نشریه مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری
پیاپی 31 (تابستان 1401)

Following industrialization in developing countries such as Iran, increasing urban population and lack of proper planning for the establishment of this population and most importantly, the use of zoning policies, several problems arose in the structure of cities, including the loss of diversity. Following these developments, neighborhoods lost their main function in the new cities and has become a dormitory for residents, which is a major problem in cities. Shahin-Shahr, as one of the new cities is no exception. In this city, the lack of diversity in physical activity structure of the neighborhoods has caused some neighborhoods to become dormitories for residents and some neighborhoods with high density of daily activities to attract a large population. Accordingly, it is necessary to identify the factors that increase diversity in cities. For this reason, the present study aims to analyze the factors affecting physical-functional diversity in Shahin Shahr neighborhoods using a descriptive-analytical method. To achieve this goal, diversity indices were first extracted and 377 questionnaires were distributed among residents of Shahin Shahr and the results were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Amos Graphic Software. The results show that the factors of access to land-uses, housing diversity, security and physical communication have a high correlation with regression weights of 0.926, 0.852, 0.783 and physical relationship with a regression weight of 0.435 has a moderate correlation with diversity.

Middle space means the moment of change from one space to another, from one function to another. Housing is one of the most important basic human needs that should be a refuge for the comfort and tranquility of its inhabitants. In contemporary Iranian architecture considering the category of housing has led to the creation of spaces without planning and the formation of the desired physical spaces to respond to the spiritual dimensions and the degree of attachment of the user of the relevant space. Among the cases that have a significant impact on the promotion of a sense of satisfaction and attachment in residential complexes, the middle spaces are not considered fully in today's construction. How can physical components (proportions, spatial distribution, accesses, shape and hierarchy and climatic conditions) in the middle spaces of residential complexes cause residents to become attached to the complex? Can functional components affect the level of residents' satisfaction with residential complexes in Tehran? In the present research, we try to measure the satisfaction, sense of belonging and attachment of the residents by measuring the components of physical and functional activities in the middle spaces of Tehran residential complexes. In this research, first, data collection has been done by recording events and fieldwork techniques in three residential complexes in Tehran. Correlation analysis has been performed through AMOS22 statistical software and significant relationships have been inferred between the variables involved in the degree of attachment. Findings indicate that the "physical" index is in the first place in terms of impact and the "functional" index is in the second place in terms of effectiveness, so that the variable of "environmental conditions" is one of the physical components and the variable of "functional diversity" is one of the functional components.

Improving the desirability of spaces, which means that the spaces should be acceptable by the people and should affect the users, is an important desire and goal of urban regeneration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of urban regeneration in the desirability of Haram public space in District 20 of Tehran Municipality. It used a descriptive-analytical method based on survey data collected from 240 old businesspersons in the space. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test in SPSS Software and structural equations in AMOS Software were used. Findings indicate that space conditions for the presence of women and people of different ages, pedestrian transportation facilities, space safety, good access, user comfort, and a sense of belonging to the space, were the 25 indicators with better conditions. Since the implemented projects were more physical in nature and less cultural or social, the indicators and dimensions related to these dimensions have also undergone more changes.

Establishing a proper spatial relationship between the built-up environment and the natural elements of a city is one of the basic conditions for sustainable development. This relationship that existed between the city and the natural context before has changed dramatically with the transformation of the human view after Renaissance and Industrial Revolution. This research seeks to find the ways that the nature can be reconnected to urban public spaces structure in a city. It also tries to identify the potentials of integrated urbanism and urban public spaces network to create and strengthen a proper connection between natural and built-up environment by observing the principles set forth in nature-based urbanism theories. In this research, the indicators of the spatial structure of the city are extracted to be connected it to nature by analyzing theories in urban green development literature and designing a public spaces network. According to the studies, nature-based urbanism theories have been emphasizing considering the green context and their environmental cycles in designing the main structure of the cities. Also, some projects in the field of integrated urbanism have considered the use of natural elements in public spaces network as a provider of cohesion in the urban fabric. Therefore, it can be concluded that using the approach of urban public space network in connecting the city and nature can create an opportunity in the design process for considering natural elements as part of the ossification of the city and not separated. According to the findings, an urban public space network with connectivity, continuity, diversity, accessibility, natural space adequacy, natural space quality, safety, human scale, identity, mix use and walkability qualities can be effective in connecting the city and nature. Finally, according to the indicators, the degree of interconnectedness of the structure of Noor City with its nature has been evaluated.

The focus of this paper is to examine the hypothesis that the central location theory (based on hierarchical relations) cannot explain the spatial distribution of the settlement system of Mazandaran Province.  To study this hypothesis, after reviewing the rank-size rule, the primate city phenomenon in the urban system of Mazandaran Province has been investigated showing that in the urban system of Mazandaran Province, despite the lack of a primate city phenomenon, there is no hierarchical order based on the rank-size rule. There are two basic assumptions of the existence of hierarchical relations, i.e., there is a one-way hierarchical relationship between the central places in the various classes of the hierarchy, and there is essentially no horizontal relationship between the existing cities in one class. The studies carried out confirm that the centralized places in lower classes are not necessarily dependent on higher levels of central places to provide urban functions. The study of service relations between the cities of the province also indicates the lack of hierarchy and the formation of a dominant center and purely directional relationships in receiving services. Cities that have close demographic sizes - cities in each level - do not have primarily hierarchical relations with each other.  In fact, there is no central location pattern- domination of a dominant city- and there is no strong hierarchical relationship between them. Hence, central location theory cannot fully describe the existing spatial distribution patterns in this province.

The dynamic and productive nature of the urban economy has, over time, turned these geographical locations into centers for the development of new ideas, profitability opportunities, and knowledge-based activities. Today's economy looks at innovation as the engine of economic growth and development. Therefore, paying attention to the factor of innovation in capital-rich environments such as cities and identifying the mechanism of how it is created and sustained, can be the solution to many deep urban challenges. Therefore, this study investigates the efficiency of the urban innovation system in seven selected cities during the period 2006-2017 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results of this study show that the city of Tehran has been efficient in most innovation processes

Urban spaces have a variety of functions, one of the most important of which is social function. The social function of space is one of the most important functions of urban spaces that creates the possibility of engaging in meaningful interactions with society, forming a sense of place and the opportunity to gather and enjoy the experience with others as citizens. Therefore, considering the importance of the social function of urban spaces, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the desirability of these functions in District 12 of Tehran Metropolis. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling method was used in AMOS Software. The statistical population of the study also included the citizens of District 12 of Tehran, and the sample size was 384 based on Cochran's formula and a simple random sampling method. Findings show that the degrees of desirability of social functions of urban spaces in District 12 of Tehran, i.e., social interaction, commitment, social belonging (integration with space) and social accountability have been obtained to be 0.62, 0.49 and 0.41, respectively based on the structural equation modeling. Also, the results of the partial index of critical and P values in the structural model show that the status of social interaction variables in District 12 was desirable at 95% confidence level with the critical value of 2.37 (i.e., above 1.96). Moreover, social response variable with a critical value of 1.52 (i.e., less than 1.96) was unfavorable and social responsiveness with a critical value of 1.99 was relatively desirable.

As the global population continues to dominate the world, increasing trends and UN projections, city planners, innovators and urban researchers are working on new initiatives and positive innovations to create creative, well-performing, prosperous cities that are sustainable and livable. Due to the importance of this issue in the present study, the position of the most important axes related to the development of the creative city in Shiraz have been studied and ranked. The present research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. The data has been collected through library studies as well as field studies and AHP method and Waspas model have been used for data analysis. The statistical population of the study included experts and specialists in the field of urban planning, officials and trustees of relevant organizations and departments in the city of Shiraz, selected using the census. The results show that in the socio-cultural criterion, the area from Hafezieh to Saadieh, in the economic criterion, Shahcheragh Complex, and in the physical-ecological and organizational-managerial criteria, the area from Afifabad Garden to Eram Garden were in the first place. Finally, some suggestions have been presented by temporal and spatial priority for developing practical and economically justifiable plans for the creative city in Shiraz, training economic experts in the field of creative city, and defining the employment-oriented dimensions and policies with a creative approach in Shiraz .

Paradigms contain a special view of human beings, defining the correct forms of social relations influencing the world and people, and determining the direction of social development of societies and the specific "way of seeing" the world. Good urban governance has emerged as a political paradigm in the living world today and has provided this way of seeing. Due to the increasing trend of urban population, the Islamic Republic of Iran also faces obstacles to the application of this paradigm. The main question of research addresses the obstacles to the realization of the paradigm of good urban governance in Iran. Using grounded theory through in-depth interviews with 37 elites in Iran selected through purposeful sampling, a paradigm model of obstacles to the realization of good urban governance was identified. 280 basic concepts, 102 subcategories, 21 main categories and one core category were obtained. Obstacles to the urban governance paradigm in Iran can be expressed in three categories: institutional, idea and actors. The institutional category includes absolute government, parochical political culture, particularism, weak urban management, weak civil society, rentier state, reduction of government revenues due to sanctions, heterogeneous influence government, political opportunity structure, politicization, weak laws. The category of ideas includes identity deficiencies, weak a priori state-nation interaction, ideological discourse of sovereignty, lack of urban referential, centralized governance, neo-value orientation, the rule of tradition over Iranian society. The category of actors includes limited actors, coalition building opportunities, irresponsible citizen.

Considering the increasing trend of urbanization in the coastal regions of the world, especially in developing countries, and the additive concentration of various economic investments in these areas, which has led to numerous negative consequences, Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is required to be implemented by managers and decision-makers of coastal cities to protect the existing resources and achieve sustainable development of coastal cities. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the influencing factors on ISWM in the coastal cities through a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes experts, specialists and waste management activists of municipalities and NGO in the coastal cities of Bushehr Province. To analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis has been used to determine the effective factors on solid waste management, hierarchical analysis method has been used to weight and determine priorities of these factors based on the research objectives, and finally, GIS has been used to determine, compare and redraw the maps of cities. Based on the results of factor analysis and studied variables, 6 factors were extracted. According to the results of the hierarchical analysis, the "institutional and managerial" factor with a weight of 0.387 is the most important compared to the other extracted factors. Also, the coastal city of Bushehr has a better situation than other coastal cities with a weight of 0.302 due to having the necessary infrastructure related to ISWM operations. Finally, based on the results, suggestions have been presented for the efficient implementation of integrated solid waste management in these areas.