نشریه بیماری های قابل انتقال بین انسان و حیوان
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1400)

This study investigated Salmonella contamination in food of animal origin in different cities of Khuzestan province, Iran. This study was conducted for 6 months a year in slaughterhouses in various cities in Khuzestan province. Sixty-five samples, including red meat, chicken, and shrimp, were sampled and tested. A total bacterial count, identification, and confirmation of Salmonella infection were performed using microbial tests and general and specific culture media. The highest average bacterial load was related to chicken wings in Behbahan city and was higher than the standard. Also, the highest rate of Salmonella infection in fresh chicken in Khorramshahr city and beef (frozen) in Ramshir city was higher than the standard. No Salmonella infection was observed in farmed, frozen, and peeled shrimp in Khorramshahr, Abadan, and Dezful. The high prevalence is often due to poor hygiene measures during transportation from food preparation and distribution centers to the animal feed market and is associated with Salmonella contamination. To reduce the burden of microbial contamination, periodic microbial tests and implementation of monitoring and control plans for critical points from slaughterhouses to supply and distribution centers, especially in cities with higher pollution levels, and improving the level of hygiene in slaughterhouses and food preparation and distribution centers of animal origin

Streptococcosis is one of the most critical and economically damaging diseases in the aquaculture industry, especially in rainbow trout, and it causes much damage to this industry annually. On the other hand, this disease is most common among humans and fish, leading to disease among consumers of infected fish. To survey the incidence and etiology of rainbow trout suspected of streptococcosis, 50 samples of alive trout which had symptoms similar to streptococcosis were captured from selected farms in Yasuj province. After the autopsy, bacterial sampling of the kidney, liver, and brain was done on a Blood Agar medium. Sampling was done near the flame and with sterilized instruments. Samples were taken to the laboratory of the veterinary school of Islamic Azad University, Kazerun branch, and kept in an incubator for 72 hours at 25 degrees centigrade. Then, gram-negative samples were omitted by the Gram-stain technique and catalase tests, and then complementary biochemical tests were performed after recultivating the samples. The results showed isolated bacteria, including Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae. The incidence of infected rainbow trout with a clinical sign of S. iniae and L. garvieae was 68% and 25%, respectively. Infection was not isolated from 7%. Isolation of S. iniae and L. garvieae from kidney, brain, spleen, and liver was 60%, 65%, 58%, 92%, and 26%, 36%, 32%, and 6%, respectively.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the essential zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis may be asymptomatic or cause subclinical manifestations in immunocompetent people, but it is life-threatening in immunodeficient patients and causes serious problems, especially in the central nervous system. Furthermore, congenital toxoplasma is harmful to the fetus and may lead to abortion. Due to the above, knowing the parasite biology, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system, and diagnostic methods is crucial to preventing harmful damage and finding better treatment. In this article, the taxonomy and morphology of T. gondii are reviewed, and the immunological characteristics of T. gondii are summarized. Due to the importance of an appropriate diagnosis, we summed up some of the diagnostic methods

Worldwide, horses play a critical role in recreation, food production, transportation, and working animals. Horses roles differ by geographical region and the people's socioeconomic status. However, despite modern advances in transportation, which have in some ways altered humans contact with horses, potential risks for equine zoonotic pathogen transmission to humans occur globally. While previous reports have focused upon individuals or groups of equine pathogens, to our knowledge, a systematic review of equine zoonotic has never been performed. Using PRISMA systematic review guidelines, we searched the English literature and identified 233 previous reports of potential equine zoonoses found in horses. We studied and summarized their findings to identify risk factors that favor disease transmission from horses to humans. These previous reports identified 56 zoonotic pathogens that have been found in horses. Of the 233 articles, 13 involved direct transmission to humans (5.6%). The main potential transmission routes included oral, inhalation, and cutaneous exposures. Pathogens most often manifest in humans through systemic, gastrointestinal, and dermatological signs and symptoms. Furthermore, 16.1% were classified as emerging infectious diseases and thus may be less known to both the equine and human medical community. Sometimes, these infections were severe, leading to human and equine death. While case reports of zoonotic infections directly from horses remain low, there is a high potential for underreporting due to a lack of knowledge among health professionals. Awareness of these zoonotic pathogens, their disease presentation in horses and humans, and their associated risk factors for cross-species infection are essential to public health officials, clinicians, and people with recreational or occupational equid exposure.

Dromedary, or one-humped camel Camelus dromedarius, is an almost exclusively domesticated species, common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Approximately 30 million dromedary camels have the highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability of camels to act as a point source or vector for the disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and growth in the interface with wildlife, where camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that most publications (65%) focused on the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Rift Valley fever. The high mortality from MERS outbreaks from 2012 to 2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community, as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever are essential to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. This review provides an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events

Dairy products start from the farm, and for a high-quality dairy product, we need to raise quality standards. Manufacturers need to use methods that reduce mastitis and bacterial contamination of the tank milk. Using strategies to minimize raw milk contamination and control mastitis is also critical. Factors such as nutritional value, taste, health, demand, and freedom of choice are the reasons for the interest in consuming raw milk. Milk and its products are essential components of a healthy diet, but studies have shown that raw milk and unpasteurized milk can be contaminated with pathogens. At the point of sale, strategies have been put in place to reduce the risks of raw milk and its products, including reviewing microbial standards, labeling, and improving milk hygiene. Pre-harvest and post-harvest control measures are also critical for controlling raw milk pathogens. Another critical issue that producers and consumers should pay attention to is FDA membership. Proponents of raw milk are aware of the benefits, but they do not have enough information to support their claims, and given the information available, the disadvantages outweigh the benefits. The authors of many articles that have mentioned the benefits of consuming raw milk do not recommend its consumption due to the risks of contamination by the pathogen. Further scientific studies are needed to evaluate the quality of raw milk, determine the benefits of consuming it, and determine the beneficial factors in milk. Until these studies are performed, a sure way to prevent raw milk-related diseases is not to consume it.