Journal of Chemical Reviews
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Spring 2022

Determination of palladium (II) in traces is significant due to its widespread applications in various fields, especially as alloys in ornaments, electrical appliances and significantly as a catalyst for various synthetic reactions in chemistry. Determination is additionally vital due to the hazardous ecological impacts of the element on biological networks. Thus, attributable to the cordial and poisonous nature of the element, there has been an extensive interest in the detection and determination of its content in various natural and industrial samples. Numerous analytical techniques are accounted for analysis of the metal ion. However, UV-Visible spectrophotometry has been much favorable because of its simplicity, rapidity, inexpensiveness, sensitivity, selectivity, and precision. The present article refreshes ongoing advancements for analysis of Pd (II) spectrophotometrically and fundamental states of the technique required for micro determination of elements in the samples of analytical interest.

The shortage of novel antifungal drugs, the emergence of new infectious diseases, the resurgence of several infections and the increased resistance of fungi to available chemotherapeutic agents are the essential issues in drug design and development, which prompted researchers to look for novel compounds that can combat multidrug-resistant organisms. Over the last two decades, chalcones have been proved to be attractive moieties in drug discovery. Chalcones are pharmacologically active compounds that are also described as 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one derivatives. They have found applications as anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, antioxidants, antimalarial, anti-tubercular, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antidiuretic agents. Some chalcones have been used as inhibitors of lipoxygenase, ꞵ-secretase (BACE1), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The synthesis, characterization, various reactions of numerous chalcones and their pharmacological applications have been discussed. This review was motivated by the diverse pharmacological applications of chalcones, their simplicity of synthesis, and the growing resistance of disease causative agents to the currently available chemotherapeutic agents.

Hybrid atomic orbitals have become a central component of organic chemistry. The history of these hybrids and hybridization as a process is discussed; this history is divided into a timeline from before 1931 to the present day. The confusion among various descriptions of ‘hybridization’, which has perplexed generations of chemists, is clarified. Based on a critical survey of the literature, including the latest experimental results and our results, we summarize the main points of using hybridization from the past and why hybridization should be eliminated from organic chemistry. Even though hybrid orbitals might have fulfilled a role as crude models in the twentieth century, we predict that they will not survive in this new century as more complicated models are required and applied.

These studies aimed at providing information on floating drug delivery systems. By studying various international, and national journals, and reviewing articles on floating drug delivery systems as well as gastro retentive drug delivery systems, the authors congregated the information on floating drug delivery systems. In developing various drug delivery systems, gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) has got an important place, as the conventional oral dosage forms have numerous problems such as gastric emptying time, enzymatic activity, and gastric pH changes. To overcome these problems, control drug delivery systems have been developed in the recent drug development approaches. Both effervescent and non-effervescent systems are the two main gastro retentive systems. Effervescent forms were developed using two systems, such as raft formation and gas generating systems. For gas generating systems, the most extensively used agent is sodium bicarbonate and, in some cases, ratios of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Developing an efficient gastro-retentive formulation is a real challenge, and the drug delivery system should remain for a sufficient time in the stomach. Various techniques and approaches have been employed to develop gastro-retentive dosage forms, and floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) has emerged as promising gastro-retentive drug delivery system. The currently available polymer-mediated non-effervescent and effervescent FDDS systems, which are designed based on the delayed gastric emptying and buoyancy principle, appear to be an effective and rational approach to modifying the controlled oral drug delivery.

In this study, we summarized the preparation, characterization, and computational research on triazolo pyrimidine derivatives utilizing the Density Functional Theory technique. Quantum mechanics calculations and thermodynamic parameters show that energy exchange takes place within molecules. Geometrical and structural aspects such as dipole moment, relative populations, relative total energies, electronic total energies, vertical emission energies, bond length, and bond angle were also discussed in this study. The triazolo pyrimidine ring is a structural characteristic found in a variety of active molecules with varying pharmacological activity. During the last few decades, a vast amount of published literature has been reviewed. This review covers numerous triazolo pyrimidine preparations, characterizations, and computational analyses, and it might be considered the lead compound for future medicinal and agrochemical development.

The current scenario of agriculture and food production is unsustainable. Therefore, nanotechnology has provided innovative and creative frontiers to agriculture via developing novel nano-agrochemicals. The nanomaterial-based agrochemicals have a significant impact on agriculture activities (i.e., crop growth and protection) to support the necessary increase in the global food production in a sustainable way. Nano-fertilizers offer a promising alternative to the conventional fertilizers. Nano-fertilizers provide a control release strategy for nutrients which increases the use efficiency. Nano-pesticides further increase the efficiency of pesticide crop protection programs. Nano-pesticides improve the pesticide efficacy by increasing water solubility, bioavailability, enhancing adhesion to the plant foliage, and protecting active ingredients (AIs) from environmental degradation.