نشریه پژوهش مدیریت آموزش کشاورزی
سال سیزدهم شماره 57 (تابستان و پاییز 1400)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of the New System of Agricultural Extension (NSAE) and the role of components in the challenges ahead. The research method was quantitative and Causal-comparative. The sample size based on Cochran's formula for extension's workers was 157 people with Including 60 people of managers in selected cities the total sample size was 217. Stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment was used. The main tool for data collection was a questionnaire.The value of ordinal theta for research variables was 0.88 . The SPSS22 and Lisrel8.7 software were used for data analysis. The highest and lowest success rates were related to extension activities and repair and equipping of agricultural jihad centers, respectively. By using of Factor Analysis the challenges of NSAE were divided into six categories, which include: education and research, development and support, planning and policy-making, communication, organization and management. In total, these six factors explained about 73.2% of the total variance of the challenges of NSAE. In order to test the accuracy of the factor structure of the observed variables; Confirmatory factor analysis was used and the indices of χ2/df and RMSEA were equal to 2.49 and 0.043 respectively which confirmed the good fit of the model. Path analysis method was used to test the causal model of the impact of the components in creating the challenges. As a result, about 94% of the variance of the challenges variable was explained by the variables of the component of AENA.

The aim of this research was to identify and explain the functions and capabilities of facilitators to promote rural women's entrepreneurship so that the results can be used to integrate facilitation in agricultural extension. This survey research was conducted in rural areas of Galikesh county, Golestan province. The statistical population of this study included facilitators and rural women of Galikesh county. The respondents (n=204) were selected by stratified random sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was developed based on the literature review and interviews with a group of key informants in the form of a tri-dimensional model; its content validity according to the opinions of the expert group, and its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient [α = .964, α = .960 ] and C.R. [.967, .962] was confirmed. According to the findings, most of the respondents evaluated the functions of facilitators (47.06%), the capabilities of facilitators (52.94%), and the facilitation impacts (46.57) at a moderate level. According to the Spearman correlation coefficient, there is a positive and significant relationship between the three components of facilitation functions, facilitation capabilities, and facilitation impacts. According to the structural model test, the research variables explain 75% of the variance of the dependent variable, the consequences of the facilitators' activities, and the independent variable of capabilities explains 58.9% of the variance of the mediating variable of functions.

This study explored the application of Narver & Slater's Market-Driven orientation scales on development of the extension, training and educational programs for rural women in the Kurdistan Province. This study used the Narver & Slater market orientated scale as a theoretical framework of the research and the casual-correlation research method was used as a research method. The statistical population of this study was agricultural agent who worked in both government and non-government organizations in the Kurdistan Province (N=504). Based on Cochran formula, a sample of 216 was selected for the study. The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire. Considering the 15% probability of non-response, the researcher distributed 248 questionnaires in the statistical population by stratified proportional sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was reviewed and confirmed by a group of experts and theta reliability coefficient (81/0-0/88) was used to determine the reliability of different parts of questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to determine scales influencing the development of market based educational extension program by AMOS24. The results showed that three market-oriented variables and innovation had direct and positive effects on development of market based educational extension program.. Therefore, it can be said that in order to achieve market-driven research goals, attention to innovation and market-oriented components of Extension training and education programs should be given serious attention.

The main purpose of the current practical research which conducted based on a mixed research paradigm, was identifying the main educational requirements of human resources in the agricultural sector in order to improve designing both formal and informal agricultural education programs, through a demand-driven approach. Accordingly, 25 experts from the executive, academic and guild unions in the field of labor market and agricultural occupations were purposefully selected by snowball sampling method and studied until achieving saturation threshold. Data were collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews using a researcher-made protocol. Furthermore, the qualitative data were analyzed applying the Grounded Theory methodology by the Strauss method. Lawshe Content Validity Ratio was used to assess the consensus among experts and to evaluate the validity of qualitative findings. According to the findings, the educational needs of human resources were classified into four basic categories of professional requirements namely cognitive competencies consisting of 11 sub-categories with the priority of know how; skills competencies include 12 sub-categories with the priority of technical-specialized skills; attitudinal competencies include 7 sub-categories with the priority of professional commitment; and finally, personal characteristics consisting of 14 sub-categories with the priority of innovation. The aforementioned competency categories and the related priorities can be considered and used in order to synchronize the outputs of formal and informal agricultural education system with the actual needs of the working world as much as possible, through a systematic and holistic approach in content selection processes of agricultural education programs.

Researchers consider social capital as an important component of economic development and a key factor in sustainable rural development, and consider education as a factor in creating and strengthening it too. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of extension education on farmers' social capital in Khorasan Razavi using seemingly unrelated regression equations. The research tool was a questionnaire that the calculated coefficients indicate its high reliability. The statistical population of this study includes all farmers in the province. Due to the size and dispersion of villages, we used two-stage cluster sampling and the required sample size estimated at 384 people. The results showed that the four components of social capital have different conditions and also the general variable of social capital with an average of 0.61 is slightly higher than the average and therefore does not have favorable conditions. Quchan has the first rank and Khoshab has the second rank. Statistical analysis of the data showed that among the 11 independent variables, education variables, cooperative member and ownership status did not have a significant effect on social capital, but other independent variables showed a significant positive or negative effect on social capital. The variable of participation in the training course (except for the component of social cohesion) had a positive and significant effect on other components and also on the variable of social capital, which indicates the importance and key role of extension training in improving the social capital of farmers.

In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of model sites in Dehloran city using the Kirk Patrick model. For this purpose, two groups of individuals were selected as the study population. first group; Rapeseed farmers of Abbas plain, Mosian and Markazi of Dehloran city (N = 175) and the second group; Managers and experts were involved in the implementation of the canola model site. According to the findings, at the confidence level (99.), it can be claimed that according to the views of rapeseed site users, in both components, satisfaction with the site's training and satisfaction with the attitude of the trainers have had a favorable and satisfactory response. . Also, the results of analysis of variance showed that the difference in knowledge scores of rapeseed site users in the two stages before and after training is statistically significant (p> .01) and the level of awareness of site users in the post-training stage. It was more than before training. In addition, the results showed that the value of the third level (behavior) and the fourth level (results) is higher than the value of test 3 and at the confidence level (.95) it can be claimed that from the perspective of managers behavior and predetermined results This course has been completed. According to the results of the present study, planners and policy makers are suggested to develop and promote these sites and provide more support to them.

Today, engaging in conservation agriculture is an undeniable necessity, and the knowledge, attitudes and skills of farmers in this field can help to develop conservation agriculture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and skills of farmers in Kermanshah Province in the field of conservation agriculture. Statistical population of this study was farmers in Kermanshah Province. The sample size was determined by Bartlett et al. (2001) (n= 370) and sampling was done in a multi-stage manner. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and the convergent validity was done through calculation (AVE), which was equal to 0.76. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, the ordinal theta coefficient was used and an acceptable value was obtained. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between educational level, attending educational-extension courses, income, work experience, amount of owned lands, attitude towards conservation agriculture and knowledge of conservation agriculture with the use of conservation agricultural practices. The results also showed that the studied farmers have an appropriate and positive attitude towards conservation agriculture. Farmers' knowledge of conservation agriculture was also good, but their skills in conservation agriculture were assessed as low. Therefore, in order to develop conservation agriculture in Kermanshah province, it is suggested that agricultural extension planners make every effort to increase the skills of farmers in the field of conservation agriculture.

The purpose was to investigate the specialized agricultural training required by the members of rural production cooperatives and agricultural companies and to analyze the barriers to effectiveness. The statistical population of members of rural production cooperatives and agricultural companies that participated in specialized agricultural courses in 1399, including 250 people, of which 129 people were studied. Data collection tool is a questionnaire based on Kirkpatrick model. The results showed that in 5 specialized courses, the main motivation of members to participate in training courses was to meet job needs. Comparing the average attitude of members towards the course showed a significant difference.The results of members 'reactive characteristics showed that 80% of members' reaction (feeling) to holding training courses was at a medium and higher level, the average knowledge and awareness of members before and after participating in the courses showed that more than 75, respectively. 77% of members rated their knowledge and awareness as average and higher. The results of members' behavioral characteristics showed 82% of members rated their behavioral status as average and higher. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that the trainings were effective in improving the knowledge of the members. The results of diagnostic factor analysis showed that the barriers to the effectiveness of the courses were summarized in 5 factors (inappropriate content of the courses, low participation of members in the courses, insufficient management process on the courses, cultural problems, and lack of up-to-date instructors) included 58% of the total variance of barriers to effectiveness.

Considering the expansion of Tehran, the multifaceted problems that the pillars of urban management are facing it. Tehran requires an urban management that requires a participatory and bottom-up development approach to achieve developing in this mega-city. Therefore, the study of participatory management is one of the cases that can help to improve green space of this city. One of the most important requirements of urban participation is the existence of a participatory culture that will happen through education. The present study conducted with the aim of necessity to achieve a participatory model of green space management in Tehran Municipality. The method of research was a combined nested method and implemented in three parts. The statistical population of this research consisted of two sections, for the quantitative part, 190 specialists and 150-trained citizens were selected. In qualitative part, 12 experts in green space and urban planning were selected to participate in this research process. Sampling method for quantitative parts stratified sampling with proportional assignment, while for qualitative part a purposeful sampling method used. In order to process information and analysing data, software (PLS-SEM) win3, SPSS win18 and visual paradigm Win 16.3 were used. The results of structural analysis of this study showed that participation in decision making has a significant relationship only with the green space maintenance component. The results also showed that stakeholders can play a role in the design and proper implementation of the participatory management process model following through citizenship training and green space improvement steps.

Research, with its’ all ethical dimensions, is trus teeship with the researcher to explore, reveal and disseminate facts to bounce it to the owner. To do this, introducing the right and reliable source of research data (Statis tical population) is the prim discipline to consider although unfortunately this initial regulation is considered less in many researches. Therefore, invalid and unreliable source of date is bothering abundant researches to invalidate their findings regarding facts inves tigation. Vague research population, sample size, sample selection, and even sample assignment procedure were the mos t predominant insufficiency biasing research to unveil facts in over 1500 research articles, considerable number of research reports, graduate theses and even Ph. D. dissertations that reviewed in this analytical documentary inves tigation article. Providing accurate and adequate research proposal; proper and right data; sufficient s tatis tical procedures; realis tic analysis, deduction and generalization are four fundamental research principles s tressed and enlightened in this article to assis t researchers to avoid research obs tacles. Because, the more blemished these research principles, the more inaccurate data, and hence the more unreliable results. Thus, recent precise and applicable on-line calculation procedures to determine the sample size based on the characteris tics of the confidence level, confidence interval, size, and mos t importantly, the effect size of the research population introduced in this article