Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery
Volume:17 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2022

Testicular torsion and detorsion are significant clinical issues for infertile men. Torsion of the spermatic cord is an emergency condition resulting from the rotation of the testis and epididymis around the axis of the spermatic cord. A rat testis model was used to assess the effects of polyethylene glycol on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Twenty-four healthy male Wistar rats were used. The rats were included and randomized into four investigational groups (n = 6): Group Sham: Merely laparotomy was implemented. Group Ischemia: Merely 3-hour interval ischemia was done. Group IS/REP: A 3-hour interval ischemia, 3-hour reperfusion for left testis, one-week reperfusion for right testis were done and 20 µl normal saline was administered intraperitoneally (IP) 30 min before termination of ischemia. Group IS/REP/PEG: The same as group IS/REP as well as 20 µl PEG solution 3% (IP) 30 min before termination of ischemia. Evaluations were based on biochemical analyses and sperm parameters morphometry. Polyethylene glycol enhanced antioxidant activity and quality of sperm parameters (p < 0.05). In conclusion, polyethylene glycol could be helpful in minimizing ischemia-reperfusion injury in testicular tissue exposed to ischemia

Enthesis joins tendon, ligament, or joint capsule to the bone, which are two very different tissues. As a result, it is more prone to stress and increased risk of rupture. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the role of limb movement or immobilization in enthesis healing after surgical repair and found out if radiography could be a reliable method for determining its prognosis. Fourteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. After detaching the Achilles tendon from the bone surface, the tendon was re-attached to the bone with a modified Kessler suture pattern. The limb of group 1 rabbits was externally fixed with the fiberglass cast. In group 2, however, no cast was used. Radiographs were taken after surgery and in weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8 post-operation. Samples were taken from the area after 8 weeks and stained by the hematoxylin-eosin method. The results were reported descriptively. Bone growth, increased chondrocytes in the cartilaginous region, and increased fibroblasts and fibrocytes were seen in group 1. While erosion, collagen fibers regularity, and tissue maturity were more predominant in group 2. Although early limb movement during the enthesis healing period helps to increase the regularity of collagen fibers in the tendinous zone of the enthesis, it does not increase the amount of callus in the bone and increases the risk of bone erosions and even fractures. While stabilizing the limb in the first two months of enthesis healing protects the bone against the forces and helps bone formation, which has a positive role in healing the enthesis.

Due to the prevalence of burns and the necessity of effective treatment with low and optimal complications, in the present study, the efficacy of olive leaf extract ointment was evaluated as a therapeutic substance for burn wounds. Moreover, the healing effects of olive leaf extract ointment were compared to Silver Sulfadiazine. 36 rats were used in the present study. To create a burn wound, a rectangular piece of copper (2 x 1 cm) was put in 94º C water for 20 minutes and then placed on the rats’ skin for 30 seconds. Then, the rats were randomly divided into three groups; 1) Sham group: Rats did not receive any treatment and just the wound was washed with distilled water. 2) Control group: In this group rats were treated with silver sulfadiazine. 3) OLE group: 10% olive leave extract ointment was employed to treat the wounds. Wounds were macroscopically examined during days 4, 7, 14, and 21. Histopathological assessments were performed on days 4, 7, 14, and 21 in various studied groups. Results revealed that wound contraction was higher in the OLE group compared to the sham and control groups and histopathological examinations indicated that OLE improved wound healing in comparison to the sham group.

Domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are an excellent model for cardiovascular research because the size of these animals is more suitable for study and experimentation than smaller animals. One of the most important diagnostic imaging methods is echocardiography, which is used today to evaluate the anatomical and functional cardiovascular system and is one of the most accurate and sensitive non-invasive methods for examining heart disease. Ventricular function indices can be assessed with cardiac imaging techniques. One of these important cardiac parameters is the ejection fraction (EF), which has a valuable place along with other involved parameters. EF is a measure of the percentage of blood that comes out of the heart with each contraction. For this study, 100 adult and young standard domestic rabbits, six months to one year old and in both sexes (50 female and 50 male rabbits) without anesthesia and sedation were used. In this study, the mean EF in domestic rabbits studied in males was 58.753 ± 6.889 and females 61.397 ± 6.530, which are comparable to the items mentioned in the valid books and the average size of EF measured in this study, there is no significant difference between this research and other research. There was no significant difference in the percentage of EF between most weight groups, but there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in weight groups (2161–2320 g and 2481–2640 g). Echocardiographic EF reference values for domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) non-anesthetized with are presented providing reference values for future studies.

Limited information about the skeletal anatomical features of the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis), one of the species of turtles in Iran, is available. Given that performing clinical examinations as well using imaging techniques require complete anatomical information of the animal, it is essential to study these features in various researches. This study was done to provide complete anatomical information of the vertebrae and different shell parts in European pond turtles, as well as their normal three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D CT)-Scan images in both flexed and extended neck positions. This study was performed on 10 European pond turtles. CT-Scan images were taken from each sample and in the 3D reconstruction of the images, different patterns were used. 8 cervical vertebrae, 10 dorsal vertebrae, 2 sacral vertebrae, and 25 caudal vertebrae were observed in European pond turtles. The cervical vertebrae were highly mobile and there were no cervical ribs. Due to the fusion of the dorsal vertebrae, there were no intervertebral foramina in this section, but very small lateral vertebral foramina were visible. These foramina were formed in the last four dorsal vertebrae at the fusion site and they were larger than the foramina of the cranial vertebrae. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of diagnostic techniques such as a 3D CT-Scan is very useful in the study of skeletons. The correct direction and position of the bones can be easily determined using this technique. Part of the turtle`s ability to contract the neck is due to the special structure of the articular processes of the last two cervical vertebrae and the first dorsal vertebra. One of the most important adaptations in the evolution of the special structure of the seventh and eighth vertebrae of the neck and the way they are articulated.

This study aimed to compare acute phase proteins in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE) by median celiotomy or left flank laparotomy approach. Nineteen native intact queens were used. Cats were randomly divided into four groups for midline (Test, n=5 and control, n=5) and left flank (Test, n=5 and control, n=4) ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were taken immediately before surgery, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days after surgery for assessment of Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), total protein, and albumin values. According to the results, standard and left flank OHE approaches increased AGP levels, but no significant difference was observed compared to the control group (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed on serum total protein and albumin levels using standard and left flank OHE approaches compared to the control group (p > 0.05). The results suggested two surgical procedures had the same effect on acute-phase proteins in ovariohysterectomized cats.

Babesias as the second common blood parasite in mammals after trypanosomes have aroused wide concern particularly due to having zoonotic potential. This study was implemented to scrutinize epididymal sperms characteristics and in vitro fertilizing (IVF) capacity as well as subsequent pre-implantation embryos developmental potential following experimental babesiosis (EB) induction by Babesia bigemina in mice. In this experimental study, twenty-four adult male mice were randomly categorized into four equal groups including untreated control, sham, splenectomy, and EB. Experimental babesiosis was induced in splenectomized mice through 2 ml intraperitoneal injection of an infected heparinized blood sample belonging to a cow with confirmed B. bigemina infection. All animals were euthanized after 5 days and epididymal sperms characteristics and IVF abilities along with early embryo development were analyzed following infection confirmation. Experimental babesiosis resulted in epididymal sperms quantity, quality, and IVF potential reduction as well as pre-implantation embryos developmental retardation compared to control, sham, and splenectomy groups. These findings revealed that B. bigemina infection can result in male subfertility and/or infertility in mice leading to pre-implantation embryos developmental arrest.

Rabbits are commonly used in researches but despite their wide usage, knowledge of normal structure of various parts of lumbosacral and coccygeal vertebrae with computed tomography (SC) is obscure. On the other hand, scrutinizing of structures in these regions in their natural status can bring about more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for clinicians and surgeons. The goal of this study was to provide an exhaustive descriptive and morphometric assessment of lumbosacral and coccygeal vertebrae in rabbits with computed tomography. In this article morphometric parameters in 2D CT images of 10 healthy, mature, white New Zealand rabbits were measured. End plate height (EPH) had no significant difference through lumbosacral and coccygeal vertebrae but other parameters such as vertebral body height (VBH), spinous process height (SPH), transverse process length (TPL), transverse process width (TPW), spinous process angle (SPA), transverse process angle (TPA) and vertebral body length (VBL) had significant differences. Spinal canal depth (SCD) had an invariable measure from the first lumbar vertebra up to the third sacral vertebra and decreased at the location of the fourth sacral vertebra and was invariable up to the second coccygeal vertebra. Pedicle width (PDW) had an invariable measure from the first cervical vertebra up to the second coccygeal vertebra. In conclusion computed tomographic anatomy of lumbosacral and coccygeal vertebrae in white New Zealand rabbits were evaluated and different parts of vertebrae were described.

Meningocele is a congenital defect defined as a herniation of dura through the defect of cranial bone (cranium bifidum) with an accumulation of CSF in it. This anomaly has been described in calf, lamb, foal, piglet, dog, and cat. The etiology of meningocele is unknown but genetic and environmental factors may cause meningocele in lambs. A seven-day-old female Kurdish lamb with a congenital mass (8 cm in diameter) in the caudal part of its head was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Urmia University. The lamb was lateral recumbent and the vital signs were in the normal range. Symptoms of pain and paddling were revealed while manipulating the mass. The fluid obtained from the mass was examined under a microscope and showed no signs of bacteria or inflammatory cells. Total serum protein was 8.9 g/dL and mean platelet volume (MPV) was 2.5 fl and other blood parameters were normal. In radiography, there was a bone defect in the skull and congenital cranium bifidum and meningocele were confirmed. The meningocele mass was removed with surgery and the skin was stitched. The clinical condition of the lamb did not improve after surgery. The lamb had died 5 days after surgery. This report presents the clinical findings and radiographs of cranium bifidum in a Kurdish lamb. The prognosis for surgical treatment is poor in cases where the animal has not been able to stand and suckle since birth.

Various degrees of entropion defects with redundant skin folds due to conformational defects are common in Chow Chow and Shar Pei breeds of dogs. The irritation caused by the eyelid and hairs on the conjunctiva results in lacrimation and blepharospasm. In severe cases, as the dogs reach 7-8 months of age the complications of this extreme entropion result in a corneal ulcer. Temporary tacking of the facial folds was resorted to augment the corneal healing and to assess the size of the skin to be removed later. Surgical excision of wrinkles - rhytidectomy was done as radical surgery and was found satisfactory. The area of natural tension lines along the wrinkles in the coronal region was marked before excision and for a good cosmetic outcome. This paper describes the need for a rhytidectomy -excision of large facial skin folds- in Chow Chow and Shar Pei breeds of dogs to correct bilateral superior total entropion

A two-year-old, Mongrel, intact male dog was presented to Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with a complaint of postprandial regurgitation that was repeated at each meal. On physical examination, the animal was below ideal weight and with mild respiratory distress. It was suspected of megaesophagus. Thoracic contrast radiography revealed the presence of an esophageal diverticulum along with foreign bodies at the level of the base of the heart. The diverticulum was surgically corrected and the animal made an uneventful recovery. Six months follow-up did not show any recurrence of symptoms. This paper describes an acquired esophageal diverticulum in a dog. Diverticulectomy is an effective surgical technique to remove a large esophageal diverticulum and can be performed with good outcomes.

Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. It is found in animals as well as humans. There are many different types of cancer that are found in animals, symptoms are often similar to those in people. An 8-year-old male donkey was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital and examined for cylinder-like dense mass that was found on the top of the cervical region and extended from the dorsal part of the base of the ears to withers. Radiographic evaluation of the cervical region was demonstrated that the mass was well-demarcated soft tissue opacity in dorsal cervical vertebrae. Ultrasonographic experimentation display a well circumscribe hyperechoic triangular shape mass with fat echogenicity in the sagittal plane without any vascularization. Surgical exploration of the mass indicated fusiform to cylindrical, well-demarcated, and soft tissue in yellow color. The microscopic finding showed that the tumor cells were identical to those in normal fat tissue and massive vacuoles exchange the cytoplasm with peripheralization of the nuclei. Necrosis and inflammation were not observed, while, dystrophic calcification and fibrosis were detected. Based on the aforesaid macro-, microscopic and histopathologic findings, Lipoma was recognized. Nevertheless, no treatment was performed for this case due to the large volume of the mass.