فهرست مطالب

Behavioral Sciences - Volume:16 Issue: 1, Spring 2022

International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume:16 Issue: 1, Spring 2022

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1401/01/12
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • Nasrin Zabihi, Taher Tizdast *, MohammadReza Zarbakhsh Pages 1-8
    Introduction

    Considering the prevalence of the symptoms of type 2 diabetes, to prevent its chronicity and recurrence, it seems that measures should be taken in this regard. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on mental well-being, functional flexibility, and mental cohesion in patients with type 2 diabetes.

    Method

    This quasi-experimental study was a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up after two months. The statistical population included people with type 2 diabetes who were referred to Mashhad Diabetes Center in 2020. Among them, 30 individuals with type 2 diabetes were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group awaiting treatment. To collect data, the Mental Well-Being, Mental Cohesion, and Functional Flexibility Questionnaire scales were used.

    Results

    The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that time perspective treatment is effective on mental well-being, psychological cohesion, and functional flexibility in people with type 2 diabetes.

    Conclusion

    It can be concluded that time perspective therapy can be effective on mental well-being, psychological cohesion and functional flexibility in people with type 2 diabetes. It is suggested that by using these variables by medical centers, other relevant organs and organizations, an effective step can be taken to improve the mental health status of women.

    Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Feeling of Mental Cohesion, mental well-being, Functional Flexibility
  • Zahra Alibakhshi, Zahra Solgi * Pages 9-16
    Introduction
     This study aimed to demonstrate that structural equation modeling of social anxiety disorder is based on Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) components, and perfectionism in adolescents.
    Method
     The study was a descriptive correlation performed with path analysis. The statistical population comprised 250 female students who were selected by a cluster random sampling method in Kermanshah city in 2019. Data were gathered using the Social Anxiety Questionnaire for adults Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and the Perfectionism Inventory. The data were analyzed using the path analysis method.
    Results
     The results showed that the Root Mean Square Error is 0.068 and the Square Root of the Mean Square root is 0.063, which is less than the criterion (0.08) and thus confirms the fit of the model. Moreover, the schemas of disconnection and rejection (p <0.01, β = 0.13), impaired autonomy and performance (p <0.01, β = 0.14), impaired limits (p <0.01), Β = 0.13), other-directedness (p <0.01, β = 0.29), over vigilance and inhibition (p <0.01, β = 0.16) and AS variables (p <0.01= 0.01, β = 0.15 and perfectionism (p <0.01, β = 0.17) have a direct and significant effect on social anxiety.
    Conclusion
      Early maladaptive schema, AS components, and perfectionism have a predictive role in social anxiety disorder among adolescents.
    Keywords: social anxiety disorder, early maladaptive schemas, Anxiety Sensitivity, perfectionism, adolescents
  • Nader Ayadi *, Maryam Fatehizade, Khadijeh Zare, Hadi Ebrahimi Pages 17-22
    Introduction
    Due to the complexities and challenges of remarriage, the present study was conducted to compare attitudes toward marriage and spouse selection criteria among people on the verge of first marriage and remarriage.
    Method
    The present study was a causal-comparative survey. The statistical population of this study included all people on the verge of first marriage and remarriage referring to marriage registration offices and counseling centers in Shiraz, of which 112 people were elected during 2020 using the convenient sampling method. Participants completed the Braaten and Rosén's Martial Attitude Scale and Refahi et al.'s Selection Criteria Inventory. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test, for which SPSS22 was used.
    Results
    Findings revealed that there is no significant difference between people on the verge of marriage and remarriage in terms of attitudes toward marriage. In addition, among the spouse selection criteria, single people on the verge of marriage had a higher average than remarriage (p<0.05).
    Conclusion
    According to the difference of people on the verge of first marriage and remarriage in terms of spouse selection criteria, in premarital counseling, it is better to consider the needs, conditions and criteria of each group separately.
    Keywords: Attitude, spouses, Marriage, remarriage
  • Salman Zarei * Pages 23-28
    Introduction
    Research has found that problems in interpersonal relationships are positively associated with suicidal behaviors. Nevertheless, it is required to further investigate internal mechanisms underlying this relationship. So, the current study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation.
    Method
    The research design was descriptive – correlational. From the male high school students’ population of Nourabad in the academic year of 2020, a total of 261 participants were selected using convenience sampling and were tested by Scale for Suicide Ideation, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. To analyze the data, path analysis were conducted.
    Results
    The findings revealed that there is a direct effect of loneliness on suicidal ideation. Also, results showed that the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation was significant.
    Conclusion
    Based on the findings, it can be concluded that loneliness and self-esteem are two important factors affecting male adolescents’ suicidal ideation. Therefore, on the basis of the results of this study, it is necessary to develop intervention strategies regarding suicide ideation for adolescents that could be established and actively implemented to prevent adolescents’ suicide.
    Keywords: Adolescent, Loneliness, Self-esteem, suicidal ideation
  • Rotimi Oguntayo *, Abiola Popoola, Abayomi Olaseni Pages 29-35
    Introduction
    Recent evidence show that depressive symptoms is becoming a concern among university students. However, possible determining factors of this psychopathology is under investigated, especially among university students. This study aimed to examine demographics, self-representation, and social comparison as determinants of depressive symptoms among university undergraduates.
    Method
    This correlational study sampled 299-undergraduate students of the University of Ilorin purposively (male 66.6% and 44.4% female) in 2021. A questionnaire-pack comprising of Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation, Embodied Sense of Self, and Self-Rating Depression Scales were utilized to collect data while Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze the results.
    Results
    Findings revealed a significant positive correlation between depressive symptoms, age, and social comparison; however, depression was negatively associated with self-representation. Additionally, results indicated three prediction steps; age, relationship status, and social comparison; social comparison and relationship status, and social comparison alone as predictors of depressive symptoms at 0.20%, 19%, and 17% variance respectively among participants.
    Conclusion
    Age, relationship status, social comparison, and self-representation can be used to explain depressive symptoms among undergraduate students. University counseling services should build these factors into intervention when treating depression among students.
    Keywords: age, depressive symptoms, Self-representation, Social Comparison, Social Media Users, University Students
  • Shahrbanoo Aali *, AmirReza Bakhshandeh-Sajjad, Bahareh Rajabi-Gol, AmirHossein Hamedani Pages 36-42
    Introduction

    Body image concern has ever prevailed among female students. It has affected their satisfaction with life and induced psychological disorders. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between body image concern and mindfulness in the target population.

    Method

    The present descriptive and correlational study lay within the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework. A sample of 509 subjects were selected in a convenience method. Online surveys were used to collect the required data from all female university students in Mashhad. The instruments were Gratz and Roemer’s Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (2003) and Littleton’s Body Image Concern Inventory (2005). The statistical procedures were run in SPSS26 and AMOS24.

    Results

    The results showed a statistically significant direct and negative correlation between mindfulness and body image concern. Besides, a significant direct and positive correlation was found between emotion dysregulation and body image concern. The effect of mindfulness on body image concern was mediated by emotion dysregulation. The significance level of interpreting the findings was <0.05.

    Conclusion

    Changes in body image concern can be directly explained based on mindfulness and indirectly based on emotion regulation in female students. Therefore, the use of mindfulness interventions and teaching emotion regulation strategies for this issue is recommended to psychotherapists.

    Keywords: body image concern, Emotion Dysregulation, Mindfulness, Female Students
  • Sanaz Pirmoradi, Naser Amini *, Moloud Keykhosrovani, Abdollah Shafiabadi Pages 43-48
    Introduction
    Marital commitment helps couples save their marriage despite difficulties and painful events. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the choice theory on marital commitment and burnout in couples with marital conflicts in Mahshahr (Iran).
    Method
    This quasi-experimental study was based on a pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all couples who visited the couple therapy clinics of Mahshahr, Iran, in 2019. Using convenience sampling, 30 participants were selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n= 15 per group). The research instruments included the Marital Burnout Questionnaire (MBQ) and Marital Commitment Questionnaire. The repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data.
    Results
    The mean ± SD of the post-test scores of marital commitment and marital burnout were 16.26±1.37, and 5.37±0.27 in the experimental group and 10.42±0.64 and 6.77±0.28 in the control groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test scores of marital commitment and marital burnout (P< 0.001).
    Conclusion
    Couple therapy based on the choice theory was effective in reducing couples’ marital burnout and improving their marital commitment. Therefore, this intervention is recommended to be used to reduce marital conflicts in couples.
    Keywords: Marital Burnout, Marital Commitment, choice theory, Couples
  • Nastaran Ahmadi, Seyed-Mojtaba Yassini-Ardekani, Masoud Mirzaei, Fatemeh Rismanian-Yazdi *, Rozita Khorshidi, Seyed-Mohsen Araghi, AmirHoushang Mehrparvar Pages 49-54
    Introduction

    This study investigates the prediction of mood disorders in children and adolescents by parental personality disorder and parenting lifestyle.

    Method

    The present study was a cross-sectional study and, the sampling method was a multistage cluster. The statistical population was children and adolescents aged 6-18 years in Yazd province. Our sample included 1035 children and adolescents who were selected from all three age groups (6-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-18 years) and their parents. Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version, demographic data (gender, age, education, parent education, and economic situation), information on lifestyle (LSQ), and parents' personality disorders (MCMI-III) questionnaires were used to obtain data. Logistic regression and cross-tab tests were used to analyze the data in SPSS16. 

    Results

    According to the obtained results, Drug avoidance (β=-0.086, p= 0.016), can predict mood disorders, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (β= 0.101, p= 0.014) in mothers and dependent personality disorder (β= 0.081, p= 0.023) in fathers can predict mood disorders in children and adolescents.

    Conclusion

    Lifestyle is associated with physical and mental health, in children and adolescents, which can affect their mood. In addition, the mental health of parents is a major factor in the mental health of children and adolescents that predicts their mood.

    Keywords: adolescents, Child, Lifestyle, Mood disorders, Personality disorder
  • Reza Khojasteh-Mehr *, Kolsoum Kariminejad, Gholamreza Rajabi, Dorothy ONeill Pages 55-60
    Introduction

    As people enter a marital relationship, differences inevitably emerge. Tolerance for differences is a phenomenon that many people may experience when they get married. The current study aimed to investigate the lived experience of tolerance for differences in satisfied marriages.

    Method

    The present study was a descriptive phenomenology psychological research. The sample consisted of 11 married people who had experienced tolerance for differences and were selected in a purposeful and snowball manner in 2019-2020. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Data gathering continued until the data saturation stage.

    Results

    According to the results of this study, the experience of tolerance has six constituents, which are: love and respect for spouse and family, consulting in life, division of duties and roles, understanding of differences, patience and forgiveness and support of couples' families.

    Conclusion

    The results of the study indicated that differences and disagreements between couples do not necessarily lead to conflict, but rather, these differences are experienced as an acceptance through tolerance.

    Keywords: tolerance, difference, Satisfaction, Phenomenology
  • Samaneh Heydarpoor, Seyedeh Maryam Moshirian Farahi * Pages 61-65
    Introduction

    The aim of this study was to compare facial emotional manifestations and negative spontaneous thoughts in people with social anxiety and normal people.

    Method

    This research was descriptive and comparative causal. The statistical population included all people with social anxiety disorder who referred to Mehregan Counseling Center in Mashhad. The normal population included people who did not receive a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. According to the size of the population and the available sampling method, the sample included 30 individuals with social anxiety disorder and 30 normal individuals who did not receive any symptoms based on the scale of social anxiety disorder and the diagnosis of clinical psychologist. In order to evaluate this research, the questionnaire of negative spontaneous thoughts, social anxiety and the Ekman facial emotion manifestation test were used. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data.

    Results

    The findings revealed that there was a significant difference between facial emotion manifestations and negative spontaneous thoughts in both groups. Also, the difference between the means in the component of negative spontaneous thoughts was 31.50 and the difference between the means in the component of facial emotions was 21.73 (p <0.05).

    Conclusion

    According to the findings, it can be said that people with symptoms of social anxiety have problems with facial expressions and negative spontaneous thoughts.

    Keywords: social anxiety, normal, Negative Spontaneous Thoughts, Facial Emotional Manifestations
  • Marziyeh Safarzadeh, Mahdi Khanjani *, Alireza Noroozi Pages 66-75
    Introduction
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal effects of automatic negative thought on craving mediating by cognitive emotional regulation.
    Method
    This study had a descriptive and correlational design. The study population consisted of methadone maintained clients of the Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran City (n=78) and Mehr-Aein clinic in Rey city (n=42) who referred to treatment centers during February to April 2019. Data were collected through convenient sampling using craving questionnaires including Francken’s Obsessive-compulsive Drug Use Scale and Visual Analog Scale. Other study questionnaires were Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire and Automatic Negative Thought Scale. For data analysis, we used multivariate linear regression using the structural equation modeling and path analysis using STATA software.
    Results
    Findings revealed that there are significant correlations between automatic negative thoughts, cognitive emotional regulation and craving (P<0.001). Also, the results of hierarchical regression analysis indicate that cognitive emotional regulation can mediate the relationship between automatic negative thoughts and craving (P< 0.001).
    Conclusion
    According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that clients who have higher levels of automatic negative thoughts and higher negative strategies of cognitive emotional regulation, experience a higher level of craving. Thus, identifying the level of negative thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation strategies of methadone-treated clients can predict the severity of craving and their leave or retention of the treatment.
    Keywords: craving, Cognitive Emotional Regulation, Automatic Negative Thoughts
  • Samira Salimynezhad *, Akbar Rezaei, Masumeh Azmudeh Pages 76-81
    Introduction
    Aggressiveness among teenagers is one of the most important problems that the scientists of this millennium face. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness, acceptance and commitment-based therapy on wisdom and social adjustment among aggressive teenagers.
    Method
    The present research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of female high school students in the second year in the academic year of 2019-2020. Three schools were selected by convenience sampling. After initial screening, by using the Arnold H. Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, 45 aggressive students were randomly put into three groups of 15. For all groups before and after intervention, the Kember’s wisdom and Matson’s social skills and Bass and Perry aggression questioners were used.  In order to compare two groups in the variables, ANCOVA method was used and covariance was used to evaluate each variable before treatment.
    Results
    The results showed that both treatments have positive effects on wisdom and social adjustment of aggressive teenagers (p<0/05). Significant difference was observed between mindfulness therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy in both of the studied variables.
    Conclusion
    Acceptance and commitment based therapy was more useful than mindfulness on wisdom and social adjustment of aggressive teenagers.
    Keywords: aggressiveness, Acceptance, Commitment Therapy, Mindfulness