Journal of Ethno-Pharmaceutical Products
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2021

The liver is a vital organ that plays a major role in the metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics from the body. Liver injury or liver dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Liver cell injury caused by various toxic chemicals (certain antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, excessive alcohol consumption, and microbes are well-studied. The available synthetic drugs to treat liver disorders in this condition also cause further damage to the liver. Hence, Herbal drugs have become increasingly popular and their use is widespread. Herbal medicines have been used in the treatment of liver diseases for a long time so the maintenance of a healthy liver is essential for the overall well-being of an individual. Various herbal medicines are available in the market. The liver is the largest solid organ in the upper abdomen that aids in digestion and removes waste products and worn-out cells from the blood. Liver injury or liver dysfunction is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. Liver injury induced by toxins is more common nowadays. Herbal remedies are focused in the pharmaceutical industry to evolve a safe route for liver disorders. The present review is aimed at compiling data on promising phytochemicals from medicinal plants that have been tested in hepatotoxicity models using the modern scientific system.

Traditional medicinal herbs are generally transmitted orally through a community, family and individuals, which is not documented. The present research was carried out with the aim of identifying the traditional application of medicinal herbs of Kurmanjis Kurdish of Bojnourd City for curing the diseases. In order to collect data on medicinal plants that was found in the wildlife ecosystems of Bojnourd; an investigation was performed. A questionnaire was administered only to people who had knowledge of medicinal herbs, through face to face interviews. After collecting the plant specimens, we displayed these specimens to the local people in their houses and farms. During the interviews, native names and utilized parts of the plants as well as information on the types of diseases treated using traditional medicinal plant species were recorded. In all, 201 medicinal plants belonging to 53 families grown in the study areas are traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases. The most common families are Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, with 25 and 24 species, respectively. Most of the parts of the plants that were collected consist of aerial parts, fruits, root, leaves, flowers and seeds orderly. The most species were reported to be used for digestive disorders, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular problems. Some of medicinal species in the wildlife ecosystems of area are endangered due to excessive use. The transfer of these plants to agricultural fields can be a great help to create employments and Protecting of these plants. The present study represents important ethnobotanical data on medical herbs which provides basic data for future pharmacological and phytochemical investigates.

Global interest in edible herbs for health care and health promotion has increased significantly in recent years. Ganoderma lucidum is a forest fungus with a woody texture that has been used since ancient times to enhance health and prevent and treat many diseases due to its wide range of secondary metabolites with abundant medicinal properties. So far, many cellular mechanisms have been proposed to explain how the active metabolites function and the health and hygienic properties of this valuable medicinal fungus, including anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, enhanced cellular immunity, antioxidant and many more. This article reviews the scientific findings of scientists on the antimicrobial properties of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum.

Trachyspermum ammi and Foeiniculum vulgare (Apiaceae) have been widely employed in traditional medicine to treat many diseases. The cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts and essential oils of T.ammi and F.vulgare seeds on gastric cancer cell line (AGS) and Human Skeletal Muscle cell line (HSkMC) were assessed by MTT method. In vitro toxicity was also evaluated on Artemia salina. The antibacterial activity was measured by the Microtiter broth dilution method. The proliferation of cancer cells was inhibited by methanolic extracts and essential oils. The results showed a greater degree of cytotoxicity on AGS at the dose of 400μg/mL of methanolic extracts and essential oils of T.ammi and F.vulgare with IC50 values lower than 50 µg/mL at 48 to 72h. so, they can be considered appropriate for further purification and are agree with the US National Cancer Institute. The methanolic extracts and essential oils exhibited cytotoxicity activity against brine shrimp larvae (LC50: 1066.4 and 137.5 µg/mL for T.ammi) and (LC50: 1267.5 and 235.7 µg/mL for F.vulgare). The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts and essential oils showed maximum inhibitory activity against S.aureus with MICs (0.35 and 0.08 fold) and (0.45 and 0.1 fold) for T.ammi and F.vulgare, respectively. Therefore, our results showed that the methanolic extracts and essential oils of T.ammi and F.vulgare have antiproliferation and antibacterial properties and could be used as adjuvant therapy against common gastric and pathogenic bacteria.

The genus Anthemis L. belongs to the family Asteraceae, is the second largest genus in the Compositae family, tribe Anthemideae, about 130 species of genus Anthemis occur throughout the world consists of 39 annual and perennial species distributed all over of Iran. According to literature, this species was not the subject of research up to nowtherefore its chemical composition is not well known. In this research three samples of Anthemis coelopoda . were collected from Gilan province, in the 2020. specimen is deposited in Central H and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Main components from sample one Gilan: Loshan, before Hanifa Imamlower were β- calacorene 35.9%, Elemicin 24.0% and n-dodecanol 8.8% and in leaf were β- calacorene 26.8%, elemicin 13.9% and n-dodecanol 11.8%, and essential oil yield from flower were 0.04% and leaf were 0.03%. Main components from sample two Gilan: southwest of Rudbar, Lake 1181 meters high, in flower were γ- cuprenene 18.2%, n-dodecanol 13.8% and geranyl propanoate 7.4% and in leaf were n-dodecanol 13.5%, - terpinen-7-al 10.8% and geranyl propanoate 10.2%, and essential oil yield from flower were 0.10% and in lead were 0.07%. Main components from sample thee Gilan: Loshan, before Hanifa Imamzadeh, near the cement mine, 801 meters high, in flower were n-dodecanol 11.8%, - terpinen-7-al 9.3% and Cumin aldehyde 8.8% and in leaf were n-dodecanol 14.9%, - terpinen-7-al 11.1% and 5-hydroxy isobornyl isobutanoate 10%, and essential oil yeild from flower were 0.09% and in leaf were 0.06%. Sampling simultaneously on one day from three different areas (Samples 1 and 3 were collected from one area but at a great distance) their essential oils were examined for chemical composition and the results indicate different combinations and amounts in a species. This difference can be the result of differences in soil type and different plant water uptake.

Satureja L. is one of the typical plants of the Lamiaceae family, and its essential oil has a wide variation of composition depending on the spices, growing area and climate conditions. Recently, Satureja kermanica (Kerman savory or ezgen) has been identified as a new species from south-east of Iran using morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. The essential oils have many applications in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. The analysis and identification of the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) was performed using the (GC-MS). Fifteen components were identified representing 99.6% of the entire essential oil composition, 95.39% of monoterpenes, 2.35% of sesquiterpenes and 1.86% of other compounds. The EOs of S. kermanica were dominated by the presence 51.30% thymol and 25.88% γ-Terpinene as major constitutes accounting for 77.81% of total oil components. The other compounds of essential oils were p-cymene (5.45%) carvacro (4.28%), α- terpinene (3.23%), (E)-caryophyllene (2.35%), β- pinene (1.75%), α- thujene (1.53%) and n-nonadecane (1.13%).The presence of thymol, γ-Terpinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, α- Terpinene and (E)-caryophyllene, as main essential oils in lamiaceae family, in this new species indicate to its significant activities in food, cosmetics and medicine industries.

Breeding for drought tolerance is an important objective of crop breeding programs in arid and semi-arid regions. A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates was carried out to determine suitable drought tolerance indices in chamomile ecotypes under stress and non-stress conditions in 2018. According to the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference among the ecotypes regarding plant yield under both environmental conditions (stress and non-stress). The highest average yield (0.568 and 0.665 g plant-1) under stress and non-stress conditions were associated with Arak and Kerman ecotypes, respectively. Based on the plant yield of ecotypes under non-stress environments (Yp) and moisture stress (Ys), ecotypes were evaluated in terms of drought tolerance by six different indices of geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), stress sensitivity index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), mean productively (MP), and harmonic mean (HM). According to the results obtained under both stress and non-stress conditions, SSI and STI were selected as the best indices for isolation of tolerant ecotypes. Based on these indices, biplot diagram, and mean comparison table, ecotypes of Mashhad, Khuzestan, and Kerman were identified as tolerant. Isfahan, Arak and Shiraz ecotypes were the most sensitive ecotypes to drought stress. Also, cluster analysis by Ward̕ s method was used to group ecotypes based on plant yield; based on which the ecotypes were divided into 3 separate groups in both environments. Considering the results of this study, it is recommended to exploit the drought stress tolerance of indigenous chamomile populations of the country and conserve this valuable plant as valuable genetic resources.

Organic fertilizers and optimal density are known to alleviate the undesirable effects of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. This research aimed to study the effect of density and organic fertilizers on the biochemical status of Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.) under dryland farming conditions. Hence an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Homand rangeland research station of Damavand in crop years 2018-19. Organic fertilizer as the main factor was included three levels of cattle manure (30 t ha-1), enriched wheat straw (10 t ha-1) enriched with ammonium sulfate, and control (without fertilizer). Also, the plant density as a sub-factor was allocated with three levels of low plant density (LPD, 26666 plant ha-1), medium plant density (MPD, 40000 plant ha-1), and high plant density (HPD, 80000 plant ha-1). The results revealed that cattle manure and HPD increased glycine-betaine (GB) and anthocyanin. The maximum Carotenoid was observed at HPD with control and also in cattle manure and MPD. The highest total soluble sugar content (TSS) was achieved with cattle manure in the second year. The most remarkable antioxidant capacity (DPPH) was measured in control, LPD, and the second year. Also, increased total protein amount was found at MPD and cattle manure compared with LPD and control. This research could widely improve the current knowledge of management use of organic fertilizers and optimal density in Satureja bachtiarica species under dryland farming conditions.

Saffron petal is the main by-product of saffron processing which produced at high level but is not applied and thrown out. Saffron petal is containing of several compounds such as mineral agents, anthocyanins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids and kaempferol. As saffron petal is cheaper and produces in large amounts compared to saffron stigma, so, it can be considered as an appropriate source for different purposes. The field experiment was carried out under drayland farming system in 2015 and 2016. The vegetative parts of the plants were treated with spraying foliar fertilizer as Delfard(D) (7 kg ha-1 ) and Phloral (P) (2.5 kg ha-1) with three replications. In this study essential oils from flower petals of saffron extracted by water distillation method (Calavenger apparatus), and volatile also phytochemical compounds were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total of 27 volatile components were identified. Main components from Saffron petal essential oil foliar fertilizer treatment D1 were Methyl pentanoate (67.2), Isophorone (17.2%) and Hexanal (3.0%) and Saffron petal essential oil foliar fertilizer treatment P1were Methyl pentanoate (57.6%), 3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexene (57.6%), Hexanal (4.3%). Differences in compound proportion and composition were observed among the treatments. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the changes in the phytochemicals compounds of essential oils from flower petals of saffron from Damavand which cultivated in dry farming in a Cold and semi-steppe climate, it was representative of many dryland regions of Iran with about 330 mm rainfall Comparison with foreign samples. This is the first research conducted on Iranian saffron volatiles according to their geographical origin. Various methods were selected to extraction essential oil from Crocus sativus L. Finally, the results of this experiment showed the compatibility and successful of the growth and production of saffron quantitatively and qualitatively in dryland conditions of relatively high areas.