have a significant effect on changes in brake specific fuel consumption. But as expected, the increase in the percentage of natural gas replacement has significantly reduced the consumption of special brake fuel. One of the main reasons is the significant calorific value of natural gas compared to biodiesel and water compared to diesel fuel. It can be seen that increasing the percentage of biodiesel slightly increases and then decreases the thermal efficiency. The highest thermal value occurs in the range of 8 to 12% of biodiesel. Increasing the water content by a very small amount initially reduces the thermal efficiency and then increases it relatively. But increasing the percentage of natural gas has significantly increased the thermal efficiency. One of the main reasons is the high calorific value of natural gas, which has a significant effect on increasing the pressure inside the cylinder chamber and, consequently, increasing the thermal efficiency.

FMEA is one of the experienced and very useful methods for identifying, classifying, analyzing faults, and assessing the risks arising from them. This study aims to identify, evaluate, prioritize, and analyze the risks associated with the equipment of Sahand municipal wastewater disinfection unit using traditional and fuzzy FMEA method. The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study that was conducted in a period of about 6 months. First, a team of 5 experts was formed and the traditional FMEA worksheet was completed. Then the fuzzy functions were determined by the MATLAB program according to the opinions of experts and the severity, probability of occurrence, and probability of detection and risk priority number (RPN) became fuzzy. According to the fuzzy logic outputs, the risks were prioritized and corrective measures were proposed according to the type of risk. In this study, a total of 28 faults were identified for chlorination unit equipment. The traditional FMEA results showed that a total of 28 faults (100%) identified for the equipment of the Sahand municipal wastewater chlorination unit is in the low-risk range. While according to the results of fuzzy FMEA, one fault (3.6%) is in the low-risk range, 24 faults (85.7%) are in the medium-risk range and 3 faults (10.7%) are in the high-risk range. The results of the risk assessment of the chlorination unit of Sahand municipal wastewater treatment plant using fuzzy FMEA are more accurate and better compared to traditional FMEA. Using experts’ opinions in risk assessment using fuzzy FMEA leads to more realistic results as well as better and clearer prioritization of corrective actions.

Wheat is one of the most important grains in the human food basket, which is known as a major source of energy, protein and fiber due to its valuable nutrients. The post-harvest stage of the wheat crop is explained in two ways: either it is sent to food processing factories or it is stored in silos for sale at regular intervals. Various parameters represent the quality of wheat grain that the percentage of purity of the mass is one of the main factors affecting the purchase price of the product. Several types of non-wheat grains, including germinated grains, broken grains, legumes, weed seeds, insect-damaged grains, foreign matter (pebbles, straw), etc. are the main sources of impurities in wheat. Researchers have always tried to develop computer-based solutions for impurities in wheat grain to be able to develop automated wheat grain separators. Image processing based on morphology, color and texture characteristics of grains has been used for various applications in the grain industry, including grain quality assessment and wheat classification. Various grading systems based on image processing have been studied. The presence of various impurities at the time of wheat harvest is one of the important factors in reducing the quality of wheat, so it seems necessary to detect impurities in wheat grain. The quality of wheat has a significant effect on its marketability. In addition, if wheat is used as a crop seed, the impurities in the mass will be a determining factor in the yield of the future crop.

In statistical analysis of data, situations are sometimes encountered in which the relationship between problem variables is very complex. This makes it difficult to analyze and process the data, so that sometimes no definite relationship can be found between the variables. In these cases, instead of purely theoretical research, applied research is done. Artificial neural networks are one of the solutions that, by processing experimental data, discover the knowledge or law behind the data, and transfer it to the network structure. In this study, the possibility of identifying wheat in wheat grain mass and estimating the amount of impurities in the mass, based on video processing using two types of artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms and hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) has been investigated. For this study, the code related to the artificial neural network with two hidden layers and the number of different neurons in each layer was written in MATLAB software. This code was used to identify and classify each component in the wheat grain mass. The main task of ANN is to learn the structure of the model data set. To achieve this, the network is trained with examples of related outcomes to generalize the capability. Multilayer artificial neural networks (MLPs) are the most common ANN models. In the present study, to reduce the computational load and increase the accuracy of the results, as well as to save time, some parameters that can be changed in the genetic algorithm were extracted as a fixed number using trial and error method. Among these parameters is the number of layers in the main structure of the neural network.

A hidden layer with a number of neurons 2 to 12 was used as an even number. It should be noted that the number of neurons above this amount of computational time increased dramatically and did not have much effect on classification accuracy. Another parameter in this field is the Max Reproduction factor (Max Generation) which according to the results of trial and error for this factor, the results showed that increasing this value more than 30 has little effect on classification accuracy and decreases the mean squared error. And only increases the computation time, so a constant value of 30 was considered for this parameter. 4 values of 50, 100, 150 and 200 were used for the Pop Size parameter. Values above 200 dramatically increased computational volume and processing time, so values over 200 were omitted. Values less than 50 also reduced classification accuracy, and values less than 50 were excluded from the analysis process. After preparing the video of mass movement on the conveyor belt, using MATLAB software and image processing toolbox, 17 shape features, 12 color features and 6 texture features were extracted from each grain sample in the image. The data obtained from the image processing section were classified into five categories: wheat, barley, oats, straw and weed seeds. Two types of artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, feeder (newff) and feeder (newcf), and hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) were used to achieve the highest classification accuracy and minimum error.

Techniques related to image segmentation were used to separate objects within the image. In this stage of image processing, an attempt is made to separate interconnected objects using a variety of morphological and color methods in the image. In fact, the purpose of separating interconnected objects in the image is to make it possible to examine the individual objects in the image separately and extract the different characteristics of each of them. The results showed that from 36 different artificial neural network (ANN) structures, the 5-4-10-35 structure for the newff algorithm with 100 and 89.74% accuracy for training and testing conditions, respectively, with a processing time of 10.39 seconds and the structure 5-8-10-35 for newcf algorithm was obtained with 100% accuracy for training conditions and 87.17% for test conditions with a processing time of 44.94 seconds. On the other hand, the results of the hybrid GA algorithm showed the highest classification accuracy with 95.55% and 86.66% for training and testing, respectively, in a structure in which 8 neurons in the hidden layer with a population size of 200 were used. Was obtained. According to the obtained results, the use of video processing using ANN artificial neural network and newff algorithm due to high accuracy and lower computation time is a powerful tool for detecting impurities in wheat grain mass. Therefore, the use of artificial neural network with the help of video processing has the ability to classify wheat grains and can be used in a practical way. Given the importance of grain mass velocity in the discussion of industrial application, it is suggested that higher grain mass velocities be investigated in a similar way.

Today, noise pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, which includes a significant share of noise pollution caused by transportation. Therefore, in the transportation engineering field, the issue of investigating the effect of pavement type on production or reduction of noise pollution caused by traffic is very important. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the noise pollution resulting from vehicle traffic on composite pavements containing metal slag and copper slag. In this study, laboratory samples of composite pavement including roller concrete and chip seal with different percentages of steel and copper slag, 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, were made and tested for noise pollution produced by a British pendulum. The results of this study show that by increasing steel slag by 50% in concrete samples containing coarse and fine-grained chip seal granulation, the pavement noise number increases by 7.3 dB and 3.3 dB, respectively. Also, in composite pavement samples with coarse-grained and fine-grained chip seals, with the increase of copper slag by 50%, the pavement noise increases by 2.4 dB and 1.2 dB, respectively. In general, the type of granulation, as well as the use of copper and steel slag, has had a significant effect on increasing the sound produced.Today, noise pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, which includes a significant share of noise pollution caused by transportation. Therefore, in the transportation engineering field, the issue of investigating the effect of pavement type on production or reduction of noise pollution caused by traffic is very important. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the noise pollution resulting from vehicle traffic on composite pavements containing metal slag and copper slag. In this study, laboratory samples of composite pavement including roller concrete and chip seal with different percentages of steel and copper slag, 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, were made and tested for noise pollution produced by a British pendulum. The results of this study show that by increasing steel slag by 50% in concrete samples containing coarse and fine-grained chip seal granulation, the pavement noise number increases by 7.3 dB and 3.3 dB, respectively. Also, in composite pavement samples with coarse-grained and fine-grained chip seals, with the increase of copper slag by 50%, the pavement noise increases by 2.4 dB and 1.2 dB, respectively. In general, the type of granulation, as well as the use of copper and steel slag, has had a significant effect on increasing the sound produced.Today, noise pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, which includes a significant share of noise pollution caused by transportation. Therefore, in the transportation engineering field, the issue of investigating the effect of pavement type on production or reduction of noise pollution caused by traffic is very important. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the noise pollution resulting from vehicle traffic on composite pavements containing metal slag and copper slag. In this study, laboratory samples of composite pavement including roller concrete and chip seal with different percentages of steel and copper slag, 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, were made and tested for noise pollution produced by a British pendulum. The results of this study show that by increasing steel slag by 50% in concrete samples containing coarse and fine-grained chip seal granulation, the pavement noise number increases by 7.3 dB and 3.3 dB, respectively. Also, in composite pavement samples with coarse-grained and fine-grained chip seals, with the increase of copper slag by 50%, the pavement noise increases by 2.4 dB and 1.2 dB, respectively. In general, the type of granulation, as well as the use of copper and steel slag, has had a significant effect on increasing the sound produced.Today, noise pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, which includes a significant share of noise pollution caused by transportation. Therefore, in the transportation engineering field, the issue of investigating the effect of pavement type on production or reduction of noise pollution caused by traffic is very important. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the noise pollution resulting from vehicle traffic on composite pavements containing metal slag and copper slag. In this study, laboratory samples of composite pavement including roller concrete and chip seal with different percentages of steel and copper slag, 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, were made and tested for noise pollution produced by a British pendulum. The results of this study show that by increasing steel slag by 50% in concrete samples containing coarse and fine-grained chip seal granulation, the pavement noise number increases by 7.3 dB and 3.3 dB, respectively. Also, in composite pavement samples with coarse-grained and fine-grained chip seals, with the increase of copper slag by 50%, the pavement noise increases by 2.4 dB and 1.2 dB, respectively. In general, the type of granulation, as well as the use of copper and steel slag, has had a significant effect on increasing the sound produced.Today, noise pollution is one of the most important environmental problems, which includes a significant share of noise pollution caused by transportation. Therefore, in the transportation engineering field, the issue of investigating the effect of pavement type on production or reduction of noise pollution caused by traffic is very important. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the noise pollution resulting from vehicle traffic on composite pavements containing metal slag and copper slag. In this study, laboratory samples of composite pavement including roller concrete and chip seal with different percentages of steel and copper slag, 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, were made and tested for noise pollution produced by a British pendulum. The results of this study show that by increasing steel slag by 50% in concrete samples containing coarse and fine-grained chip seal granulation, the pavement noise number increases by 7.3 dB and 3.3 dB, respectively. Also, in composite pavement samples with coarse-grained and fine-grained chip seals, with the increase of copper slag by 50%, the pavement noise increases by 2.4 dB and 1.2 dB, respectively. In general, the type of granulation, as well as the use of copper and steel slag, has had a significant effect on increasing the sound produced.

Conducting geomechanical studies and examining the strength and type of soil before the construction of civil structures is one of the most important stages of studies in selecting the appropriate location for each geomechanical project. Geomechanical characteristics of soil are performed through surface and in-depth observations through borehole drilling, laboratory and on-site tests, and processing and interpretation of test results. In this research, the north of Choghakhor Lake has been studied in order to evaluate the potential of the region for the construction of a tourist village. In order to determine the type and thickness of soil and rock layers and to perform laboratory and on-site experiments, three boreholes were drilled. The test results show that the study site is located on young alluvial sediments of the mountainside, which is mainly a mixture of clay and silt with sand and some gravel. The depth of hand soil in the area varies from 0.5 to 1.5 meters and the level of the water table is located at a depth of more than 30 meters. Most of the standard penetration test values are observed at a depth of 6-8 m, which is due to the genesis and type of soil at a depth. According to Bell's proposed classification, more than 50% of the area's soil is in the hard category. According to the average values of adhesion and internal friction angle for drilled boreholes, the bearing capacity of strip foundation with a width of 1 to 4 meters, for three effective overhangs 1, 2 and 3 meters and length to width ratio of 1: 1 to 10: 1 it placed. The highest bearing capacity is P 2850 and the lowest is 1100 kPa. Changes in bed reaction coefficient, with changes in foundation width from 1 to 5 meters, are in the range of 34 to 286 kg / m3 and with an average value of 100 kg / m3. The range of acceptable changes in the bearing capacity of Pi, the location of most of the soil in the region in the resistant category, low water table, flatness of the study area and the consequent lack of landslide potential, indicate the high potential north of Choghakhor Lake to build a tourist village.

Drought is one of the most severe weather phenomena that has the greatest impact on the world's population and can affect millions of people around the world every year. Various indicators have been defined to calculate the drought index. Among these, the SPI index is widely used due to the simplicity of calculations and the use of available data and the ability to calculate at different time scales. Also, the output of general circulation models (GCM) can be suitable tools for predicting future drought events in each region if the optimal models are selected and a suitable and valid method is used in downscaling. On the other hand, with the studies conducted in Mazandaran province regarding the increasing trend of temperature and decreasing rainfall over the past 30 years, its effect on increasing drought is undeniable. Also, in Mazandaran province, rainfall has an important role in maintaining the livelihood of people, ecosystems and agriculture, forest communities, local hydrological regime, which needs to be studied possible the effects of climate change on meteorological components in the future. Therefore, in this research, initially the precipitation and temperature values at Qarakhil station in Siahrood watershed in Mazandaran province were simulated using three models: CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, CESM1-WACCM under two scenarios: RCP 8.5 and RCP 2.6. Also, the statistical method based on linear regression and SDSM software was used. Finally, with the results obtained from the simulation and using SPI index, monitoring and analysis of drought characteristics were considered for the basic decades (1985-2005) and future (2020-2040) in time scales 6, 12 and 24 months.

Statistics of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation of 3 models CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, CESM1-WACCM were extracted from AOGCM models in the period 2020-2040 as the future period and in the period 1985-2005 as the base period. In this study, from the three mentioned models, two models, CanESM2 and CNRM-CM5 for temperature and CNRM-CM5 model for suitable precipitation were identified. The problem with the rejected models was the large changes in the monthly temperature of the future period compared to the base period, as well as the very large changes in the base period and the observation period. One of the major problems in using the output of AOGCM models is the large scale of their computational cell relative to the study area. In this study, the statistical method is based on linear regression and SDSM software to scale the rainfall data of selected models. The model establishes statistical relationships between large-scale and local behaviors based on multiple linear regression methods. These connections are made using station observational data and the outputs of general circulation models in the same observation period, and it is assumed that these relationships will be true in the future. In other words, the basic premise in statistical downscaling is that time is independent of these relationships. Then, changes in temperature and precipitation in the period 2020-2040 compared to the period 1985 to 2005 and were examined. Finally, by introducing the rainfall time series produced in the future period and the rainfall time series in the observation period with the standard rainfall drought index (SPI), the drought status of the study area in time scales 6, 12 and 24 Months were examined. The calculation steps and computational formulas of this index are fully presented in the research of Loukas et al. 2004.

Future period data of AOGCM models (CanESM2 and CNRM-CM5) under two scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, were examined with baseline data. The results showed that the minimum and maximum annual temperature changes of the models under both scenarios will be in the direction of temperature increase. The highest annual minimum temperature increases of AOGCM models under RCP2.6 scenario was predicted by 2.6 ° C in February and under RCP8.5 scenario by 2.5 ° C in January. On the other hand, the maximum maximum temperature increases under scenario 8 will be 4.7 ° C in January and under scenario 2 will be 3.6 ° C in January and April. It should be noted that the temperature pattern changes under the CanESM2 model will be more intense than the CNRM-CM5 model, although it is not significant. The results of seasonal precipitation of CNRM-CM5RM models under both scenarios show a decrease in precipitation in spring and in autumn and winter we will not have significant changes in precipitation. The CNRM-CM5 model also predicted a 44% decrease in rainfall under the RCP2.6 scenario and an 18% increase in rainfall under the RCP8.5 scenario in the summer. The average annual rainfall of both models and under both scenarios showed a decrease. In the period 1985-2005, it had severe drought on a 6-month scale in 1991, 1985, 1995, on a 12-month scale in 1986, and on a 24-month scale in 1987. In all three-time scales of 6, 12 and 24 months, the drought index in the future period showed a lot of fluctuations compared to the base period under both diffusion scenarios. It is also important to predict the probability of the occurrence of drought limit conditions in the coming period. The results of seasonal precipitation of CNRM-CM5RM models under both scenarios show a decrease in precipitation in spring and in autumn and winter we will not have significant changes in precipitation. The CNRM-CM5 model also predicted a 44% decrease in rainfall under the RCP2.6 scenario and an 18% increase in rainfall under the RCP8.5 scenario in the summer. The average annual rainfall of both models and under both scenarios showed a decrease. As the results showed, the study area will experience climate change and drought in the coming period, which will undoubtedly have a significant impact on the ecosystem of agricultural systems and water resources (quantity and quality of water) in these areas. Therefore, facing these conditions requires extensive studies and planning in the field of the impact of future climate change on the country's natural resources, and the results of climate models of this study can deal with this phenomenon, especially in agriculture, water resources and The environment and adopting appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures to be used.

In today's competitive markets, there are specific brands that have created small and less competitive markets by providing attractive and meaningful social identities to meet the specific needs of consumers, in these markets, focusing on meeting the needs of a group of customers who have unique and special needs. In terms of marketing challenges for innovative companies, there is ample evidence from around the world that although a large number of technology development researches have been technically successful, only a small percentage of them have been commercialized. This indicates the complexity of the commercialization process and the need for further study in this area.Many researchers in the past have extensively studied the mass markets and the challenges of marketing and innovation in different markets and industries, but despite the growing relative interest in innovation and niche market strategy, the challenges of innovative companies in these markets have been less studied. Understanding the challenges that innovative companies that want to operate in niche markets face can be so important and vital to them that even by studying these challenges, companies can be able to prevent major financial threats and losses. To earn. Based on this theoretical gap, in recent years a series of researches in the field of innovation and niche markets have been conducted and the number of such studies is increasing. In fact, so far little research has been done on the challenges companies face in entering niche markets as well as the relationship between innovation and it.Herbal soybean companies with a focus on producing health-oriented products with an emphasis on vegetarianism produce products that are considered as innovative products in the niche market. By producing soy-based food products without the use of animal products, the company can make a significant contribution to community health as well as environmental health. Despite the lack of competition in this area, they face major marketing challenges. Given the unmet needs in this market, as well as the great problem of marketing and identifying customer needs in domestic companies, the purpose of this study is to identify the basic marketing challenges of innovative companies in the production of health-oriented plant products and these companies help to meet the needs of customers in niche markets.

This research is applied in terms of purpose; Because the findings of this study can lead to a deeper view of the company's challenges in innovative companies that intend to operate in niche markets and especially in health-based plant-based food companies, and help the managers of these companies to better plan and make decisions. The method of this research is qualitative, which was done by reviewing previous researches, in-depth interviews conducted by the researcher.The statistical population in this study includes experts as well as managers, officials, loyal customers and owners of stores supplying the products of Bekr Company, which produces vegetable protein products from soy. The sampling method performed in this research is purposeful (judgmental) sampling. First, 33 people were interviewed, including experts, as well as managers, officials, customers, and store owners of Bekr or similar products, as well as managers of several companies active in the field, until the extracted data was saturated. With the presence of the researcher in the active companies in the statistical community, important questions in the research were asked in the form of in-depth interviews. In interviews with company executives, an attempt was made to cover potential marketing issues by asking general questions about marketing concerns and challenges. The interview began with general questions about the "overall state of the economy and its impact on innovative companies" and "the most important current concerns of companies" and continued until the researcher determined that the answers were saturated. Interviewees in this study include 2 CEOs, 1 Board Member, 4 Mid-Range Managers, 3 Technical Specialists, 3 Leading Innovative Food Distributors, 7 Store Owners Who Supply Special and Innovative Food Products Were 11 loyal and old customers of the company, and finally 2 were scientific experts. At the beginning of the interview, the purpose of the interview was generally mentioned by the researchers and it was emphasized that the interview information is used only for research purposes and the identities of the interviewees will not be published in the research reports.In this study, theme analysis method was used to analyze qualitative data. Theme analysis method is a systematic method for analyzing qualitative data as a meaningful and tactical method in order to reduce and better manage large volumes of data without losing the basis of the subject, immersing and drowning in data, organizing, summarizing and focusing. Data interpretation is used. This is because the interviewees had a lot of conversations and information and concerns to present, and this led to a very large amount of data, and because on the one hand it was necessary to extract an organized pattern from these topics, this method of organizing, summarizing And the interpretation of the data helped a lot.

73 Key indicators of major challenges for innovative companies in niche markets using in-depth interviews with the research statistical community (including experts as well as managers, officials, loyal customers and store owners of becker products ") were identified and categorized into 10 general factors. These factors are: factors related to product and production, law, sales and customer, advertising and packaging, innovation and knowledge, competition, environmental changes, cost and price, human resources, distribution Research findings can be important for managers of innovative companies operating in niche markets. Factors related to product and production, law, sales and customer, advertising and packaging, innovation and knowledge, competition, environmental changes, cost and price, human resources and distribution; These are the most fundamental challenges that innovative companies must adopt in order to survive and succeed. In this study, the marketing challenges of innovative companies were identified and identified in the form of 10 factors. It is suggested that researchers in future research examine the impact of each of the 10 factors on the marketing performance of innovative companies separately. It is also suggested that researchers in future research be more specialized in how and on what basis each of the 10 identified factors of marketing challenges of companies operating in niche markets, especially in Iran. Future researchers are advised to conduct a study on the extent to which the main marketing challenges of innovative companies in niche markets (the results of the present study) with the basic marketing challenges of non-innovative companies in non-niche markets to determine their differences.

The detection of changes in climate parameters indicates that climate change has begun in Iran and it is necessary to identify the habitats of potential species, present and future years, under climate warning models. In this regard, it should be examined whether the increase in temperature in the country will have a positive effect on the presence of species in rangeland habitats, or a negative effect?. For this purpose, the current and potential future range of Artemisia Aucheri for the next three decades (2050) were predicted under two climate warning models (Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5).

In this connection; First, the event map (presence and absence) of A. Aucheri species was prepared at the level of rangeland habitats. Then, the values of predictive environmental variables were calculated at the species occurrence site. For this purpose, 19 bioclimatic variables and three physiographic variables (slope, direction, height) with a pixel size of 4.9× 4.9 km were used to model the distribution. The points of presence were marked with the number one and the absence with the number zero. Then, considering the values of each of the climatic and physiographic variables as independent variables and the amount of presence and absence of the species as a dependent variable; a regression relationship between species occurrence and environmental variables was calculated. In the next step; based on the resulting regression relationship, prediction maps of the current (present) range and the potential future range of A. Aucheri species for the next three decades (2050) were prepared. In this regard, data related to monthly temperature and precipitation for the base time period (current) and the future time period, with a resolution of 30 seconds, in small scale from the WorldClim.org database, under two climate warning models (milder scenario and The more severe scenario) (Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5) was downloaded from the General Atmospheric Circulation Model (CCSM4) and the maps were modified using temperature and rainfall data from synoptic meteorological stations. Then, by modifying the temperature and rainfall layers, layers of 19 bioclimatic variables were generated in DIVA-GIS software. From the digital elevation model map in the GIS environment, slope percentage and slope direction maps were generated and used as physiographic variables. All peripheral layers were standardized in Arc-GIS software in terms of area, number of pixels and image system. Next, the calculated environmental variables were placed in the regression relationship presented in the previous step, which was obtained between species occurrence with climatic and physiographic variables. Then, in the context of the Biomod package in the R program; the statistical model was transformed into a species distribution map, and in accordance with the fitted values, in Arc GIS software, a map was generated with a value between zero and one, and values close to one indicate areas with high probability of occurrence of the species. To better map the current range and future potential range; output maps, with a probability of occurrence between zero and one, to four floors; Inadequate habitat (0-0.25), almost suitable habitat (0.25-0.5), highly suitable habitat (0.5-0.75) and very high fitness habitat (0.75-1), The grouping was intense and by referring to the coefficients of variables in regression relations, effective variables for the current range and potential future range were introduced. In this regard, the extent of conformity of the presence range of A. Aucheri species with the current range (present) and their potential range in the future was evaluated using kappa statistical coefficient.

Global warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions; it has caused obvious changes in Iran's climate, including rising temperatures, increasing climatic hazards and decreasing rainfall, in the last two decades. In this regard, most scientific sources emphasize that the increase in temperature has reduced the coefficient of bioclimatic comfort, and some plant and animal species that are not able to adapt to climate change, they migrate from their permanent habitat or gradually disappear. In this study, this aspect of the issue, namely climate change and the distribution of plant species, was emphasized. Based on the results; among the climatic and topographic variables, only the temperature-related indicators, in order of importance, include; BIO9, BIO10, BIO5 and BIO1 were identified as effective on the distribution of A. Aucheri species. The values of the characteristics increase as the climatic conditions worsen and as a result, the suitable habitat level (more than 75% probability) of A. Aucheri species will decrease for the following decades. In other words, it is shrinking in response to climate change. In this regard, the suitable habitat area of this species (probability of occurrence more than 75%) according to the current forecast map is 274505 hectares, which is about 18% of the total rangeland habitats in the southern Alborz. Also, the suitable habitat area of this species according to the forecast maps for 2050, under two scenarios of Rcp4.5 and Rcp8.5, is 208175 and 131964 hectares, respectively, which has about 13 and 8% of the total rangeland habitats. Overall; the area belonging to the classes in which A. Aucheri is more likely to be present has decreased in 2050 than at present. This indicates that in the future, the presence of A. Aucheri species in the habitats of the region will decrease and the risk of its removal from the ecosystems is evident. In sum, climate change and the consequent increase in temperature characteristics will cause the vertical expansion of A. Aucheri species and its movement towards higher latitudes along the altitude gradient of the region. Hence, the lower (1100 m) and upper (2500 m) expected range of vegetation range and altitude range in which A. Aucheri was observed (3400-1800 m); it will change over the next three decades. In this regard, the expansion of plants to higher altitudes during recent periods, an example of species displacement under the influence of climate change, has been mentioned. Also, one of the most important effects of climate change is the displacement of the geographical area of plant species. Based on the results of the present study and similar studies, by determining the degree of overlap of the current range event with the potential future range (for the next decade) of plant species, according to two climate warning models (milder scenario and more severe scenario); The changes that will occur as a result of climate change over the next decade in the distribution of species can be examined. Also, the results will be applicable in conservation and vegetation restoration programs, and based on the results, it is possible to identify suitable climatically and topographically sites for species conservation and rangeland.

Caspian forest of Iran with an area of approximately 1.8 million hectares with more than 80 species of trees and 50 species of shrubs have been identified as the oldest forests in the world which belong to the third geological period. Increasing growth of human population and the development of industries to response of its demands, cause to production of various types of waste. Select landfill without regard to environmental issues poses many threats to the environment, choosing the right place and location for landfill is essential. Accumulation of waste in the forest increases heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium. Some trees are very sensitive to leachate from sewage and dry out quickly. Hyrcanian forests are one of important reserve habitat in our country. There are many various natural and human threats on it that cause many problems in its ecosystem. One of these threats is landfill forest. Also, the lack of effective studies to determine the negative effects of landfills on forest ecosystems, the purpose of the present study identifies the negative effects of landfills in forest areas in Zarandin region of Neka city.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of landfills in forest lands on heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel and chromium) and tree species in Zarandin region. The study area is a forest ecosystem around Zarandin landfill with an area of about 26 hectares located 9 km southeast of Neka city. The important tree species and shrubs of the area can considered to Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) k.koch, Parrotia persica C.A.Mey , Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey, Carpinus betulus L., Acer velutinum Boiss, Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey ,(Acer cappadocicum Gled ,Diospyros lotus L., Mespilus germanica L, Crataegus microphylla k.koch , Prunus divaricate Ledeb. Along the leachate channel, 10 sampling stations were selected up to a distance of 1000 meters from the landfill. Stations were chosen at intervals of 100 meters along the channel. each sampling station includes of two points; one point at the edge of the channel and the second point at a distance of 20 meters from the channel. Soil samples were taken with three replications. A forest area adjacent to the landfill with similar environmental and floristic characteristics but far from the direct impact of the landfill was selected as a control area. in the control section 10 samples were taken. At each station, soil samples were prepared for laboratory operations. Vegetation inventory were also performed in all plots. The selected plots were similar in terms of slope, general direction and height to minimize the impact of environmental conditions and topography on the comparisons. Plots 20 × 20 m were used to study tree and shrub species and plots 1 *1 m were used to analysis of tree species generation and grass coverage.Determination of heavy metal concentrationsSoil samples were tested to determine the concentrations of the heavy metals lead, nickel, cadmium and chromium. For chemical analysis, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil is weighed 1 gram of each sample dried by a digital scale and poured into Erlenmeyer containers. Then 10 cc of concentrated nitric acid is added to it and placed on a digester (Hot block digester) and placed at a low temperature of 130 ° C for 1 hour and then 400 cc of hydrogen peroxide is added to it. Samples are filtered with S&S filter paper in 50cc c-balloons and the filtered solution is reduced to 50cc using deionized water and poured into plastic containers (Heinrichs et al., 1986).Enrichment factorIn order to investigate and evaluate soil contamination in the study area, the results of heavy metal analysis with NFSI index (Utermann et al., 2019) were compared and the enrichment factor of all samples was calculated.The concentration of elements compared to the normal concentration was measured using the enrichment factor. The following equation was used to calculate this factor.EF = Se / ReEF is the enrichment factor, Se is the concentration of elements in the soil and Re is the concentration of elements in the reference material. The classification of enrichment factor values in determining the degree of contamination is given in the table below (enrichment factor value classification table) (Bhuiyana et al., 2010).Table 1: Classification of enrichment factor valuesFactor amount Pollution degreeNo pollution 0No pollution to moderate pollution 1moderate pollution 2Medium to strong pollution 3strong pollution 4strong pollution to Very strong pollution 5Very strong pollution 6The results showed that the pH and EC in the soil of the contaminated area increased and the concentration of all studied metals in the contaminated area compared to the control area showed a significant difference (P <0.05). The density of Parrotia persica, Carpinus betulus and Zelkova carpinifolia in the infected plot was lower than the control plot. Quecus castanifolia did not show a significant difference but the number of Acer sp in the infected area showed a significant increase. Also, reproduction of Carpinus betulus, Quecus castanifolia and Zelkova carpinifolia in the infected area, a significant decrease and Parrotia persica and Acer regeneration in the infected plot showed a significant increase.

Finally, the results of this study showed that the acidity, concentration of lead, nickel, chromium, cadmium in the soil of the landfill and its margin was significantly higher than the soil of the control area. Soil factors such as pH and EC was high in soil samples in infected area. Also, the results of density of tree and shrub showed that the difference in species density between infected and control plots was significant in all species except Quecus castanifolia. The number of Parrotia persica and Carpinus betulus and Zelkova carpinifolia tree stocks showed a significant decrease in the infected area.Finally, the results of this study showed that municipal waste landfilling has significant effects on the chemical properties of forest soil, so providing the necessary facilities for waste management such as waste incinerators and compost factories in these areas is necessary. It is also necessary to conduct more extensive studies in order to obtain comprehensive information for optimal forest management and reduction of pollution and its spread in forest areas.

Heavy metals contamination of soils is one of the main environmental problems. Heavy metals are considered one of the most dangerous groups of pollutants because of their toxicity and stability. The biological and ecological importance of heavy metals is due to their characteristics, toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Heavy metal pollution not only directly affects the physical and chemical properties of the soil, but also reduces biological activity and access to nutrients in the soil and poses a serious threat to human health. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil varies depending on the type of parent rock, mineralization and soil formation conditions in different areas. soils from ultramafic rocks and mainly serpentinites from these rocks have a higher concentration of chromium, nickel and cobalt metals than non- serpentinite soils. Therefore, ophiolites can be named as one of the most important natural pollutants. The Virani area is located in Khorasan Razavi province, 15 km northwest of Mashhad. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of heavy metal contamination in serpentinite soils resulting from the ophiolite complex of Mashhad.

In the present study, 20 soil samples (10-30 cm depth) were collected and the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, coppe, chromium, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, lead, antimony, titanium, silver, aluminium and iron were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To prepare the samples, first 1 g of the sample powder was dissolved in nitric acid along with fluoric acid. The solution was heated in a Teflon dish at 60 ° C until completely evaporated and the sample dried. The sample was then dissolved in 100 ml of 4% HNo3 solution. Also, some other soil properties including PH, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and soil texture proportions were measured. The pH of soil samples was measured using water and KCL 1 with a ratio of 1 to 5.2 soil solution. PH soil of the samples was measured by PHmeter modle UB-5, organic carbon was performed by the Walkley-Black method, which adjacent the soil with concentrated sulfuric acid and bichromate, and after the reaction, the remaining bichromate was calibrated with ferroammonium sulfate, and soil texture by hydrometric method. Based on geochemical data, index of enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (CF) and statistical analysis (cluster and principal component analysis) calculated for evaluating contamination in this area. The pearson correlation has used to find the association between the studied elements The statistical analysis and modeling were performed in SPSS, GIS and Excel software’s environment.

The results of measuring the physicochemical properties of the soil of the region showed that the value of PH all samples are neutral to relatively alkaline and varies from 7.71 to 7. 85. The studies samples show that the value of EC from 12.32 to 13.88 and organic carbon 0.842 to 0.971 percent. The soil samples were classified loam. Considering the relatively uniform PH in all samples and the similarity of organic carbon and cation exchange capacity in all samples, it can be concluded that the soil of the region is formed under similar physicochemical conditions and these factors have no effect on the distribution of heavy metals. The results of heavy metal analysis showed that aluminum has the highest concentration and cadmium has the lowest concentration in the soils of the region. The trend of changes in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil of the region can be more related to the rock units of the region. Serpentinite soils containing nickel, chromium and cobalt can be found in the structure of silicate minerals such as serpentine, talc and chlorite, as well as oxide minerals such as chromite, magnetite and various hydroxides. These minerals work better with heavy metals in the release of heavy metals. The calculated enrichment factor (EF) values vary 1.042 to 11.83. The results demonstrate than in the soil of the study area some heavy metals such silver, arsenic and antimony higher enrichment, chromium, nickel, lead moderate enrichment and zinc, copper, cadmium, iron, molybdnyum, cobalt, titanium, aluminium, manganes are enriched to a minor degree. The results geoaccumulation index (Igeo) than in the soil of the study area some heavy metals such silver moderate polluted, chromium, nickel, cobalt moderately polluted to un-polluted and cadmium, iron, zinc, copper, lead, titanium, antimony, molybdnyum, aluminium, manganes, arsenic are un-polluted. The spread of ultramafic and serpentinite rocks in the western and northwestern parts of the region has caused more pollution in these areas. The calculated contamination factor (CF) change from 0.39 to 4.617, indicates that the soil samples changes from low contamination to strong contamination. The samples are extremely polluted with silver. The contamination values of chromium, nickel, arsenic, lead, manganes are moderately contamination and zinc, copper, iron, aluminium, cadmium, titanium, antimony, cobalt are low contamination. The Pearson correlation has used to find the association between the studied elements. There is a high positive correlation between the chromium, nickel and cobalt elements. Investigation of the cluster analysis (CA) relationships between potentially toxic elements in the soils showed that the studied elements could divided in to two main cluster. The first and second branch can be divided into two sub-branches based on the branch weight and similarities. The cluster graph shows that chromium, nickel and cobalt were highly correlated with each other, indicating the same origin of the metals in the soils. To ensure, principal component analysis (CPA) was applied to find metal sources in the soils. These results show the geochemical behaviors and sources of chromium, nickel and cobalt are different from other elements. The elements can be originated from the mafic and ultramafic rocks in the western and northwestern if the area and the presence of these elements in the soil can attributed to their lithological origin. The entry of nickel into the circulatory system through agricultural products, respiration or consumption of groundwater with high levels of nickel can cause damage to internal organs, disorders of the body's defense system, various cancers of the blood and bone marrow, local infections, inflammation and chromium, Followed by neurological, digestive problems, liver damage, kidney damage, heart palpitations, skin damage and lung cancer. Biological methods such as phytoremediation, prevention of leafy crops such as cabbage and lettuce, prevention of livestock grazing and planting of resistant and serpentine tree is the region reduce, the negative effects of heavy metals in the soil.

Tectonic factors are among the dynamic factors that always affect watersheds and especially the longitudinal profile of rivers. Tectonic morphology studies the shapes created on the ground created by tectonic mechanisms. In order to study active neotectonics, tectonic morphological features of the catchment are used. In this study, the neotectonic activities of the Puppet basin watershed have been investigated using geomorphic indices. At first, using Gis10.3 software and Archydro plugin, sub-basins and waterways of the study area were extracted. For accurate calculation in each of the 19 sub-basins, topographic maps of 1: 25000, geological maps of 1: 100000, digital model of 30 m height were used, and finally For each of the indicators, the zoning map of the study basin was prepared in five categories. Finally, according to the calculated values ​​of each of the indicators, the active relative tectonic index for the basin was extracted. According to the relative active tectonic index of the study area, it was divided into five categories: very high, high, medium, low and very low neotectonic. Based on the evaluation of seismicity, this result was obtained. The results of this study show moderate neotectonic activity in most sub-basins of Topraghi that in these areas the fault activity is not intense and therefore does not pose much danger to residential areas.

The agricultural sector is of strategic importance in the economy and development due to the supply of food required by the country. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable security of this sector, appropriate development measures must be taken. On the other hand, the agricultural sector is the major consumer of water and electricity (16% of total electricity consumption) in Iran. Water is the most important factor in the production of agricultural products and groundwater is the most important supplier of water resources in the agricultural sector. In the past, diesel fuel was used to transport water from the depths of the earth to the surface, in which case a significant amount of vital and strategic resources was wasted due to the use of traditional and worn-out methods. Today, one of the basic solutions to prevent water loss is to use electric pump motors instead of diesel. Also, timely, reliable and cheap supply of electricity required by this sector, by electrifying all wells in the agricultural sector, will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce environmental pollution and optimize energy consumption. This will also help increase agricultural production, accelerate economic growth and increase the country's non-oil exports. Agriculture is the main consumer of water in the world and 93% of water is consumed annually by this sector. Water demand in urban and industrial areas is projected to double between 1995 and 2025 in developed countries facing water shortages. The supply of water for irrigation is also at risk, and this sector is considered economically inefficient and the largest consumer of water. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Iran. Given the water shortage in many parts of the country and the increasing competition of other sectors of the economy with agriculture over water, it seems necessary to gradually increase the economic value of water in agriculture. It is predicted that rising water prices will lead to increased water productivity and economic surplus water consumption in agriculture. Increasing the price of electricity used in water wells in this sector is one of the methods used by the government to increase and control the price of agricultural water. To this end, and in accordance with the Agricultural Well Acceleration Act of 1999, the government intends to electrify water well pumps. Reducing environmental pollution and consuming fossil fuels are the benefits of using these regulations in the agricultural sector. Therefore, many of Iran's agricultural wells are regulated by law. The government spends a lot of money on electrifying agricultural water wells. The government intends to increase agricultural electricity tariffs in the second phase of subsidy reform and increase the cost of agricultural water. The goal is to optimize water consumption and increase efficiency in this sector. Jiroft city is one of the oldest cities in Kerman province in Iran, which includes four parts: Ismaili, Sardouieh, Jabalbarz and Esfahdah. Jiroft city has the most agricultural products among the cities of Kerman province. Therefore, the reaction of farmers to the liberalization of electricity prices in this sector is considered. The city includes 1,500 hectares of pomegranate, almond, olive, pistachio and peach orchards and also has 6,000 hectares of arable land, of which 2,100 hectares include 1,200 hectares of wheat, 600 hectares of barley, 100 hectares of tomatoes, 100 hectares of mandab and 30 hectares. Is rapeseed. There are 3900 hectares in the form of fallow. There are 160 wells in Jiroft city, of which 120 are electric and 40 are diesel. This number of electric wells have been equipped during the 1360s so far, and 10% of these 120 wells have been electrified in the last 10 years.

Given that in the positive planning approach, many limitations and disadvantages of normative mathematical programming have been removed, this method has been considered by agricultural economics researchers in recent years and has had wide applications in examining the effects of policies. Positive mathematical programming is an experimental analysis method that uses all available information, no matter how scarce. The PMP model, formally introduced by Identity in 1995, actually enables the correct calibration of mathematical programming patterns using the observed behaviors of economic agents at the aggregated or non-aggregated level.

In line with targeted subsidy policies and the importance of energy in the agricultural sector, the present study examines the effects of electricity price liberalization by applying different price increase scenarios in Jiroft. To investigate the changes in the cultivation pattern in the two groups of farmers, four scenarios of increasing electricity costs by 5, 10, 20 and 30% were applied. Given that the cost of electricity accounts for a significant share of farmers' costs, the results of the implemented policies showed that the increase in electricity prices reduced the area under cultivation of some products with low profitability and products with high water consumption. Has been. Ahmadpour in 2012 and Fattahi in 2010 also concluded that with the increase in energy costs in agriculture, the area under cultivation of some crops has decreased. Edwards et al. 1996 also showed that higher electricity prices lead to lower water levels as well as lower acreage. Also, in all scenarios, farmers' incomes have decreased. On average, the impact of electricity price increase policies on the gross return of the first group was greater than the second group. Also, the changes in crop area in the second group are more than the first group. In implementing the policy of liberalization, measures must be taken to prevent the loss of farmers. In the first group of farmers, barley has the highest reduction in cultivation area and corn in this scenario has a decrease in cultivation area, which can be due to the high water requirement of corn. In contrast, most of the cultivated area is replaced by irrigated wheat. The second group of farmers, consisting of farmers with a cultivated area of more than 15 hectares, had the lowest decrease in gross yield. Blue barley product has low profitability. This has caused that even in the second group, by applying the fourth scenario, the barley crop is completely out of the cultivation pattern and a smaller amount of wheat and tomato cultivation area is replaced. It is suggested that in order to conserve resources and be more profitable, wheat, which is more profitable, should be replaced by barley. Technically, farmers were more specialized in wheat production than other crops. In all groups and scenarios, the level of cultivation and income of farmers decreased, which was more in the first group. It is suggested that the government prevent the reduction of gross returns by supporting farmers and reducing electricity costs.

Lenjan city is the distribution point of Zayandehrud and the management of water and wastewater resources in this city is important due to the presence of water-related industries. In this study, the knowledge and abilities of women in water resources management were examined. This study was a descriptive-analytical study. A questionnaire including 4 sections of demographic questions, knowledge assessment, attitude assessment and performance assessment was designed. 238 questionnaires were randomly distributed in the first half of January 1400. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel and SPSS16 software. The participation rate in answering the questionnaire was less than 50%. Women are well aware of water resources such as wetlands, rivers and groundwater and the concept of per capita consumption, but their knowledge of concepts such as virtual water, water recycling, wastewater treatment and their attitudes and practices showed that their knowledge of the concepts of wastewater. The value of recycled water and the concepts of demand management are weak. Participants' knowledge was moderate and their attitudes and practices were good, but they have little knowledge of water resources management and water recovery strategies. The level of awareness of housewives should be further strengthened compared to other groups.

The elderly, as part of the urban population, are deprived of mobility and mobility in the city and easy access to urban spaces due to their physical disabilities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of urban viability on elderly elderly mayors in the city of Babol. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In order to collect the required data for the research, two methods of document analysis and survey have been used. The research tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the residents of the elderly (60 years and older) in Babol with a population of 30718 people, of which 384 people have been selected as the sample size. Based on the documentary results, research indicators in the field of urban living include identity and sense of place, security, participation, public education, recreation and leisure, economy and employment, housing, transportation, infrastructure services, green space, urban furniture The quality of urban sidewalks, pollution, landscape, physical dimensions of urban health, psychological dimensions of urban health, social dimensions of urban health, health facilities - and the characteristics of an elderly friendly city including public spaces and buildings , Transportation, housing, social participation, honoring and socializing the elderly, civic participation and employment, communications and information, and health. Their relationship has been analyzed using single-sample t-ammons, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. The results showed that the status of urban and urban-friendly indicators of elderly people in the city of Babel are unfavorable. There is also a weak to moderate relationship between urban and urban friendliness indices. The results of multivariate regression also show the moderate and significant effect of viability on the elderly-friendly municipal variable. Among the indicators of viability, facilities and infrastructure services (0.233), transportation (0.215), recreation and leisure (0.183), respectively, have the greatest impact on the elderly mayor.

Achieving environmentally sustainable development goals requires identifying new sources of environmental degradation. Therefore, in this study, the impact of shadow economy, information globalization, trade and market size on emissions during the years 1990-2020 in developing countries has been investigated using the Threshold (TAR) model. The results showed that in the short and long term, the shadow economy has a negative impact on environmental pollution in developing countries. In the long run, the co-integration results showed a long-term relationship between the variables in the study. The existence of a long-term relationship between the variables showed that with the increase of the shadow economy, the emission of polluting gases also increased. In the long run, policymakers can use the shadow economy as a tool to influence environmental pollution. In addition, the effect of the threshold index of globalization, trade, market size and shadow economy were estimated in four models. In general, the results of the estimation showed that the shadow economy (SE) has more weight in the output and the emission of pollutant gases increases. Therefore, environmental policymakers and planners to reduce emissions should consider informal and covert activities to make regulations more effective for the environment, as well as the globalization of information and trade to improve the performance of companies and individuals.