پژوهشنامه تمدن ایرانی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، بهار و تابستان 1399)

The establishment of Achaemenid Empire (559-331 BC) marked a dramatic change in the fate of western lands of Asia. In the second half of the 6th century BC, political boundaries were changed totally and the ancient lands that had spent a period in war and peace, were placed under the banner of a strong empire, this time. The alliance of ancient civilizations, resulted a dramatic change in the cultural field. Achaemenids usually used to respect and appreciate the other nations’ spiritual wealth and took advantage of them, accordingly. This kind of look at the spiritual wealth of the other nations, paved the way for appearance of a new civilization called “Achaemenid Civilization” with its own characteristics. Since the establishment of their empire, the Achaemenids had been in constant contact with the Greek lands. These relations with the small Greek city-states of Asia Minor had often domination aspect and their cultural and artistic capacities were exploited as the subjects of the great king, but this connection with the Greeks of Europe would be more considered on the basis of a competitive concept. The successes of Greek city-states, following the Greek-Persian battles, led to an active diplomacy. However, in the underlying layers of political relations and discourse that occurred, there was also a process of cultural interaction. In the relics left over from the Persians and the Greeks in various lands under their control, common characteristics have been seen that is not considered as an accident. The influence of the cultural and artistic relations with Persians, is also well evident in Greek literary texts. The purpose of this research is to study the fields of these cultural and artistic interactions on the basis of literary and archeological evidence in order to analyze and explain the process of acculturation between Persians and Greeks.

Petroglyphs and pictographs are the first reflection of the thoughts and ideas of mankind on rock. They represent social and natural history thoughts and are available all over the world, including Balouchestan. The aim of this paper is to study the petroglyphs of Negaran Valley in Nahuk district in Saravan township collected through a descriptive-analyrical method. The results showed that the stone engravings of this valley represent animal, human, plant, images and tools which suggest that in the past, tribes who were engaged in stockbreeding lived in the Negaran valley.

This article to the comparative study of the historiography method Pigulevskaya Famous writer Russian with Marc Bloch, of the pioneers of the French Annales School of about system of the feudalism. Marc Bloch examined Feudalism in Europe, but Pigulevskaya with a more Marxist viewpoint, noticed the Orient, especially Iran. The question therefore arises as to why Pigulevskaya used the word "feudal" in spite of its difference with the economic structure of Iran? It is hypothesized that she like Marxists with a holistic view her considered the stage of evolution and linear trajectory of Marx's thought to be everywhere in the world, including Iran, and thus generalized it against the Annales School. This paper uses the method of research in historiography description and analysis based examines the dimensions and angles of the subject. Findings show, Marc Bloch, in view of the prevailing thinking over the Annales School, has used the structure and all the evidence in explaining an event, but Pigulevskayaby following Soviet historians, has considered the same economic and Marxist tought infrastructure.

Numismatics plays a prominent role in recognizing religious developments. With the formation of various Islamic sects, as well as the emergence of independent governments in the Islamic world, the religious beliefs of the various rulers were reflected in the slogans engraved on their coins. During the 4 th to 7 th centuries AH, Shiite slogans and texts were engraved on the coins of some Iranian rulers. Examining the Shiite slogans engraved on the coins of each of these rulers' government provides valuable information about their religious attitudes and policies. The Question of the present study is to investigate and analyze the Shiite concepts and slogans engraved on the coins of Musafirids, Buyids, Bavandids and Nezari Ismaili of Iran during the Alamut period. The aim of the study is to Recognize the religious beliefs and policies of these rulers. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results of the research will show the Shiite affiliations and policies of these rulers and the role and application of numismatics in the Studies of Shiite history in Iran.

Cambyses' campaign in Egypt is one of the major issues concerning the Achaemenids, narrated by Herodotus. Further investigation of Herodotus' narratives on this subject, with the help of other sources and modern archeological discoveries, is one of the aims of this paper. Providing different analyses on the historical causes and motivation of Cambyses campaign in Egypt in the two areas of studies about the history of Iran and Egypt is another aim of this article. Here the main question is, can Herodotus be trusted about the causes of Cambyses' invasion of Egypt? The examination of some of Herodotus' narratives shows the occasional Egyptian interference in the affairs of the Greek cities of Asia Minor and the Achaemenid colonies, which further contradicts Herodotus' account of the causes of Cambyses' invasion of Egypt. In fact, the understanding of Herodotus' narratives on the Cambyses' invasion of Egypt is possible by analyzing other accounts of Herodotus about the Achaemenid history, before and after the Cambyses' invasion of Egypt; and, one cannot rely solely on Herodotus' direct accounts of the causes and motivation of this campaign.

The social structure of the Baluchistan region can be considered a continuation of a part of the historical and cultural structure of Iran. Due to the rule of 'tradition' over social relations, in the ranks of the patrimonial state, the nomadic tribe is based on traditional action and the division of labor. The Baluchistan class system has historical data that represents the structure and method of agricultural production. The significance of this study is based on the important and decisive position of the class system in the social life of the people of Baluchistan. This research has been done using the descriptiveanalytical method and historical sociology (Ideal Weber method), relying on library resources and using sociological theories to identify and explain the causal conditions governing the structure of Baluchistan society and its social consequences. By studying the sociology and history of the structure of the social system of Baluchistan, the historical-social reasons have been the stability and continuity of the traditional class system, the traditional action and the method of agricultural production. The effects of social consequences such as migration, insecurity, discrimination against women, mass conflicts, class divisions, cultural delays, underdevelopment, and violation of civil rights of the poor and cultural stagnation have affected the people of this region.